專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課件Electric-Vehicles-電動(dòng)汽車(chē)

專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課件ElectricVehicles電動(dòng)汽車(chē)EVs1012012Mercedes-BenzE350,5.4sec

2012VolvoS80,6.9sec

ElectricVehicles101ABriefHistoryAdvantagesChallengesMeetingtheChallengeEV’sTodayEVs101KindsofElectricVehiclesEVs101LocomotivesGolfCartsForkLiftsBussesNuclearSubmarinesElevatorsSources:/mbtabus.html,GE,ToyotaKindsofElectricCarsEVs101HydrogenFuelCellSolarRacerHybridFull-Size

BatteryElectricNeighborhoodElectricMITCityCarSources:Honda,Toyota,GEM,MITHistoryofEV’s1830’sBatteryelectricvehicleinventedbyThomasDavenport,RobertAnderson,others-usingnon-rechargeablebatteriesDavenport’scarholdsallvehiclelandspeedrecordsuntil~19001890’sEV’soutsoldgascars10to1,OldsmobileandStudebakerstartedasEVcompanies1904Firstspeedingticket,issuedtodriverofanEVKriegerCompanybuildsfirsthybridvehicle1910’sMass-producedFordcarsundercuthand-builtEV’sEV’spersistasstatussymbolsandutilityvehiclesuntilGreatDepressionEVs101FordElectric#2DetroitElectricSource:/History/index.html

1968–GreatElectricCarRaceTrans-continentalracebetweenMITandCaltech53chargingstations,spaced60miapartMIT’scarused$20kofNiCdbatteries($122kin2008dollars),CalTech’scost$600EVs1011970-CleanAirCarRace50+carsracedfromMITtoCaltechusingmanyalternativepowertrainsCalTech–RegenerativebrakingBostonElectricCarClub–BatterySwappingTorontoUniversity–ParallelhybriddesignverysimilartomodernPriusarchitectureMIT–SerieshybridandelectricallycommutatedmotorEVs101Sources:see/evt/CleanAirCarRace.html

1990’s–EV1:WhoKilledtheElectricCar?Programcost>$1bn800unitsleased$574/mo.Leasewithoutstaterebates2seats80-140mi.rangeMSRP$33,999RealPricetag

(estimated)$80,000+GM’sactualcost

pervehicleleased$1,250,000EVs101Source:/wiki/General_Motors_EV1

AKA:Wouldyouhaveboughtit?REALLY?WhatisanEV?Andhowdoesitwork?EVs101Drivebywirereplacesmechanicalcontrolsystemswithelectroniccontrolsystemsusingelectromechanicalactuatorsandhuman-machineinterfacessuchaspedalandsteeringfeelemulators.Throttlebywire:Thissystemhelpsaccomplishvehiclepropulsionbymeansofanelectronicthrottlewithoutanycablesfromtheacceleratorpedaltothethrottlevalveoftheengine.Inelectricvehicles,thissystemcontrolstheelectricmotorsbysensingtheacceleratorpedalinputandsendingcommandstothepowerinvertermodules.BrakebywireApurebrakebywiresystemeliminatestheneedforhydraulicscompletelybyusingmotorstoactuatecalipersandlockthewheelsincomparisontothecurrentlyexistingtechnologywherethesystemisdesignedtoprovidebrakingeffortbybuildinghydraulicpressureinthebrakelines.ShiftbywireSteerbywireParkbywireEVs101WheelhubmotorEVs101ElectrificationEVs101Motor/

GeneratorBatteryFuelTransmissionEngineFuelTransmissionEngineBatteryTransmissionMotor/

GeneratorBatteryElectricHybridConventionalDegreesofHybridizationThevehicleisa….Ifit…Automaticallystops/startstheengineinstop-and-gotrafficUsesregenerativebrakingandoperatesabove60voltsUsesanelectricmotortoassistacombustionengineCandriveattimesusingonlytheelectricmotorRechargesbatteriesfromawalloutletforextendedall-electricrangeEVs101Source:/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood.html

MicroHybridCitro?nC3MildHybridHondaInsightPlug-inHybridChevyVoltFullHybridToyotaPriusEfficiencyEVs101EnergyLoss:CityDrivingEngineLoss76%EngineStandby8%DrivelineLosses3%DrivelineAero3%Rolling4%Braking6%FuelTank100%16%13%POWERTRAINVEHICLE-RelatedUrbanDriveCycleEnergyBalance

20053LToyotaCamryEVs101EnergyLoss:HighwayDrivingEngineLoss77%EngineStandby0%DrivelineLosses4%DrivelineAero10%Rolling7%Braking2%FuelTank:100%23%19%POWERTRAINVEHICLE-RelatedHighwayDriveCycleEnergyBalance

20053LToyotaCamryEVs101EnergySaving:HybridSystemsCaneliminateengineentirelyEnginedownsizingDecouplingofengineandwheelEngineLoss76%EngineStandby8%DrivelineLosses3%DrivelineAero3%Rolling4%Braking6%FuelTank:100%16%13%MicroHybridEliminatesMildHybridReducesPlug-inFullHybridReducesEVs101EnergyLoss:CityDriving–ElectricVehicleMotorLoss10%MotorDrivelineLosses14%DrivelineAero29%Rolling35%Braking11%Batteries100%90%76%POWERTRAINVEHICLE-RelatedUrbanDriveCycleEnergyBalance

Well-to-WheelsEfficiencyEVs101Generation33%Transmission94%Plug-to-Wheels76%Refining82%Transmission98%Pump-to-Wheels16%23%13%31%80%Well-to-TankTank-to-Wheels31%76%=23%80%16%=13%[/]]Source:HowPHEV’sWorkAll-electricrangeGethomewithexactlynobatteryleftCharge-sustainingmodeEVs101[Tate,Harpster,andSavagian2008]TechnicalEVs101WhatisanEPArating?ConditionsDrivecycle:e.g.cityorhighwaycycle,real-world,orconstantspeedTesttemperatureStart:(warmorcold)Fuel:converttogasoline-equivalentTestmass:(accountsforpassengersandcargo)MPGeratingEVs101Milespergallongasolineequivalent

EVs101MPGe

isameasureoftheaveragedistancetraveledperunitofenergyconsumed.TheratingsarebasedonEPA'sformula,inwhich33.7

kilowatthours

(121.32

megajoules)ofelectricityisequivalenttoonegallonofgasoline.TerminologyStateofcharge(SOC)Batterycapacity,expressedasapercentageofmaximumcapacityDepthofDischarge(DOD)ThepercentageofbatterycapacitythathasbeendischargedCapacityThetotalAmp-hours(Amp-hr)availablewhenthebatteryisdischargedataspecificcurrent(specifiedasaC-rate)from100%SOCEnergyThetotalWatt-hours(Wh)availablewhenthebatteryisdischargedataspecificcurrent(specifiedasaC-rate)from100%SOCSpecificEnergy(Wh/kg)ThetotalWatt-hours(Wh)

perunitmassSpecificPowerMaximumpower(Watts)thatthebatterycanprovideperunitmass,functionofinternalresistanceofbatteryEVs101BenefitsEVs101BenefitsofEVsandPHEVsMoreefficient,lowerfuelcosts,loweremissionsSimplertransmission,fewermovingpartsFuelChoiceOil/energyindependenceEmissionsimprovewithtimeEmissionsatfewlargelocationsiseasiertocontrolthanmillionsoftailpipesEVs101V2G(VehicletoGrid)TechnologyAllowscommunicationbetweenutilityandvehicleAllowintegrationofmorerenewableslikewindUsedEVbatteriescouldbeusedasstationarybatteriesforutilitiesWithsomuchfocusonenergyefficiencyreducingelectricitysalesandexpensiverenewableenergygenerationmandated,EVscouldbeawelcomenewsegmentforutilitiesTheycouldstillbeanightmareBatteriescouldprovideancillaryservicesEVs101Source:McKinseyNight-timeChargingEVs101PeakwindpowerproductionElectricitySourcesEVs101PowerGridCapacityEVs101Source:McKinsey,MikeKhusidWhenBEV’srepresent20%ofthevehiclemarket,

theycompriseonly2%ofthepowermarketOperatingCostsEVs101On-boardenergyconsumption300Wh/mileChargingEfficiency90%Electricityconsumption333Wh/mileElectricityCost10cents/mileDrivingCost(electricityonly)3.3cents/mileFueleconomy25MPGFuelCost$2.00/gallonDrivingCost(fuelonly)8.0cents/mileConventionalGasolineVehicleBatteryElectricVehicleAt15,000miles/year,youwouldsave$700/yearonfuelTheestimatedpricerangeforadvancedbatteriesis$500-$1,000perkWh~buying1kWhofbatteryenergy(~3milesofelectricrange)eachyearCO2EmissionsEVs101Biofuelsvs.Biomass,SolarBiomassElectricityabout80%moreefficientthanBiofuelSolarPanelstochargeacarwouldfitonyourroof.EVs101ChallengesWhydon’ttheycatchon?Aconspiracy?EVs101Gasoline:The(almost)perfectfuelEVs101Source:/wiki/Energy_density

EnergyEquivalencyEVs101135MJ

ofenergy21Li-ionbatteries

(Carbatterysize)2.7kg340

kgGas1GallonBatteries54galChallengesLimitedRangeLargebatteryweight/sizeLongChargetimesHighinitialcostBatterylifeConsumeracceptanceGridIntegrationEVs101OperatingCostsInEurope,$60/barreloilisenough,IntheUS,$4/galgasisneededtobepricecompetitiveEVs101AddressingcustomerperceptionAcceptinglimitedrangeMostpeopledrivelessthan40mi/dayMostcarsareparked23hoursofthedayanywaySmallervehicles&reducedperformanceInthelast30years,nearly100%ofefficiencyimprovementshavegonetoincreasingvehiclesizeandperformance,notreducingconsumptionHowdoyougetpeopletochargeattherighttime?EVs101Source:OntheRoadin2035,Heywood,et.al.

MeetingtheChallengesEVs101RangeAnxietyBatterySwappingvs.FastChargingEVs101Source:/2009/03/10/hybridcarscom-mercedes-rejects-electric-car-battery-swapping/

BetterPlaceModelEVs101BusinessplanlikethatofmobilephoneBetterPlaceownsthebatteries,theconsumerpaysforenergy(miles)PlanincludeschargingstationsandbatteryswappingSofar:Israel,Denmark

Australia,California,Hawaii,andCanada100,000chargingstationsplannedforHawaiiby2012RapidChargingBatteriesAltairnanoA123BalanceofsystemRapidChargeStations–Don’tneedmanyRefuelingacaris~10MWgoingthroughyourhandEVs101BatteriesLithiumsourcesWe’renotLithiumconstrainedAbundantRecyclableRecycling–90%recoverableExtendingbatterylifeBatterymanagementsystemsWeight/VolumereductionsAlternativechemistriesEVs101BatteryCost:LearningCurvesEVs101Source:McKinseyQuarterly:ElectrifyingCars:HowthreeindustrieswillevolveInitialCostCompaniesthatsellcars,butleasethebatteriesLeaseslikePowerPurchaseAgreementsSplitoperatingcostsavingswithfinancerChargingInfrastructureChargingsubscriptionplansEVs1012008FederalPlug-inElectricDriveVehicleTaxCreditEVs101AdoptionRateofEV’sEVs101Source:ThomasBecker,UCBerkeley,2009

LookingForwardTippingpointwillbe~2020when10%ofvehiclessoldwillbeBEV’sBatterycost:~$700-$1,500/kWh,downto$420by2015,butstilltoohigh.PricePremiumPHEV40 $11,800>ICEEV100 $24,100>ICELong-termPHEV’swillbeatoutHEV’sPHEV’slikelytodominateBEVsA30-50%reductioninfuelconsumptionby2035*Heywood47%reductionby2030*McKinseyEVs101Source:McKinseyQuarterly:ElectrifyingCars:Howthreeindustrieswillevolve;/2009/08/mckinsey-looks-at-coming-ev-phenomenon.html

EVsNOWWhencanIgetone?EVs101Tesla/v_show/id_XMTQ2ODU2ODE1Ng==.html?from=s1.8-1-1.2html?from=s1.8-1-1.2EVs101EV’sTodayEVs101TeslaRoadsterEVs101Topspeed: 125mphAcceleration: 0-60in3.7secRange: 244miMSRP: $110,000EV’sAvailableSoonEVs101FiskerKarma(PHEV50)

$87,900Delivery2010TeslaModelS

$57,400Delivery~20122011ChevyVolt(PHEV40)

$40,000EVs101EVs101EVs101EV’sAvailableSoonEVs1012010MitsubishiIMIEV$24,000(Japan)2010Aptera2e

~$25,000(PHEV100)Th!nkCity

~$25,000(europe)2010NissanLeaf

$25,000(30mincharge)Andmanyothers…1.2016款三菱i-MiEV----23845美元EVs101電池容量16kWh，續(xù)航里程6