汽車(chē)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)PPT(高職)完整全套教學(xué)課件

汽車(chē)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)Unit1CarLogoUnit2CarClassificationUnit3CarEmissionUnit4NewEnergyVehicleUnit5PrincipleandStructureofEngineUnit6IgnitionSystemandStartingSystemUnit7CoolingSystemandLubricationSystemUnit8BrakingSystemUnit9SteeringSystemandPowerTrainUnit10AutomobileElectricalEquipmentUnit11AutomobileAssemblyLineUnit12CarInsuranceUnit13VehicleMaintenanceUnit14HowtoSellCarsUnit15TheFutureoftheCarUnit1CarLogo1.1GermanCarCompany1.2AmericanCarCompany1.3JapaneseCarCompany1.4ChineseCarCompany目錄TrainingTaskReadingTaskCarlogoscanspeakalotaboutthereputationofaparticularcar.Justbylookingatthelogo,apersoncanalreadyhaveanideawhetherit'saluxurycar,asportscar,andsoonandsoforth.Alotofoldcarcompaniesalsorelyalotontheiremblem.Theyworkhardtomakethatemblemhasalifeofitsown;theircustomerscantakepridebyhavingthatlogoontheircar.Whenyoulookatthesecarlogos,haveyoueverwonderedwhattheyactuallystandfor?WereyouevercuriousastowhattheprancinghorseontheFerrarilogostandsfor?Pleaseopenthewebsite:http:///.Inthissite,youwillseeawidecollectionofcarlogosfromaroundtheworld;fromAbarthtoZil,youaresuretofindsomethingabouthowtheiremblemscameabout.Belowaresomefamouslogos.Let's

learnwhatledthesecompaniestodesigntheirlogosinthewaytheyarebeingshownnow.Wewillintroducethefamouscarsaccordingtocountry.GermanCarCompany1.11VolkswagenSinceitsinceptionin1937,thiscompanyhascreatedsomeofthebestcarsintheworld.Theysaytheycreatethecarofthepeople,andthat's

whattheydo.Theydesigncarsthatcanbeusedbythenormalpersondayinanddayout.Volkswagencarsareknownfortheirdurabilityontheroad,withsomecarsbeingabletowithstandmorethan1millionkm,whichissurelyagreatachievement.Thisaddedalottotheirsuccess,astheynowowncompanieslikeSeat,SKODA,RollsRoyce,LamborghiniandBugatti,aswellasothers.TheywonnumerousCarsoftheYearawardsallovertheworld,bothinEuropeandoverseas.Inaddition,theyhavecreatednumerousiconiccars,andthemostpopularoneofwhichistheBeetle.2BMWBMWwascreatedin1916andsincethenithascreatedeverythingfromracecarstosportscarsandluxurycars.YoucantracetheoriginsofBMWallthewaybacktothebeginningoftheautomobileindustryinGermany.Theirmaintargetremainsthecreationofpremium,highqualitycars.Peopleknowthatthisisoneofthebestcarcompaniesintheworld,astheyhavecreatedhighstandardcarswithamazingperformance,addedluxuryfromtheinsidetotheoutside,comfortandhighspeeds.3AudiThiswell-knownGermancarbrandhasafocusonluxuryvehicles.Theyareresponsibleforseveraltypeswithinthiscategory.Overtheyears,theirquattroseriesofsportscarshavebecomepartoftheAudinamesake.AnotherpopularmodelistheTTseries,whicharesmallercars.Thecompanybeganasaconglomerateoffourcompanies（hencethelogo）.TodayitisapartofVolkswagen.4Mercedes-BenzFoundedin1926,thiscompanyhascreatedsomeofthemostdurableandvisuallyimpressivecarsonthemarket.Overtheyears,thecompanyalsospecializedinthecreationofothertypesofvehiclesaswell,namelytrucks,buses,limousines,vans,etc.Theycreateawiderangeofvehicles,andalsoinnovatealot,beingoneoftheworldleaderswhenitcomestoresearchandinnovationintheautomotiveworld.Theirhigh-endcarsprovideallthefunctionsthatapersonmayneed,withaddedcarsafetyfeatures,carcomputerandotheruniquefunctions.5PorscheThiscompanyhasonlycreatedsportscars.Theirconsumermodelsoffervarioushigh-endfunctionsaswellashighspeeds,sotheyarereallyanattractionfortheyoungercrowd.Theyalsocreatedlotsofracemodelsduringtheyears,amongwhichtheCarreraGTmodelisoneofthemostpopularmodels.Theyalsohavenumerousconceptcarsthatshowtheresearchthiscompanyundertakesinthetechnologysector.Fewpeopleknowthis,butPorschehasalsocreatedquitealotoftractorsthatareusedallovertheworld.AmericanCarCompany1.21TheGeneralMotorsCompanyWhilecommonlyreferredtoasGM,thiscompanyisheadquarteredinDetroit,Michigan.Thecompanymarkets,designs,manufacturesanddistributesvehiclesandvehicleparts.BesidestheUS,GeneralMotorsalsoproducescarsin37countriesunderthirteendifferentbrands．ThemajorbrandsincludeChevrolet,Buick,GeneralMotorCorporation,andCadillac.2TheFordMotorCompanyTheFordMotorCompany（commonlyreferredtoassimplyFord）isanAmericanmultinationalautomakerheadquarteredinDearborn,Michigan,asuburbofDetroit.Earlyinthe20thcentury,HenryFordlaunchedtheFordMotorCompany.ThecompanysellsautomobilesandcommercialvehiclesundertheFordbrandandluxurycarsundertheLincolnbrand.ThemostnotablecaroftheFordMotorCompanywastheModelTFord.By1913,theFordMotorCompanydevelopedanassemblylineprocessinwhicheachworkerwasresponsibleforoneparticulartask.ThisallowedtheFordMotorCompanytoincreaseproductionfrom10,000to300,000inayear.ThisalsodroppedthepriceoftheModelT,makingthismodelthemostaffordableforthemiddleclassAmericans.3ChryslerGroupThefinalmemberof“TheBigThree”istheChryslerCompany,whichisheadquarteredinAuburnHills,MichiganandisownedbytheItaliancarcompanyFiat.ThecompanysellscarsundertheChryslerbrandaswellasthefollowing:DodgeandJeep.Thiscompanywasfoundedin1925byWalterChryslerandexpandedmassivelyfromthenon.Comparedwiththeprevioustoprankedcars,thisisanothertruck.Thesehadbeengettingalotofattentionsincegaspricesin2015werenotashighasbefore.JapaneseCarCompany1.31ToyotaToyotareignssupremeasthetopautomakerintheworld.In2013ittookthenumberonespotandforthesecondyearinarowwith9.98millionvehiclessold.TheToyotaCorollawasthebestsellingcarin2013ofthisautomotivecompany.2NissanSince1999,NissanhasbeenpartoftheRenault-NissanAlliance,apartnershipbetweenNissanandFrenchautomakerRenault.Nissanhadanimpressivesalesyearin2013with8.2millionvehiclessold,mostofwhichcamefromtheJapanesesideofthealliance.ThelargestmarketforNissanisinChinaactuallywhereitdominatesovertheotherJapanesecarbrands.3HondaHondaMotorsmanagedtoincreasetheirglobalsalesin2013andsoldover4millionvehicles.ThelargestmarketforthemisintheUnitedStates.TheHondaCR-Vcompactwasthetopsellerofthecompany,andtheircombinedsalesfromHondaandAcurawereamongthehighestsalesnumbersthecompanyhaseverseen.ChineseCarCompany1.41HongqiHongqiisaluxurycarcompanyownedbytheFAWCarCompany.ItisabrandoftheFAWGroup.Thesecarsarethefirstonestobeproduceddomestically.Thecompanybeganmanufacturingvehiclesexclusivelyforthepartyelitein1958.Theseoriginalmodelswerearounduntil1981.ThenameHongqialsomeans“redflag”whichisasymboloftheCommunistgovernmentinChina.Overthecourseofthecompany'shistory,therehavebeenvariouscartypesthatbearthebrandname.2BYDAutoThisChineseautomobilemanufacturerisbasedoutofShenzhen,GuangdongProvince.ItisownedbytheBYDCompanyandwasfoundedin2003.In2013,thecompanysold506,189carsinChina,makingitthetenthlargestsellingbrandinChina.Thecompanymanufactureseverythingfromsmalltomedium-sizedcars.Theymanufacturecompacts,peoplecarriers,sedans,aswellashybridelectriccarsandall-electricmodels.3CheryCheryisacarmanufacturerbasedoutofWuhu,AnhuiProvince,China.ThecompanywasfoundedbytheGovernmentofChinain1997asacorporationownedbythestate.Themainproductstheycreatearepassengercars,minivans,andSUVs.In2012,thecompanysold590,000cars,whichmadeitrankinthetoptenmanufacturers.ThecompanyhasseveralfactoriesinChina,buttheircarsarealsoassembledin15othercountriesusingsemi-completeknockdownkits.TheQQcitycaristhebest-knownmodelmadebyChery.WordsandPhrasesWordsandPhrasesreputationconglomeratemanufactureluxurydurablecombineemblemlimousineRenaultcuriousvandominateVolkswagenattractionsupremeinceptionrenowncorollaachievementheadquartercompareBugattiCadillaclandscapenumerousLincolnsignificantlyoverseasnotabledomesticallypremiumassemblylineeliteperformanceparticularsymbolbrandaffordablekitresponsiblefiatnamesakeprevalentTranslationDifficultiesTranslationDifficulties1.Americancarcompanieshaveproducedsomeofthemostoutstandingcarsinhistory.Sometimesreferredtoas“TheBigThree”,thesecompaniesarerenownedfortheirlonghistoryofmanufacturingthecarsusedbycountlesspeopleinthecountry.翻譯：美國(guó)汽車(chē)公司已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)了一些歷史上最杰出的汽車(chē)。這些公司有時(shí)候指的是三大汽車(chē)公司，它們都是著名的、歷史悠久的汽車(chē)制造商，它們所制造的汽車(chē)在全國(guó)有無(wú)數(shù)人使用。TranslationDifficulties2.It’snosecretthattheJapaneseautomobileindustryisamongthemostpowerfulandprevalentonesintheworld.Sincethe1960s,thetopcarcompaniesinJapanhavebeenresponsibleforthemostmanufacturedcarsintheworld.翻譯：日本汽車(chē)工業(yè)是世界上最強(qiáng)大和最流行的汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)之一，這已經(jīng)不是什么秘密。自二十世紀(jì)六十年代以來(lái)，日本的頂級(jí)汽車(chē)公司負(fù)責(zé)制造全世界最多的汽車(chē)。TranslationDifficulties3.CheryisacarmanufacturerbasedoutofWuhu,AnhuiProvince,China.ThecompanywasfoundedbytheGovernmentofChinain1997asacorporationownedbythestate.Themainproductstheycreatearepassengercars,minivans,andSUVs.In2012,thecompanysold590,000cars,whichmadeitrankinthetoptenmanufacturers.翻譯：奇瑞是一家基于安徽蕪湖的汽車(chē)制造商。該公司是在1997由中國(guó)政府建立的國(guó)有企業(yè)。它們生產(chǎn)的主要產(chǎn)品是客車(chē)、貨車(chē)、越野車(chē)。在2012年，該公司售出了590000輛汽車(chē)，這使它擠進(jìn)了排名前十的制造商。THANKYOUUnit2CarClassification2.1PassengerCar2.2CommercialCar目錄TrainingTaskReadingTaskCarclassificationissubjectivesincemanyvehiclesfallintomultiplecategoriesordonotfitwellintoany.Notallcartypesarecommoninallcountriesandnamesforthesamevehiclecandifferbyregion.Furthermore,somedescriptionsmaybeinterpreteddifferentlyindifferentplaces.ThisarticlewillelaboratetheclassificationoftheautomobileaccordingtoChinesenationalstandardGB/T37301—2001.Inthisstandard,themotorcarisdividedintotwocategories:passengercarandcommercialcar.Passengercarisusedtotransportpassengersandtheirbaggage.Themaximumseatscannotbemorethan9seats.Commercialvehiclesareusedforcarryingpeopleandgoodsandcanbetowedtrailerwhichpassengercarsarenotincluded.Withineachofgroup,therearemanydifferentclassificationswhichyoucanfindinthetablebelow.Foreachgroup,severaltypeswillbeintroduced.PassengerCar2.11SedansTheprimarypurposeofthesedanistotransportpeopleandtheirbaggageonordinaryroads.Sedanversionsoftheautomobilebodystylehaveacentralpillar（B-pillar）thatsupportstheroofandcomeintwo/four-doorversions.Sedansusuallyhaveatwo-boxorthree-boxbody.Sedansareagoodchoiceformostautomobileshoppers.Mostluxuryvehiclesarefour-doorsedansbecausethey’remorecomfortablethanmostotherbodystyles.ThesmallestavailableintheUSaresub-compactsedansliketheHyundaiAccentandChevroletMetro.SlightlylargerarecompactmodelsliketheHondaCivicandFordFocus.Mid-sizesedansincludetheHondaAccord,ToyotaCamry,FordTaurus,andChevroletLumina,whiletheFordCrownVictoriaandBuickLeSabreareconsideredlargesedans.Theshapeandpositionoftheautomobilegreenhouseonbothtwo/four-doorsedansmaybeidentical,withonlythecenterB-pillarpositionedfurtherbacktoaccommodatethelongerdoorsonthetwo-doorversions.2ConvertibleSaloonAconvertibleisanautomobilebodystylethatcanconvertbetweenanopen-airmodeandanenclosedone,varyingindegreeandmeansbymodel.Mostconvertiblesaresportscars,meaningtwoseats,high-performanceenginesandsuperiorhandling.However,GM,Ford,Mitsubishi,andChryslerofferafew“normal”convertibles,i.e.,regularproductioncoupeshavefourseatsandconvertibletops,suchastheChevroletCavalier,PontiacSunfire,FordMustang,DodgeAvenger,ChryslerConquestandMitsubishiEclipseSpyder.LuxuryconvertiblesareavailablefromBMW,Mercedes-Benz,Saab,andVolvo.Convertiblesaregreatwhentheweatherisperfect,buttheirdrawbacksareobvious.3CoupeAcoupe（fromtheFrenchpastparticiplecoupé,oftheinfinitivecoupe,tocut）isaclosedtwo-doorcarbodystylewithapermanentlyattachedfixedroofwhichisshorterthanasedanofthesamemodel,anditoftenhasseatingfortwopersonsorwithatight-spacedrearseat.Therearseatsaredifficulttoaccess,asthefrontdoorsmustbeused.Coupesareusuallydrivenbysingleadultsorchildlesscouples.Manyofthemhaveahatchbackinsteadofatrunk,toallowlargeitemstobecarriedforshortdistances.4HatchbackAhatchbackisacarbodyconfigurationwithareardoorthatswingsupwardtoprovideaccesstoacargoarea.Hatchbacksmayfeaturefold-downsecondrowseatingwheretheinteriorcanbeflexiblyreconfiguredtoprioritizepassengervs.cargovolume.Hatchbacksmayfeaturetwoorthree-boxdesign.ThepictureistheFordFocus.5StationWagonWhatisa“stationwagon”？Thisautomobilehasapassengercompartmentwhichextendstothebackofthevehicleandhasnotrunk.Anditalsohasoneormorerearseatswhichcanbefoldeddowntomakespaceforlightcargoandhasatailgateorliftgate.Thefirststationwagonswerecalled“depothacks”—theyworkedprimarilyaroundtraindepotsashacks（taxicabs）.Themodifiedbackendsthatmadethemdepothackswerenecessarytocarrylargeamountsofluggage—everyonetraveledbytrainthenandneededacarthatcouldcomfortablycarrypeopleandlargeamountsofluggagefromthetrainstationtohome.Stationwagonwasjustanotherderivativeof“depothack”;theywerevehiclesthatwereusedaswagons（tocarrypassengersandcargo）from（railroad）stations.6Multi-PurposeVehicleMulti-purposevehicle（MPV）isatypeofvehiclewhichhasabodythatresemblesavan,whichhoweverhasrearsidedoors,rearsidewindows,andinteriorfittingstoaccommodatepassengerssimilartoastationwagon.MPVsarehigherthannormalsedans,compactsandstationwagons,andaredesignedformaximuminteriorroom;MPVsoftenfeaturethreeseatrowsandcanseat7peopleormore.ThetrendforcompactMPVsbeganinEuropeinthelate1990swiththelaunchoftheRenaultScénic.CompactMPVswereusuallycarswithtallbodiesbutbasedonthechassisandenginesofasmallfamilycar.TherunawaysuccessoftheScénicsawthecarspawnamultitudeofsimilarvehicles,liketheGeneralMotorsZafira,theCitroёnXsaraPicasso,theVolkswagenTouran,theFordFocusC-MaxandtheNissanAlmeraTino.Bythemid-2000s,virtuallyallmainstreamautomakersinEuropehadacompactMPVintheirrange.SuchmodelsenjoyedsomepopularityintheUnitedStatesinthelate1980sandearly1990s.In2006,thelonecompactminivanavailableintheUnitedStatesistheMazda5.7Off-roadVehicleTobeabletodriveoffthepavement,off-roadvehiclesneedseveralcharacteristics:Theyneedtohavealowgroundpressure,soasnottosinkintosoftground;theyneedgroundclearancetonotgethunguponobstacles,andtheyneedtokeeptheirwheelsortracksonthegroundsoasnottolosetraction.Wheeledvehiclesaccomplishthisbyhavingasuitablebalanceoflargeoradditionaltirescombinedwithtallandflexiblesuspension.Trackedvehiclesaccomplishthisbyhavingwidetracksandaflexiblesuspensionontheroadwheels.Mostoff-roadvehiclesarefittedwithespeciallylowgearing.Thisallowstheoperatortomakethemostoftheengine’savailablepowerwhilemovingslowlythroughchallengingterrain.Manywheeledoff-roadvehiclesprovidepowertoallwheelstokeeptractiononslipperysurfaces.Foratypicalfour-wheelvehicle,thisisknownasfour-wheeldrive.Vehiclesdesignedforusebothonandoffroadmaybedesignedtobeswitchedbetweentwo-wheeldriveandfour-wheeldrivesothatthevehicleusesfewerdrivenwheelswhendrivenontheroad.8AmbulanceAmbulanceisaspeciallyequippedmotorvehicleforcarryingsickorinjuredpeopletoahospital.CommercialCar2.21BusThefirstbuswasprobablyalarge,steam-drivenstagecoachthatoperatedinEnglandin1830.Theearlyvehiclewascalledanomnibus,aLatinwordmeaning“forall”,laterabbreviatedtobus.In1895,aneight-passengerbuspoweredbyafourtosix-horsepower,single-cylinderenginewasbuiltinGermany.From1905to1962,busesinBerlinpulledtrailersthatcarriedadditionalpassengers.By1915,busservicehadstartedinmanylargertownsthroughouttheworld.Inanumberofcommunities,citybusesreplacedhorse-drawnorelectrictrolleycars.Suburbanandintercitybustransportationalsobeganataboutthattime.1BusEarlybusesconsistedofatruckchassiswithabusbodymountedontop.Therefore,thestructuraldevelopmentofbusesparalleledthatoftrucks.In1922,aUnitedStatesfirmmanufacturedthefirstvehiclewithachassisdesignedspecificallyforbusservice.Itsframewasaboutonefoot（30centimeters）lowerthanthatofatruck,andithadanextra-longwheelbase,awidetread,andafront-mountedengine.Soonthesamemanufacturerdevelopedanintegral-framebus,whichhadtwinenginesmountedbeneaththeflooratthecenter.Theintegralframeprovidedgreaterstrengthbyutilizingtheroof,floor,andsidesofthebusasasinglestructuralunit.1BusToday’sbusesconsumemuchfuel,buttheyarerelativelyenergyefficientbecausetheytransportsomanypassengerswithagivenunitoffuel.Busmanufacturershavecutfuelconsumptionbyreducingframeandbodyweightsandbyredesigningengines.Double-deckbusesarefuelefficient,buttheirheightsoftenlimitthenumberofroutesonwhichtheycanbeused.Articulatedbuseshaveanevengreaterpassengercapacitythandouble-deckers,buttheyaredifficulttomaneuverinheavytrafficandtheymaycausecongestion.Trolleybusesequippedwithsmallgasolineengines,whichpermittemporaryoperationwhentheyareawayfromtheirelectricpowersource,aremostoftenseeninWesternEurope.Busestodayarefrequentlydesignedforeaseofusebythehandicappedandtheelderly.In1982,theintercitybusindustryintheUnitedStatesbecamederegulatedundertheBusRegulatoryReformAct.WordsandPhrasesWordsandPhrasessubjectiveflexiblyhorse-drawnmultiplecompartmenttrolleycategoryfoldsuburbaninterpretamountparallelelaboratederivativeredesignpillarMPVdouble-deckHyundaiaccommodatearticulategreenhousepavementmaneuveridenticalcharacteristiccongestioncoupeobstaclehandicappermanentlysuspensionhatchbackaccomplishconfigurationambulanceswingstagecoachflexabbreviateTranslationDifficultiesTranslationDifficulties1.Furthermore,somedescriptionsmaybeinterpreteddifferentlyindifferentplaces.翻譯：此外，一些描述可能會(huì)在不同的地方不同的解釋。2.Withineachofgroup,therearemanydifferentclassificationswhichyoucanfindinthetablebelow.翻譯：在每個(gè)組中，有許多不同的分類(lèi)，您可以在下面的表格中找到。TranslationDifficulties3.Sedanversionsoftheautomobilebodystylehaveacentralpillar（B-pillar）thatsupportstheroofandcomeintwoorfour-doorversions.翻譯：車(chē)身的風(fēng)格轎車(chē)版本有中心柱（B柱）支撐屋頂，有兩門(mén)或四門(mén)版本。4.Mid-sizesedansincludetheHondaAccord,ToyotaCamry,FordTaurus,andChevroletLumina,whiletheFordCrownVictoriaandBuickLeSabreareconsideredlargesedans.翻譯：中型轎車(chē)包括本田雅閣、豐田凱美瑞、福特金牛和雪佛蘭魯米娜，而福特皇冠維多利亞和別克馬力是大型轎車(chē)。TranslationDifficulties5.Aconvertibleisanautomobilebodystylethatcanconvertbetweenanopen-airmodeandanenclosedone,varyingindegreeandmeansbymodel.翻譯：敞篷車(chē)的風(fēng)格是汽車(chē)車(chē)身的頂棚可以在露天和封閉模式之間轉(zhuǎn)換，而且開(kāi)啟的程度和方式不同。6.Hatchbacksmayfeaturefold-downsecondrowseatingwheretheinteriorcanbeflexiblyreconfiguredtoprioritizepassengervs.cargovolume.翻譯：掀背車(chē)具有可折疊第二排座位的特點(diǎn)，該座位在考慮車(chē)內(nèi)乘客數(shù)和貨運(yùn)量的情況下可靈活配置。THANKYOUUnit3CarEmission3.1UnitedStatesEmissionsStandards3.2EuropeanUnionEmissionsStandards目錄3.3ChinaEmissionsStandardsTrainingTaskReadingTaskMotorvehicleemissionscontributetoairpollutionandarethemajoringredientinthecreationofsmoginsomelargecities.Beijinghassufferedfromseriousairpollutionformanyyears.PrimarysourcesofpollutantsincludecarexhaustemissionfromBeijing’smorethanfivemillionmotorvehicles,coalburninginneighboringregions,duststormsfromthenorthandlocalconstructiondust.Themainemissionsofacarengineare:Nitrogengas（N2）：Aircontains78-percentnitrogengas,andmostofitpassesrightthroughthecarengine.Carbondioxide（CO2）：Thisisoneproductofcombustion.Thecarboninthefuelbondswiththeoxygenintheair.Watervapor（H2O）：Thisisanotherproductofcombustion.Thehydrogeninthefuelbondswiththeoxygenintheair.ReadingTaskTheseemissionsaremostlybenign,althoughcarbondioxideemissionsarebelievedtocontributetoglobalwarming.Becausethecombustionprocessisneverperfect,somesmalleramountsofmoreharmfulemissionsarealsoproducedincarengines.Theharmfulemissionsarefollowing:Carbonmonoxide（CO）isapoisonousgasthatiscolorlessandodorless.Hydrocarbons（HC）orvolatileorganiccompounds（VOCs）aremajorcomponentsofsmogproducedmostlyfromevaporated,unburnedfuel.Nitrogenoxides（NOandNO2,togethercalledNOx）arecontributorstosmogandacidrain,whichalsocauseirritationtohumanmucusmembranes.ReadingTaskPM10andPM2.5：Thehealtheffectsofinhalingairborneparticulatematterhavebeenwidelystudiedinhumansandanimals,andtheeffectsincludeasthma,lungcancer,cardiovascularissues,andprematuredeath.Becauseofthesizeoftheparticles,theycanpenetratethedeepestpartofthelungs.EmissionStandardAnemissionperformancestandardisalimitthatsetsthresholdsabovewhichadifferenttypeofemissioncontroltechnologymightbeneeded.Whileemissionperformancestandardshavebeenusedtodictatelimitsforconventionalpollutantssuchasoxidesofnitrogenandoxidesofsulfur（NOxandSOx）,thisregulatorytechniquemaybeusedtoregulategreenhousegases,particularlycarbondioxide（CO2）.UnitedStatesEmissionsStandards3.1UnitedStatesEmissionsStandardsIntheUnitedStates,emissionsstandardsaremanagedbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency（EPA）.ThestateofCaliforniahasspecialvehicleemissionsstandards,andotherstatesmaychoosetofolloweitherthenationalorCaliforniastandards.California’semissionsstandardsaresetbytheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,knownlocallybyitsacronym“CARB”.AsCalifornia’sautomotivemarketisoneofthelargestmarketsintheworld,CARBwieldsenormousinfluenceovertheemissionsrequirementsthatmajorautomakersmustmeetiftheywishtosellintothatmarket.Inaddition,severalotherU.S.statesalsochoosetofollowtheCARBstandards,sotheirrulemakinghasbroaderimplicationswithintheU.S.Bymid-2009,16otherstateshadadoptedCARBrules.CARB’spolicieshavealsoinfluencedEUemissionsstandards.TheEPAhasadoptedtheCaliforniaemissionsstandardsasanationalstandardbythe2016modelyearandiscollaboratingwithCaliforniaregulatorsonstricternationalemissionsstandardsformodelyears2017—2025.UnitedStatesEmissionsStandardsFederal（National）“Tier1”regulationswentintoeffectstartingin1994,and“Tier2”standardsarebeingphasedinfrom2004to2009.Automobilesandlighttrucks（SUVs,pickuptrucks,andminivans）aretreateddifferentlyundercertainstandards.EuropeanUnionEmissionsStandards3.2EuropeanUnionEmissionsStandardsThefirstEuropeanexhaustemissionsstandardforpassengercarswasintroducedin1970.22yearspassedbeforethenextbigchangewhen,in1992theEuro1standardheraldedthefittingofcatalyticconverterstopetrolcarstoreducecarbonmonoxide（CO）emissions.Thelateststandard,Euro6,appliestonewtypeapprovalsfromSeptember2014andallnewcarsfromSeptember2015andreducessomepollutantsby96%comparedtothe1992limits.Thedatesbelowaretheimplementationdatefornewvehicletypeapprovals.Thedatesinbracketsaretheimplementationdateforallnewvehicleregistrations,normallyoneyearlater,soacarregisteredbetweenthetwodatesmaymeetthecorrespondingemissionsstandardandacarregisteredafterthedateinbracketswillmeetit.EuropeanUnionEmissionsStandardsEuro1（EC93）—July1992（January1993）TheintroductionoftheEuro1standardin1992requiredtheswitchtounleadedpetrolandtheuniversalfittingofcatalyticconverterstopetrolcarstoreducecarbonmonoxide（CO）emissions.Euro2（EC96）—January1996（January1997）TheEuro2standardfurtherreducedthelimitforcarbonmonoxideemissionsandalsoreducedthecombinedlimitforunburnedhydrocarbonsandoxidesofnitrogenforbothpetrolanddieselvehicles.Euro3（EC2000）—January2000（January2001）Euro3modifiedthetestproceduretoeliminatetheenginewarmupperiodandfurtherreducedpermittedcarbonmonoxideanddieselparticulatelimits.Euro3alsoaddedaseparateNOxlimitfordieselenginesandintroducedseparateHCandNOxlimitsforpetrolengines.EuropeanUnionEmissionsStandardsEuro4（EC2005）—January2005（January2006）Euro4（January2005）andthelaterEuro5（September2009）concentratedoncleaningupemissionsfromdieselcars,especiallyreducingparticulatematter（PM）andoxidesofnitrogen（NOx）.Euro5—September2009（January2011）Euro5furthertightenedthelimitsonparticulateemissionsfromdieselenginesandalldieselcarsneededparticulatefilterstomeetthenewrequirements.TherewassometighteningofNOxlimitstoo（28%reductioncomparedtoEuro4）,aswellas,forthefirsttime,aparticulateslimitforpetrolengines—applicabletodirectinjectionenginesonly.Addressingtheeffectsofveryfineparticleemissions,Euro5introducedalimitonparticlenumbersfordieselenginesinadditiontotheparticleweightlimit.Thisappliedto