能源密集型行業(yè)低碳技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)路線圖（英）

ERAIndustrialtechnology

roadmapforlow-carbon

technologiesin

energy-intensiveindustriesResearch

andInnovationERAindustrialtechnologyroadmapfor

low-carbontechnologiesinenergy-intensiveindustriesEuropeanCommissionDirectorate-Generalfor

ResearchandInnovationDirectorate

E

—

ProsperityUnitE.1—

Industrialresearch,innovationandinvestmentagendasContact

PaulineSentisAngeloWilleEmailEU-INDUSTRIAL-TECHNOLOGY-ROADMAPS@ec.europa.eupauline.sentis@ec.europa.euangelo.wille@ec.europa.euRTD-PUBLICATIONS@ec.europa.euEuropeanCommissionB-1049BrusselsManuscriptcompletedinMarch2022.1st

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INDUSTRIAL

TECHNOLOGYROADMAP

FOR

LOW-CARBONTECHNOLOGIESinenergy-intensiveindustriesLEGALNOTICEThis

publication

bythe

European

Commission’s

Directorate-General

forResearch

and

Innovation

aims

to

provide

evidence-based

scienti?csupport

to

the

European

policymaking

process.

It

gives

an

overview

on

the

state

of

play

in

R&I

development

and

uptake

of

low-carbonindustrialtechnologiesfor

energy-intensiveindustries.Thereporthasbeendevelopedwithhelpofanexternalcontractor,MemberStatesand

stakeholders.

The

outputs

and

recommendations

expressed

do

not

imply

any

policy

position

on

the

part

of

the

European

Commission.NeithertheEuropeanCommissionnoranypersonactingonbehalfoftheCommissionisresponsiblefor

theusewhichmightbemadeoftheinformationcontainedinthisreport.2022Directorate-Generalfor

ResearchandInnovationEUR2021.5872ENTABLEOF

CONTENTSFOREWORD

4ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

5EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

6Key

findings6Key

opportunitiesforaction7INTRODUCTION

8CHAPTER1TRANSITION

OFENERGY-INTENSIVEINDUSTRIESTOCLIMATE

NEUTRALITY.

141

Decarbonisation

of

energy-intensiveindustries

14Thegreenhousegasemissionsof

energy-intensiveindustriesConcentration

of

emissionsin

themain

sectorsFocuson

steels,

chemicalsandcement1416172

Currentdecarbonisation

scenarios22Needforacceleratedinnovation

–theIEANetZeroby

2050ScenarioMarketscale-uptrajectories222324Threehigh-levelpathwaystonetzeroemissionsforEUheavy

industry3

Conclusionson

thetransition

of

theEIIecosystemto

climateneutrality26CHAPTER2KEYTECHNOLOGICALPATHWAYS

271

Synthesisof

pathways,technologiesandlevelsof

maturity272

Theinnovation

areasand

theapproach

of

theProcesses4PlanetPartnership323

TheCleanSteelPartnershipapproach

andtechnologicalpathways364

TheSETPlanapproach

andprioritisedR&I

activities405

Enablersincludingcircularity

446

Conclusionson

keytechnologicalpathways47CHAPTER3R&IINVESTMENTS

491

R&I

needsfordecarbonisingenergy-intensiveindustries49TheProcesses4PlanetPartnership:fundingandinvestmentneedsalongthetimeline

49TheCleanSteelPartnership–funding&investmentneedsalongthetimelineSET

Plan

Action

6on

energy

efficiencyinindustry:estimationsof

funding

needsThreepathwaystonet-zeroemissions–R&I

funding

&investmentneeds5152532

EstimatedpublicandprivateR&I

investments

57Public5760Private3

Patentsandbibliometricsinclimatechangemitigation

technologies65Updateon

trendsin

green

patentingoverall65677072747678Patentingtrendsin

green

inventionsrelevanttoenergy-intensiveindustriesEUScoreboardcompanies

in

green

inventionsforenergy-intensiveindustriesTopScoreboardinnovators

perenergy-intensiveindustryGeography

of

patents:regionaltechnologyhotspotsNationalandregionalperformancein

theEUBibliometrics4

EUpublicinvestmentsandprogrammes80Horizon

2020andHorizon

Europe808993Financialinstruments:European

FundforStrategicInvestment(EFSI)/InvestEU.InnovationFund2BreakthroughEnergyCatalystpartnershipModernisation

Fund9596LIFEClean

Energy

Transition

sub-programmeCOSME9696The‘IdeasPoweredforbusinessSMEFund’EuropeanRegionalDevelopmentFund(ERDF)in

2014-2020European

RegionalDevelopmentFund(ERDF)in

2021-2027JustTransition

Fund96971061075

Nationalinvestmentsandprogrammes109Recoveryandresilienceplans&nationalenergy

and

climateplans:MemberStates’action

towardsclimateneutralityunderthescrutiny

of

theCommissionStrategiesrelatedtoindustrialdecarbonisation

andR&I109112113115Specificschemesfordevelopmentandtowardsdeploymentof

green

technologiesSchemeson

specificstagesof

technology

development6

Conclusionson

R&Iinvestments

117R&I

needsandpublicand

privateinvestmentsPatents117118119121EUprogrammesaddressinglow

carbon

industrialtechnologiesNationalsupportschemesandstrategiesCHAPTER4FRAMEWORKCONDITIONS

1231

Regulatory

frameworkconditions123EUregulatory

frameworkfor

energy-intensiveindustries1.3.

Policy

frameworkfordigitaltechnologiestoenablegreentransformation1.4.

StateaidforR&Dandinnovation

in

theareaof

low-carbon

technologies–overviewof

applicableEUStateaidrules1231321331351.5.

SustainableFinanceand

EU

Taxonomy2

Valorisation

andstandardisation

forlow-carbon

industrialtechnologies135Valorisation

of

R&I

results135137138141Standardisation

asanimportantaspectof

knowledgevalorisationStandardisation

usecasesasexamplesforvalorisation

of

researchresultsStandardisation

gaps3

Conclusionson

framework

conditions

143Regulation143143Valorisation

andstandardisation

forlow-carbon

industrialtechnologiesINPUTTOTHETRANSITIONPATHWAY

143REFERENCES

147ABBREVIATIONS&ACRONYMS

153FIGURES,TABLESAND

BOXES

157ANNEXES

1623FOREWORDAt

the

time

of

this

publication

and

for

several

months,Europe

has

been

facing

high

and

volatile

energy

prices.After

Russia’s

unprovoked

invasion

of

Ukraine,

a

spikein

conventional

energy

prices

and

security

of

supplyconcernshaveexacerbatedthesituation.The

Commission

decided

to

act

decisively

andpresented

aJointEuropeanactionfor

more

affordable,secure

and

sustainable

energy:

’REPowerEU’.

WhileEurope

is

looking

at

short-term

solutions

to

cater

forthe

current

needs,

we

remain

more

than

ever

bound

tothe

objectives

of

the

EU

Green

Deal.

The

EU

transitionto

clean

energy

has

become

even

more

urgent

and

thecase

hasneverbeenstrongerandclearer.Implementing

the

European

Green

Deal

goes

hand

in

hand

with

making

the

EU

independentfromRussiangasimports.Lookingatthe

impactonindustry,Russia’sinvasionof

Ukrainehits

the

EU’s

energy-intensive

industries’

ecosystem

hard.

The

REPowerEU

plan

of

March2022

shows

confidence

in

our

capability

to

accelerate

the

switch

to

renewable

electrificationandgreenhydrogen.Meeting

the

objectives

of

the

Green

Deal

requires

some

changes

of

paradigm,

climatemitigation

measures

and

a

strong

research-based

energy

sector.

Accelerating

theimplementationof

ourgoals

requiresevenbolderandstrongerinnovations.That

is

why,

in

complement

to

the

newEmissions

and

Pollutants

package

of

proposals,

wepublish

the

first

industrial

technology

roadmap

for

low-carbon

technologies

in

energy-intensive

industries.

We

renewed

the

European

Research

Area

with

the

objective

ofincreasingthe

impactofresearchandinnovationandto

speed

upthe

transfer

anduptakeof

research

results

byindustryin

the

economy.

This

roadmapdeliversonthis

objective.It

providesasynthesisonthe

state

of

play

inthedevelopmentoflowcarbontechnologiesacross

energy-intensive

sectors

and

points

to

critical

investment

needs.

These

needsappearnotyetfully

coveredin

existing

investmentagendasandsupportmechanisms.Thisroadmap

is

drawing

apathwayformore

synergiesintheuseofexistingmechanismsand

cooperation

instruments.

The

roadmap

isaddressed

to

policy

makers

at

EU

level

andin

the

Member

States

and

regions,

but

also

to

decision

makers

in

the

industry,

and

allstakeholdershavingastakein

the

development

oflow-carbontechnologies.Theroadmapis

thereto

helpMemberStatesto

maintaintheirtrajectorytowardsclimate

neutralityandto

team

upwithresearchers,innovatorsandthe

industryforconcrete

action.I

thank

all

who

have

contributed

to

this

report

and

I

am

confident

that

you

find

itinformative

and

inspiring.

I

am

looking

forward

to

continuing

and

deepening

ourcooperation,

joint

action

and

investments

to

live

up

to

our

commitments

for

a

sustainable,fair,secure

andclimate-neutral

Europe.Mariya

GabrielCommissionerforInnovation,Research,Culture,Education

andYouth4ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe

EU

industrial

technology

roadmap

for

low-carbon

technologies

in

energy-intensiveindustries

has

been

published

within

the

context

of

the

new

European

Research

Area

bythe

Directorate-General

for

Research

and

Innovation

(DG

R&I)

—

Directorate

E,

Prosperity.The

project

was

coordinated

under

the

leadership

of

Angelo

Wille

and

Doris

Schr?cker(respectively,

Deputy

Head

and

Head

of

DG

R&I.E1

Industrial

Research,

Innovation

&Investment

Agendas).

This

document

was

produced

by

Angelo

Wille,

Pauline

Sentis,AdrianMarica,

Florence

Roger

and

Evgeni

Evgeniev

as

the

main

authors.

In

the

same

unit,Bernhard

von

Wendland,

Patrick

McCutcheon

and

Alex

Talacchi,

respectively,

contributedto

thecontent

onstateaid,

onpatentsandoninvestments.Peter

Dr?ll,

Director

for

Prosperity

in

DG

R&I,

and

Andrea

Ceglia,

made

substantialcontributions

to

the

review

of

this

work.

Jürgen

Tiedje,

Garbine

Guiu

Etxeberria

andDominique

Planchon

(DG

R&I.E3,

Industrial

transformation,)

also

contributed

to

the

reviewof

the

draft

report.

In

DG

R&I,

we

are

also

thankful

for

their

inputs

to

Julien

Ravet,OcéanePeiffer-Smadja

and

Athina

Karvounaraki

(G1,

Chief

Economist);

toStefanie

Kalff-Lena

and

Gergely

Tardos

(E2,

Valorisation

policies

&

IPR);

and

toDaniel

Szmytkowski

(G6,Commonknowledgeanddatamanagement

service).This

reportis

the

outcome

of

strongcollaborationwithservicesallaroundandbeyondtheCommission,involvingcolleaguesfrom

theJoint

Research

Centre(JRC),theDirectorates-General

for

Energy

(DG

ENER),

for

Regional

Policy

(DG

REGIO),

for

Industry,

Internalmarket

and

SMEs

(DG

GROW)

and

for

Climate

Action

(DG

CLIMA),

for

Education

and

culture(DG

EAC),

for

Environment

(DG

ENV),

the

European

Innovation

Council

and

SMEsExecutive

Agency

(EISMEA).

In

particular,

we

are

grateful

to

Eric

Lecomte

from

DG

ENERfortheclosecollaborationonthewholereport.The

chapter

on

energy-intensive

industries

was

based

on

contributions

from

JRCcolleagues:

Andreas

Uihlein,

Ignacio

Hidalgo-Gonzalez,

Maria

Ruehringer.

The

content

onSMEs

received

contributions

from

Alberto

Valenzano

(GROW),

Nicola-Elisabeth

Morris(GROW)

andAurelie

Gommenginger(EISMEA).The

sections

on

decarbonisation

scenarios

and

key

technologies

was

the

result

of

acollaboration

between

the

European

Commission

and

the

Austrian

Institute

of

Technology.We

are

thankful

for

the

thorough

assessment

and

analysis

work

conducted

byWolframRhomberg,Karl-HeinzLeitnerandBernhardDachs.Wealso

thank

JulianSomers(JRC)forhis

reviewandcontributions.The

chapter

on

R&I

investments

received

inputs

and

suggestions

from

colleagues

in

JRC(Aliki

Georgakaki,

Francesco

Pasimeni,

Anabela

Marques

Santos,

Andrea

Conte,Karel

Herman

Haegeman,

Carmen

Sillero

Illanes

and

Niels

Meyer),

in

CLIMA(JoseJimenezMingo,

Carla

Benauges,

Johanna

Schiele

and

Ewelina

Daniel),

in

EISMEA(KaterinaBorunska

and

Andres

Alvarez-Fernandez),

Kalina

Dinkova

from

ECFIN

andDalibor

MladenkafromEAC.The

section

on

standardisation

and

valorisation

was

coordinated

by

Andreas

Jenet

from

theJRC

and

involved

contributors

from

the

JRC

(Paolo

Bertoldi,

Silvia

Dimova,EvangelosKotsakis,MarcoLampertiTornaghi,AlainMarmier,JoseMoya,AmaliaMunozPineiro,

Ioulia

Papaioannou,

Fabio

Taucer)

and

from

CEN-CENELEC(AshokGanesh,PhilipMaurer,LiviaMian).We

are

grateful

to

Grazia

Angerame,

Martina

Daly

and

Sandra

Milev

(DG

R&I)

for

theirsupportin

the

communicationactivities.5EXECUTIVESUMMARYThe

EU

has

to

drastically

accelerate

the

clean

energy

transition

and

increase

Europe'senergy

independence

from

fossil

fuels

–

and

from

Russia.

This

focus

is

not

new:decarbonisation

of

industry

is

akey

element

on

the

EU’s

path

to

achieving

the

objective

ofclimate

neutrality

by

2050

and

an

intermediate

target

of

reducing

greenhouse

gasemissions

by

at

least

55%by

2030,

as

laid

down

in

the

European

Climate

Law.

However,bringing

innovative

low-carbon

industrial

technologies

quickly

to

the

market

has

becomemore

urgent

than

ever.The

European

Research

Area

(ERA)

industrial

technology

roadmapsketches

out

the

key

technologies

and

the

means

to

transfer

them

to

the

industrialecosystem

forenergy-intensive

industries

atEU

andnationallevel.KeyfindingsScaling

up

and

deploying

the

–

manageable

–

number

of

innovative

low-carbontechnologiescurrentlyat

high

technologyreadiness

is

needed

to

reach

the2030emissionobjectives

and

to

further

reduce

industry

dependence

on

gas.

Technologies

that

are

still

inpilot

and

demonstration

phase

and

at

an

even

lower

development

levels

are

crucial

forreaching

the

2050

emission

targets.

The

challenge

is

to

speed

up

innovation

projects

atscale

toreachthemarket.?There

is

a

gap

between

the

current

overall

research

and

innovation

(R&I)investments

across

energy-intensive

sectors

and

the

amount

needed

to

reach

GreenDeal

emission

targets.

The

biggest

investment

gap

concerns

investments

in

thecoming

years

for

first-of-a-kind

(FOAK)

installations

and

further

deployment

oftechnologies

currently

at

high

technology

readiness

levels.

While

EU

co-programmed

public-private

partnerships

provide

a

strong

forum

for

cross-sectorcooperation,

there

is

no

broad

andopenplatform

to

establish

efficient

coordinationof

research,

development

and

innovation

investment

plans

for

low-carbon

industrialtechnologies.?Several

Member

States

have

developed

national

sector-specific

or

even

cross-sectoral

strategies

towards

decarbonisation

in

energy-intensive

industries,

co-created

with

relevant

stakeholders

(such

as

in

Finland,

Germany,

Slovenia

andSweden).

These

are

important

instruments

designing

a

detailed

process

withmilestones

towards

commonly

agreed

emission

reduction

(and

other)

targets.Nevertheless,

not

all

Member

States

with

high

CO

emission

(per

capita)

have

had2high

European

regional

development

fund

(ERDF)

allocations

for

low-carbonprojectsduringthe

programmingperiod2014-2020.??A

key

barrier

to

rollout

are

the

uncertainties

around

authorisations

of

FOAKinstallations.

Designing

and

building

a

pilot

or

demonstration

plant

at

scale

is

oneofthe

majorchallengesforthe

development

of

manydecarbonisationtechnologiesontheregional

level

andacrossborders.Patenting

filings

in

green

inventions,

which

give

early

indications

of

technologicaland

economic

developments,

continue

to

increase

globally

and

patents

by

major

EUcompanies

still

play

a

key

role

in

energy-intensive

industries.

However,

the

role

ofsmall

and

medium-sized

enterprises

(SMEs)

in

energy-intensive

industries’inventionsremainsunclear.?EU

green

standards

for

several

low-carbon

technologies

appear

to

beunderdeveloped

in

areas

such

as

carbon

capture

and

storage,

hydrogen

andindustrial

symbiosis.

As

compared

to

other

green

technologies

like

biomass,

theirnumber

of

referenced

policy

documents

and

EuroVoc

descriptors

is

significantlylower.6KeyopportunitiesforactionIn

order

to

make

best

use

of

the

public

toolbox

to

leverage

private

R&I

investment,

toincrease

cross-sector

cooperation

and

accelerate

deployment,

the

following

opportunitiesforactionarise:?Assess

the

potential

for

establishing

an

industrial

alliance

or

similar

initiative

forlow-carbon

technologies

in

energy-intensive

industries

based

upon

theProcesses4PlanetandtheCleanSteel

Partnerships,asreferredto

in

the2020NewIndustrial

Strategy.

Such

initiatives

should

have

a

special

focus

on

cross-sectoraltechnologies

linked

to

the

energyefficiency

ofthe

industrialprocessesand

use

andintegration

of

renewables.

Implementing

this

cross-sectoral

approach

and

thesynergies

identified

by

the

roadmap

would

allow

a

more

efficient

use

of

the

publictoolbox

to

accelerate

decarbonisation

and

independence

from

gas

towards

cleartargets.

In

this

context,

relevant

hub

structures

could

facilitate

investment

intodevelopment

and

uptake

of

cross-sectoral

low-carbon

industrial

technologies.Awareness

raising

actions

and

expert

discussions

about

private

R&I

investmentunder

the

EUtaxonomyforsustainable

financeand

about

existing

nationalsupportstructuresfor

uptake

couldhelp

increasingR&I

investments.??Facilitate

specific

national

sectoral

and

cross-sectoral

strategies

or

programmeswith

key

stakeholders

as

part

of

ERA

policy

agenda.

This

can

include

jointdiscussions

between

the

ERA

Forum

and

the

Strategic

Energy

Technology

(SET)-Plan’s

working

party

on

energy

efficiency

in

industry

and/or

peer

counselling

andworking

under

the

policy

support

facility

and

mutual

learning

exercise.

R&I

inputinto

the

European

Semester

could

facilitate

better

matching

of

ERDF

and

nationalfunding

by

Member

States

with

a

focus

onthe

highest

emitting

Member

States

andregions.Establish

a

community

of

practice

to

facilitate

authorisation

for

FOAK

installation

forlow-carbon

industrial

technologies,

building

upon

similar

approaches

under

theEuropean

Chips

Act,

the

Regulatory

Hubs

Network

(RegHub)

under

the

regulatoryfitness

and

performance

programme

(REFIT),

EU

recommendations

for

approvalprocesses

for

renewable

energy

installations,

the

Hubs4Circularity

community

ofpractice

andinvolvementof

existingnetworks

of

relevantagencies.???Improve

the

knowledge

on

patenting

for

green

technologies

and

for

energy-intensive

industries,

such

as

cement

and

steel,

through

more

granular

sectoranalysis,andthroughenablingsimpleronline

searchersfor

existinggreenpatents.Facilitate

furthervalorisation

by

exploring

with

industry

theopportunity

to

open

upIP

on

central

(cross-sectoral)

green

inventions,

widening

the

access

to

IP

forlicensing

(e.g.patentpool)andknowledge

transfer.Cooperate

with

European

standardisation

organisations

(e.g.

CEN,

CENELEC)

andindustrial

partnerships

toidentify

and

fill

main

standardisation

gaps

for

innovativelow-carbonindustrialtechnologies.7INTRODUCTIONPolicycontextThis

industrial

technology

roadmap

for

low-carbon

technologies

in

energy-intensive

industries

ispublished

ata

moment,

when

the

Commission

and

EU

leaders

have

launched

strong

measuresto

respond

to

Russia’s

unprovoked

invasion

of

Ukraine

and

to

break

the

EU’s

dependence

onRussian

gas

imports.

Very

high

energy

prices

and

the

need

to

strongly

accelerate

the

cleanenergy

transition

call

fora

combination

of

pragmatic

short-term

solutions

and

determined

firststeps

to

implement

ambitious

medium-and

long-term

strategies.This

technology

roadmap

highlights

the

technological

options

for

low-carbon

technologies

inenergy-intensive

industries,

including

the

use

of

green

electricity

and

hydrogen,

it

points

toavailable

support

instruments,

synergies

and

action

to

accelerate

the

transition.

It

is

a

call

for

adialogue

with

Member

States

and

regions

on

theirspecific

as

well

as

commonand

cross-borderinterests

and

needs,

and

provides

comprehensive

input

for

Europe’s

decisionmakers.As

a

cornerstone

of

the

European

Green

Deal1,

the

European

Climate

Law2

sets

inlegislation

the

EU’s

objective

of

climate

neutrality

by

2050

with

an

intermediate

target

ofreducing

greenhouse

gas

emissions

by

at

least

55%

by

2030,

compared

to

1990

levels.Climate

neutrality

by

2050

means

achieving

a

balance

between

anthropogenic

economy-wide

emissions

by

sources

and

removals

by

sinks

of

greenhouse

gases

domestically

withinthe

EU

by

2050,

mainly

by

cutting

emissions.

The

law

aims

to

ensure

that

all

EU

andnational

policies

contribute

to

achieving

this

goal

and

that

all

sectors

of

the

economy

andsociety

play

their

part

in

doing

so.

It

steps

up

efforts

to

tackle

climate

change

and

to

deliveron

implementation

of

the

Paris

Agreement

adopted

under

the

United

Nations

FrameworkConvention

on

Climate

Change

and

the

Intergovernmental

Science-Policy

Platform

onBiodiversityandEcosystemServices.The

European

Climate

Law

takes

on

board

the

European

Council’s3

emphasis

on

thekey

role

offorward-looking

research,

development

and

innovation

in

achieving

climate

neutrality.

Itsaccompanying

impact

assessment

emphasises

the

key

role

research

and

innovation

(R&I)

playsin

achieving

the

EU’s

climate

goals

and

show

that

R&I

will

determine

the

speed

at

whichdecarbonisationcan

take

place,

at

what

cost

and

with

what

accompanying

benefits.An

upcoming

OECD

report

advocates

the

role

that

R&I

need

to

play

as

part

of

the

transitionto

a

climate-neutral

economy4.

The

report

shows

that

the

scale

of

the

current

innovationresponse

is

not

in

line

with

the

climate

neutrality

targets.

The

empirical

evidence

points

toa

stagnation

in

public

spending

for

low-carbon

R&D

as

a

share

of

GDP

and

a

worrisomedecrease

in

climate-related

innovation

as

measured

by

patent

filings,

along

with

a

stableshare

of

global

VC

funding

directed

at

climate-related

start-ups.

Therefore,

the

reportexplores

the

possibilities

towards

more

ambitious

R&I

policies

for

climate

neutrality,including

interactionswithotherpolicy

areas.In

this

context,

Russia’sinvasionofUkraine

is

astarkreminder

thattheEUhas

todrasticallyac