2023年-CPA會(huì)計(jì)英語(yǔ)講義

會(huì)計(jì)英語(yǔ)、【字體：大中小】【打印】I.背景介紹中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)決定在今年的中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師資格考試會(huì)計(jì)科、審計(jì)科加試10分英語(yǔ)試題,并將該成績(jī)納入最后考試的總成績(jī)，也即110分的試卷60分及格。該安排看似突然,實(shí)際上代表了一個(gè)趨勢(shì)，就是要全面提高中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師的語(yǔ)言水平，進(jìn)而達(dá)到中西合璧，融會(huì)貫通，取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短，為我所用的目的。針對(duì)此變化,廣大考生應(yīng)該做到：穩(wěn)定情緒調(diào)整心態(tài)振奮精神悉心備考該考試變化對(duì)廣大考生的參考并未產(chǎn)生實(shí)質(zhì)性的不利影響。所以應(yīng)該充滿(mǎn)自信，不要出現(xiàn)急躁、不安情緒！積極應(yīng)對(duì)！從積極方面來(lái)看待這個(gè)趨勢(shì)和變化！n.考試題型預(yù)測(cè)目前獲得的關(guān)于這10分英語(yǔ)考試最新的信息為：.一道題.主觀題.專(zhuān)業(yè)題分析：正是針對(duì)此次考試“三題”的特點(diǎn),我們預(yù)測(cè)此次考試極有可能的題型如下：.名詞解釋.簡(jiǎn)答題.翻譯（英漢互譯）.項(xiàng)目案例分析這四類(lèi)題型都會(huì)很好地體現(xiàn)“三題”精神。會(huì)計(jì)科考試體系是在中國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則（CAS）與國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則（IAS/IFRS）趨同的背景下考察英文水平的;趨同不是等同，所以考察具體某些業(yè)務(wù)的分錄的可能性雖然存在，但是不大;更重要考察的是一些“務(wù)虛”的合適的內(nèi)容,即理論或文字表述的合適的內(nèi)容。輔導(dǎo)大體安排TIMESCHEDULEMEMOl-1.5hrs題型分析對(duì)每類(lèi)題型結(jié)合具體實(shí)例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，并講解答題技巧2.5-3hrs考點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)合題型對(duì)可能考查的合適的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)講解該項(xiàng)英語(yǔ)考試對(duì)書(shū)面表達(dá)的要求在英語(yǔ)四級(jí)水平。該項(xiàng)考前緊急沖刺輔導(dǎo)時(shí)間緊,任務(wù)重，不是零起點(diǎn)輔導(dǎo)，需要有一定的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)。describedasgoodwillandrecognisedasanasset.交易發(fā)生時(shí)，購(gòu)買(mǎi)成本超過(guò)購(gòu)買(mǎi)企業(yè)在所取得的可辨認(rèn)資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債的公允價(jià)值中的股權(quán)份額的部分，應(yīng)作為商譽(yù)并確認(rèn)為一項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)。SUBSTANCEOVERFORMTheprincipleofrecordingthesubstanceoreconomicrealityoftransactionsratherthantheirlegalformliesattheheartoftheFrameworkforPreparationandPressentationofFinancialStatements9(Framework)andseveralInternationalAccountingStandards.Thedevelopmentofthisprinciplewaspartlyinreactiontoaminorityofpublicinterestcompaniesenteringintocertaincomplextransactions.Thesetransactionssometimesledtoaccusationsthatcompanydirectorswereinvolvedin"creativeaccounting'.Required:(a)(i)explain,withrelevantexamples,whatisgenerallymeantbytheterm'creativeaccounting,;(5marks)［答疑編號(hào)31010305：針對(duì)該題提問(wèn)］(ii)explainwhyitisimportanttorecordthesubstanceratherthanthelegalformoftransactionsanddescribethefeaturesthatmayindicatethatthesubstanceofatransactionisdifferentfromitslegalform.(5marks)［答疑編號(hào)31010306：針對(duì)該題提問(wèn)］Solution:(a)(i)creativeaccountingisatermingeneralusedtodescribethepracticeofapplyinginappropriateaccountingpoliciesorenteringintocomplexor"specialpurpose9transactionswiththeobjectiveofmakingacompany'sfinancialstatementsappeartodiscloseamorefavourableposition,particularlyinrelationtothecalculationofcertain'key'ratios,thanwouldotherwisebethecase.Mostcommentatorsbelievecreativeaccountingstopsshortofdeliberatefraud,butisnonethlessundesirableasitisintendedtomisleadusersoffinancialstatements.Probablythemostcriticisedareaofcreativeaccountingrelatestooffbalancesheetfinancing.Thisoccurswhereacompanyhasfinancialobligationsthatarenotrecordedonitsbalancesheet.Therehavebeenseveralexamplesofthisinthepast:financeleasestreatedasoperatingleasesborrowings(usuallyconvertibleloanstock)beingclassifiedasequitysecuredloansbeingtreatedas'sales'(saleandrepurchaseagreementes)thenon-consolidationof"specialpurposevehicles'(quasisubsidiaries)thathavebeenusedtoraisefinanceoffsettingliabillitiesagainstassets(certaintypesofaccountsreceivablefactoring)Theothermainareaofcreativeaccountingisthatofincreasingorsmoothingprofits,Examplesofthisare;theuseofinappropriateprovisions(thisreducesprofitingoodyearsandincreasestheminpooryears)notprovidingforliabilities,eitheratallornotinfull,astheyarise.Thisoftenrelatedtoenvironmentalprovisions,decommissioningcostsandconstructiveobligations.restructuringcostsnotbeingchargedtoincome(oftenrelatedtoanewlyacquiredsubsidiary-thecostsareeffectivelyaddedtogoodwill)ItshouldbenotedthatrecentinternationalAccountingStandardshavenowpreventedmanyoftheabovepastabuses,howevermorerecentexamplesofcreativeaccountingareinusebysomeofthenewIntermetDolcomcompanies.Mostofthesecompaniesdonot(yet)makeanyprofitsootherperformancecriteriasuchassite'hits',conversionrates(browsersturningintobuyers),bumperiods(thelengthoftimeeashresourcesareexpectedtolast)andevensalesrevenusearemassagedtogiveamordfavourableimpression.(ii)Oneoftheprimarycharacteristicsoffinancialstatementsisreliabilityi.e.theymustfaithfullyrepresentthetransactionsandothereventsthathaveoccurred.Itcanbepossiblefortheeccnomicsubstanceofatransaction(effectivelyitscommercialintention)tobedifferentfromitsstrictlegalpositionor'form'.Thusfinancialstatementscanonlygiveafaithfulrepresentationofacompany'sperformanceifthesubstanceofitstransactionsisreported.Itisworthstressingthattherewillbeveryfewtransactionswheretheirsubstanceisdifferentfromtheirlegalform,butforthosewhereitis,theyareusuallyveryimportant.Thisisbecausetheyarematerialintermsoftheirsizeorincidence,orbecausetheymaybeintendedtomislead.a.(i)創(chuàng)造性會(huì)計(jì)通常是指不恰當(dāng)?shù)臅?huì)計(jì)政策的運(yùn)用或敘做復(fù)雜、有特殊目的的交易以達(dá)到使財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，特別是某些關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)顯得更加有力的目的.許多人認(rèn)為雖該做法可減少一些有意的欺詐，但決不值得期許，因?yàn)樗彩怯幸庾R(shí)去誤導(dǎo)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的使用者.創(chuàng)造性會(huì)計(jì)最遭人非議的恐怕要數(shù)表外融資了，即企業(yè)未將其金融負(fù)債在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表上予以體現(xiàn)具體實(shí)例如下：將融資租賃按經(jīng)營(yíng)租賃處理可轉(zhuǎn)換股權(quán)債券按股權(quán)處理抵押貸款按銷(xiāo)售處理(銷(xiāo)售并回購(gòu)協(xié)議)將專(zhuān)門(mén)用來(lái)融資的準(zhǔn)子公司未納入合并報(bào)表中資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債抵消(應(yīng)收賬款保理)創(chuàng)造性會(huì)計(jì)另一大運(yùn)用就是用來(lái)虛增或抹平利潤(rùn).準(zhǔn)備的不恰當(dāng)使用對(duì)負(fù)債沒(méi)有計(jì)提準(zhǔn)備改組費(fèi)用未計(jì)入當(dāng)期損益(ii)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的主要特征之一就是可靠性，即他們必須忠實(shí)記錄交易與事件.有時(shí)交易的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)質(zhì)和它的法律形式不一致.財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表要想做到公允表達(dá)就必須記錄交易的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)質(zhì).事實(shí)上僅有少量交易的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)質(zhì)與其法律形式不一致，但一旦出現(xiàn)該情況，就需十分重視，因?yàn)樗话闵婕拜^大的金額或是有意的誤導(dǎo).Commonfeatureswhichmayindicatethatthesubstanceofatransaction(orseriesofconnectedtransactions)isdifferentfromitslegalformare:wheretheownershipofanassetdoesnotrestwiththepartythatisexpectedtoexperiencetherisksandrewardrelatingtoit(i,e.,equivalenttocontroloftheasset).whereatransactionislinkedwithotherrelatedtransactions,itisnecessarytoassessthesubstanceoftheseriesofconnectedtransactionsasawhole.theuseofoptionswithincontracts,itmaybethatoptionsareeitheralmostcertaintobe(ornottobe)exercised.Insuchcasesthesearcnotreallyoptionsatallandshouldbeignoredindeterminingcommercialsubstance.whereassetsaresoldatvaluesthatdifferfromtheirfairvalues(eitheraboveorbelowfairvalues).Manycomplextransactionsoftencontainseveraloftheabovefeatures.Determiningthetruesubstanceoftransactionscanbeadifficultandsometimessubjectiveprocedure.一筆交易如果它的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)質(zhì)與其法律形式不同，則通常具有以下特征：資產(chǎn)所有權(quán)不歸屬承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和收益的這一方；如果一項(xiàng)交易與其他交易相關(guān)聯(lián)，有必要將這些交易作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)考慮他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)質(zhì)合同內(nèi)含有選擇權(quán)，但該選擇權(quán)注定行使或不行使.資產(chǎn)背離其公允價(jià)值出售許多復(fù)雜的交易通常同時(shí)具體以上幾個(gè)特征.PROVISION(準(zhǔn)備)IAS37"Provisions,contingentliabilitiesandcontingentAssets'wasissuedin1998.Thestandardsetsouttheprinciplesofaccountingfortheseitemsandclarifieswhenprovisionsshouldandshouldnotbemade.Priortoitsissue,theinappropriateuseofprovisionshadbeenanareawherecompanieshadbeenaccusedofmanipulatingthefinancialstatementsandofcreativeaccounting.Required:(a)DescribethenatureofprovisionsandtheaccountingrequirementsforthemcontainedinIAS37.(6marks)［答疑編號(hào)31010307：針對(duì)該題提問(wèn)］(b)Explainwhythereisaneedforanaccountingstandardinthisarea.IllustrateyouranswerwiththreepracticalexamplesofhowthestandardaddressescontroversialIssues.(6marks)［答疑編號(hào)31010308：針對(duì)該題提問(wèn)］IAS37"Provisions,ContingentLiabilitiesandContingentAssets9onlydealswiththoseprovisionsthatareregardedasliabilities.Thetermprovisionisalsogenerallyusedtodescribethoseamountssetasidetowritedownthevalueofassetssuchasdepreciationchargesandprovisionsfordiminutioninvalue(e.g.provisiontowritedownthevalueofdamagedorslowmovinginventory).ThedefinitionofaprovisionistheStandardisquitesimple;provisionsareliabilitiesofuncertaintimingoramount.Ifthereisreasonablecertaintyoverthesetwoaspectstheliabilityisacreditor.Thereisclearlyanoverlapbetweenprovisionsandcontingencies.Becauseofthe6uncertaintyAspectsofthedefinition,itcanbearguedthattosomeextentallprovisionshaveanelementofcontingency.TheIASBdistinguishesbetweenthetwobystatingthatacontingencyisnotrecognizedasaliabilityifitiseitheronlypossibleandthereforeyettobeconfirmedasaliability,orwherethereisaliabilitybutitcannotbemeasuredwithsufficientreliability.TheIASBnotesthelattershouldberare.TheIASBintendsthatonlythoseliabilitiesthatmeetthecharacteristicsofaliabilityinitsFrameworkforthePreparationandPresentationofFinancialStatementsshouldbereportedinthebalancesheet.IAS37summarisestheabovebyrequiringprovisionstosatisfyallofthefollowingthreerecognitioncriteria:thereispresentobligation(legalorconstructive)asaresultofpastevent;itisprobablethatatransferofeconomicbenefitswillberequiredtosettletheobligation;theobligationcanbeestimatedreliably.Aprovisionistriggeredbyanobligatingevent.Thismusthavealreadyoccurred,futureeventscannotcreatecurrentliabilities.Thefirstofthecriteriareferstolegalorconstructiveobligations.Alegalobligationisstraightforwardanduncontroversial,butconstructiveobligationsarearelativelynewconcept.Thesearisewhereacompanycreatesanexpectationthatitwillmeetcertainobligationsthatitisnotlegallyboundtomeet.Thesemayariseduetoapublishedstatementorevenbyapatternofpastpractice.Inrealityconstructiveobligationsareusuallybecausethealternativeactionisunattractiveormaydamagethereputationofthecompany.Themostcommonlyquotedexampleofsuchisacommitmenttopayforenvironmentaldamagecausedbythecompany,evenwherethereisnolegalobligationtodoso.Tosummarise:acompanymustprovideforaliabilitywherethethreedefiningcriteriaofaprovisionaremet,butconverselyacompanycannotprovideforaliabilitywheretheyarenotmet.Thelatterpartoftheabovemayseemobvious,butitisanareawheretherehasbeensomepastabuseofprovisioningasisreferredtoin(b).Themainneedforanaccountingstandardinthisareaistoclarifyandregulatewhenprovisionsshouldandshouldnotbemade.Manycontroversialareasincludingthepossibleabuseofprovisioningarebasedoncontraveningaspectsoftheabovedefinitions.Oneofthemostcontroversialexamplesofprovisioningisinrelationtofutureoperatinglosses.Theattractionofprovidingforthistypeofexpense/lossisthatoncetheprovisionhasbeenmade,thefuturecostsarethenchargedtotheprovisionsuchthattheybypasstheincomestatement(oftheperiodwhentheyoccur).Whenassessingthecompany'sfutureprospects.Ifthistypeofprovisionweretobeincorporatedasaliabilityaspartofasubsidiary'snetassetsatthedateofacquisition,theprovisionitselfwouldnotbechargedtotheincomestatement.IAS37nowpreventsthispracticeasfuturecostsandoperatinglosses(unlesstheyareforanonerouscontract)donotconstitutepastevents.AnotherimportantchangeinitiatedbyIAS37isthewayinwhichenvironmentalprovisionsmustbetreated.Practiceinthisareahasdifferedconsiderably.Somecompaniesdidnotprovideforsuchcostsandthosethatdidoftenaccruedforthemonanannualbasis.Ifsayacompanyexpectedenvironmentalsiterestorationcostof$1millionperannumfor10years(ignoringdiscounting).Somewhatcontroversiallythispracticeisnolongerpossible.IAS37requiresthatiftheenvironmentalcostsarealiability(legalorconstructive),thenthewholeofthecostsmustbeprovidedforimmediately.Thathasledtolargeliabilitiesappearinginsomecompanies,balancesheets.Athirdexampleofbadpracticeistheuseof'bigbath5provisionsandoverprovisioning.Initssimplestformthisoccurswhereacompanymakesalargeprovision,oftenfornon-specificfutureexpenses,oraspartofanoverallrestructuringpackage.Iftheprovisionisdeliberatelyoverprovided,thenitslaterreleasewillimprovefutureprofits.Alternativelythecompanycouldchargetotheprovisionadifferentcostthantheoneitwasoriginallycreatedfor.IAS37addressesthispracticeintwoways:bynotallowingprovisionstobecreatediftheydonotmeetthedefinitionofanobligation;andspecificallypreventingaprovisionandanewonewouldbecreatedwithappropriatedisclosures.Whilstthistreatmentdoesnotaffectoverallprofits,itdoesenhancetransparency.Note:otherexampleswouldbeacceptable.答案大意(a)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第37號(hào)“準(zhǔn)備，或有資產(chǎn)和或有負(fù)債”僅處理屬于負(fù)債定義內(nèi)的準(zhǔn)備.準(zhǔn)備的定義是不確定金額和時(shí)間的債務(wù).準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)該符合債務(wù)的定義.準(zhǔn)備是由過(guò)去事件引發(fā)的，通常法定義務(wù)和推定義務(wù)會(huì)引起準(zhǔn)備.(b)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第37號(hào)主要規(guī)范什么時(shí)候計(jì)提/不計(jì)提準(zhǔn)備.準(zhǔn)備濫用包括(1)為將來(lái)的損失做準(zhǔn)備；(2)不正確準(zhǔn)備環(huán)境成本；(3)以豐補(bǔ)歉.IMPAIRMENTOFASSETS(資產(chǎn)減值)Itisgenerallyrecognizedinpracticethatnon-currentassetsshouldnotbecarriedinabalancesheetatvaluesthattheyaregreaterthanare"worth”.Inthepasttherehasbeenlittleguidanceinthisareawiththeresultthatimpairmentlosseswerenotrecognizedonaconsistentortimelybasisorwerenotrecognizedatall.IAS36'ImpairmentofAssets'wasissuedinJune1998onthistopic.Required:(a)(i)Defineanimpairmentlossandexplainwhencompaniesshouldcarryoutareviewforimpairmentofassets;(3marks)Describethecircumstancesthatmayindicatethatacompany'sassetsmay.havebecomeimpaired.(7marks)Solution:(a)(i)Animpairmentlossariseswherethecarryingvalueofanasset,orgroupofassets,ishigherthantheirrecoverableamounts.IneffecttheStandardrequiresthatassetsshouldnotappearonabalancesheetatavaluewhichishigherthantheyare6worth\Therecoverableamountofanassetisdefinedasthehigherofitsnetrealizablevalue(i.e.theamountatwhichitcanbesoldfornetofdirectsellingexpenses)oritsvalueinuse(i.e.itsestimatedfuturenetcashflowsdiscountedtoapresentvalue).IAS36"ImpairmentofAssets^ecognisesthatmanyassetsdonotproduceindependentcashflowsandthereforethevalueinusemayhavetobecalculatedforagroupofassets-acash-generatingunit.Thestandardrecognizesthatitwouldbetooonerousforcompaniestohavetotestforimpairedassetseveryyearandthereforeonlyrequiresimpairmentreviewswhenthereissomeindicationthatanimpairmenthasoccurred.Theexceptiontothisgeneralprincipleiswheregoodwillorotherintangibleassetsarebeingdepreciatedoveraperiodofmorethan20years,inwhichcaseanimpairmentreviewisrequiredatleastannually.Thisalsoapplieswhereanytangiblenon-currentasset,otherthanland,hasaremaininglifeofmorethan50years.(ii)Impairmentsgenerallyarisewheretherehasbeenaneventorchangeincircumstances.Itmaybethatsomethinghashappenedtotheassetsthemselves(e.g.physicaldamage)ortherehasbeenachangeintheeconomicenvironmentrelatingtotheassets(e.g.newregulationsmayhavecomeintoforce).TheStandardgivesseveralexamplesofindicatorsofimpairment,whichmaybeavailablefrominternalorexternalsources:Pooroperatingresults.Thiscouldbeacurrentoperatinglossoralowprofit.Oneyear'slossesinitselfdoesnotnecessarilymeantherehasbeenanimpairment,butifthisiscoupledwithpreviouslossesofexpectedfuturelossesthenthisisanindicationofimpairment;Asignificantdeclineinanasset'smarketvalue(inexcessofnormaldepreciationthoughuseorthepassageoftime)orevidenceofobsolescence(throughmarketchangesortechnology)orphysicaldamage;Evidenceofareductionintheusefuleconomiclifeorestimatedresidualvalueofassets;Adversechangesinthemarketoreconomysuchastheentranceofamajorcompetitor,newstatutoryorregulatoryrulesoranyindicatorofvaluethathasbeenusedtovalueanasset(e.g.onacquisitionabrandmayhavebeenvaluedona"multiple9ofsalerevenues9,Ifsubsequentsaleswerebelowexpectationsthismayindicateanimpairment);Acommitmenttoasignificantreorganizationorrestructuringofthebusiness;Lossofkeyemployeesormajorcustomers;Increasesinlong-terminterestrates(thiscouldmateriallyimpactonvalueinusecalculationsthusaffectingtherecoverableamountsofassets);Wherethecarryingamountofanenterprisersnetassetsismorethanitsmarketcapitalization.答案大意(i)當(dāng)資產(chǎn)或資產(chǎn)組的賬面價(jià)值高于其可收回價(jià)值時(shí)則出現(xiàn)了資產(chǎn)減值損失,可收回價(jià)值是指可變現(xiàn)價(jià)值和使用價(jià)值(資產(chǎn)預(yù)計(jì)未來(lái)現(xiàn)金流量的現(xiàn)值)中較高的值.當(dāng)出現(xiàn)資產(chǎn)減值跡象時(shí)，企業(yè)需進(jìn)行資產(chǎn)減值測(cè)試.(ii)資產(chǎn)減值的跡象特征.較差的運(yùn)營(yíng)結(jié)果.資產(chǎn)市值的大幅度下降.使用年限縮短/殘值減少.經(jīng)濟(jì)/市場(chǎng)形勢(shì)逆轉(zhuǎn).重大重組.關(guān)鍵員工/顧客流失.長(zhǎng)期利率上揚(yáng).資產(chǎn)價(jià)值高于可變現(xiàn)價(jià)值補(bǔ)充閱讀材料(出自《金融時(shí)報(bào)》，建議大家自行掌握)ChinaadoptsnewaccountingstandardsByRichardMcGregorinBeijing,FT.comsitePublished:Feb15,2006Chinahasagreedtoadoptnewnationalaccountingstandardstobringthemintolinewithinternationalrulesfollowingadecade-longreviewofthelocalindustryanditspractices.LouJiwei,thevice-financeminister,saidinBeijingonWednesdaythatChinawouldadopt"onebasicaccountingstandardHbasedontheso-calledInternationalFinancialReportingStandardsnowusedinalmost100countriesincludingtheEUmemberstates.China*sdecisiontobringitsaccountingstandardslargelyintolinewithglobalnormsisfurtherevidenceofthegovernment'sdeterminationtointernationaliseitseconomyandbusinesspractices.Itislikelytoboosttheconfidenceofforeigninvestorsinthequalityoffinancialinformationfromthefast-growingeconomy.However,theintroductionofthestandardswillpresentanewchallengeforlocalaccountingfirms,alreadystrugglingtocompetewiththebigfourinternationalplayers.ThedecisionwashailedbymembersoftheglobalprofessioninBeijingforanannouncementceremonyattheGreatHallofthePeople,sayingthatChina'smovewouldhaveanimpactonothercountriesinAsia,suchasSouthKorea,ponderingasimilarpolicychange."Thereisgoingtoachainreactionasaresultofthis/saidSirDavidTweedie,thechairmanoftheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard.nThcdecisionhappenedveryfastintheend.Theyarcalmostthere(asfarasaccountingstandardsgo)andtheyaredeterminedtogetthere."ChinawillnottakeadopttheIFRSwordforword,butrathertakeonboardtheprinciplesandtranslatethemintotheirowncode,calledthenChineseAccountingStandardsSystem'1."Theywillembedtheprinciplesintotheirsysteminawaythatcanbeunderstoodbylocalpractitioners/1saidYvonneKam,adirectoratPWCinShanghai.Mr.Lousaidthenewsystemwouldintroducetheconceptof"fairvalue11intoChineseaccountingforthefirsttimealongthelinesofpresentinternationalpractices.TheChinesestandardwillmaintainanumberofsignificantexceptionstotheIFRSrulesbecauseofthepeculiaritiesofthelocaleconomy.Chinawillmaintainanexemptionforstateenterprisesfromthe"relatedparty"disclosuresprovisionsbecauseoftheoverwhelminglydominanceofgovernment-enterprisesintheeconomy."Youcanunderstandwhytheywoulddothat,becauseotherwise95percentoftheeconomywouldbearelatedparty/saidaforeignadvisertotheChinese.nButifyourbrother-in-lawisyoursupplierinChina,heisarelatedpartyjustlikeanywhereelseintheworld."Theimplementationofthe"fairvalue"provisionsisalsocomplicatedbecauseofthegovernment'scontrolofthepriceofassetssuchasunlistedsecurities,andtheinabilityforthemomenttofindindependentpartiestoassessthem.“Thereisstillthechallengeofimplementation,especiallyascompanieswillhavetosignificantlyreformtheirinternalprocessesandretrainpersonnel/*saidMr.Kam.AnotherareainwhichChinawillmaintainsomedifferenceswiththeIFRSistheso-called“impairmentofassets1'provisions,whichallowcompaniestowritedownthevalueofbusinessesandtheirphysicalassetsandgoodwill.UnderIFRS,companiescanwritedownthevalueofassetsandthenrevaluethemupwardsifconditionschange.Chineseofficials,however,saytheywillnotallowrevaluationbecausetheyworryitwouldleavetoomuchopportunityformanipulationofaccounts.TheUSalsodoesnotallowarevaluationupwardsofassetsthathavebeenwrittendown.ThenewruleswillapplyforlistedcompaniesfromJanuary1nextyear,whiletheywillbephasedinforotherenterprises.WORLDNEWS:ChinatoadoptaccountingcodeinlinewithinternationalrulesByRichardMcGregorinBeijing,FinancialTimesPublished:Feb16,2006Chinahasagreedtobringitsnationalaccountingstandardsintolinewithinternationalrules,amovethatwillboostforeigninvestorconfidenceinthequalityoffinancialinformationfromthefast-growingeconomy.LouJiwei,Beijing'svice-financeminister,saidyesterdaythatChinawouldadopt"onebasicaccountingstandard"basedontheInternationalFinancialReportingStandardsusedinalmost100countries,includingEuropeanUnionmemberstates.Themove,whichfollowsadecade-longreviewoflocalindustrypractices,isfurtherevidenceoftheChinesegovernment'sdeterminationtointernationaliseitseconomy.Buttheintroductionofthestandardswillbeachallengeforlocalaccountingfirms,alreadystrugglingtocompetewiththebigfourinternationalfirms.MembersoftheglobalaccountancyprofessionwhowereinBeijingforanannouncementceremonyattheGreatHallofthePeoplehailedChina'sdecisionandsaidthemovewouldaffectotherAsiancountries,suchasSouthKorea,ponderingasimilarchange.SirDavidTweedie,chairmanoftheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard,said:HThereisgoingtobeachainreactionasaresultofthis."Thedecisionhappenedveryfastintheend.Theyarealmostthere[asfarasaccountingstandardsgo]andtheyaredeterminedtogetthere."ChinawillnotadopttheIFRSwordforwordbutwilltakeonboardtheprinciplesandtranslatethemintoitsowncode,theChineseAccountingStandardsSystem.Mr.Lousaidthesystemwouldintroducetheconceptof"fairvalue"intoChineseaccounting,alongthelinesofinternationalpractices.ButitwillmaintainsignificantexceptionstoIFRSrulesbecauseofthepeculiaritiesoftheChineseeconomy.Chinawillkeepanexemptionforstateenterprisesfromthe"relatedparty'1disclosureprovisionsbecauseofthedominanceofgovernmententerprises."Youcanunderstandwhytheywoulddothat,becauseotherwise95percentoftheeconomywouldbearelatedparty,nsaidaforeignadvisertotheChinese.Theimplementationofthe"fairvalue"provisionsisalsocomplicatedbecauseofthegovernment'scontrolofthepriceofassetssuchasunlistedsecurities,andtheinabilitytofindindependentpartiestoassessthem.AnotherareainwhichChinawillmaintaindifferenceswithIFRSisinthe"impairmentofassets"provisions,whichallowcompaniestowritedownthevalueofbusinesses,physicalassetsandgoodwill.UnderIFRS,companiescanwritedownthevalueofassetsandrevaluethemupwardsifconditionschange.Chineseofficialssaytheywillnotallowrevaluationbecausetheyfearitwouldleavetoomuchroomformanipulationofaccounts.TheUSalsorefusestoallowtherevaluationupwardsofassetsalreadywrittendown.ThenewruleswillapplyforlistedcompaniesfromJanuary1nextyear.ConvergingaccountingstandardsworkmustgoonByTommasoPadoa-SchioppaFT.comsite,May18,2006Surprisingly,theFinancialTimesandadraftreportfromtheUKarmofPWCrecentlycalledforeffortsaimedatfurtherinternationalconvergenceofaccountingstandardstobeabandoned.InthelightofprogressalreadymadebytheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardandtheUSFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard,thesecallsareunfoundedandshouldbefirmlyresisted.Thesimplefactisthatmarketsareintegratingworldwide.Differencesinaccountingmethodologiesandreportingsystemsimposeanincreasingburdenoneconomicefficiency.Theymakecross-bordercomparisonsdifficultandcostly.Theymaymisleadmarketsandcapitalallocation.Theyalsoencourageacompetitioninlaxity,becausecountriesmayreducethequalityoftheirstandardsinashort-sightedattempttoattractlistingsortoappealtospecialinterests.Noneoftheseconsequencesservestheinterestsoftheglobaleconomyorinvestors.UsersandTheirInformationNeeds.Theusersoffinancialstatementsincludepresentandpotentialinvestors,employees,lenders,suppliersandothertradecreditors,customers,governmentsandtheiragenciesandthepublic.Theyusefinancialstatementsinordertosatisfysomeoftheirdifferentneedsforinformation.Theseneedsincludethefollowing:財(cái)務(wù)的使用者包括現(xiàn)在和潛在的投資者、雇員、貸款人、供應(yīng)商和其他商業(yè)債權(quán)人、顧客、政府及其機(jī)構(gòu)與公眾。他們利用財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表以滿(mǎn)足他們對(duì)資料的某些不同需要。這些需要包括：Investors.Theprovidersofriskcapitalandtheiradvisersareconcernedwiththeriskinherentin,andreturnprovidedby,theirinvestments.Theyneedinformationtohelpthemdeterminewhethertheyshouldbuy,holdorsell.Shareholdersarealsointerestedininformationwhichenablesthemtoassesstheabilityoftheenterprisetopaydividends.(1)投資者。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本的提供者以及他們的顧問(wèn)關(guān)心他們投資的內(nèi)在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和投資報(bào)酬。他們需要資料來(lái)協(xié)助他們決定是否應(yīng)當(dāng)買(mǎi)進(jìn)、持有或賣(mài)出。股東們還關(guān)心協(xié)助他們?cè)u(píng)估企業(yè)支付股利的相關(guān)能力的資料。Employees.Employeesandtheirrepresentativegroupsareinterestedininformationaboutthestabilityandprofitabilityoftheiremployers.Theyarealsointerestedininformationwhichenablesthemtoassesstheabilityoftheenterprisetoprovideremuneration,retirementbenefitsandemploymentopportunities.(2)雇員。雇員及其代表性組織關(guān)心有關(guān)其雇主穩(wěn)定性和獲利相關(guān)能力方面的資料。他們還關(guān)心使他們?cè)u(píng)估企業(yè)提供報(bào)酬、退休福利和就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的相關(guān)能力的資料。Lenders.Lendersareinterestedininformationthatenablesthemtodeterminewhethertheirloans,andtheinterestattachingtothem,willbepaidwhendue.(3)貸款人。貸款人關(guān)心那些能使他們確定自己的貸款和貸款利息在到期時(shí)能否得到支付的資料。Suppliersandothertradecreditors.Suppliersandothercreditorsareinterestedininformationthatenablesthemtodeterminewhetheramountsowingtothemwillbepaidwhendue.Tradecreditorsarelikelytobeinterestedinanenteipriseoverashorterperiodthanlendersunlesstheyaredependentuponthecontinuationoftheenterpriseasamajorcustomer.(4)供應(yīng)商和其他商業(yè)債權(quán)人。供應(yīng)商和其他債權(quán)人關(guān)心那些能使他們確定欠他們的款項(xiàng)在到期時(shí)能否得到支付的資料。商業(yè)債權(quán)人只要不依賴(lài)企業(yè)繼續(xù)作為其主要顧客，其對(duì)企業(yè)的關(guān)心在時(shí)間上就可能比貸款人要短。Customers.Customershaveaninterestininformationaboutthecontinuanceofanenterprise,especiallywhentheyhavealong-terminvolvementwith,oraredependenton,theenterprise.(5)顧客。顧客關(guān)心有關(guān)企業(yè)延續(xù)性方面的資料，尤其是當(dāng)他們與企業(yè)有長(zhǎng)期性聯(lián)系或依賴(lài)企業(yè)時(shí)。Governmentsandtheiragencies.Governmentsandtheiragenciesareinterestedintheallocationofresourcesand,therefore,theactivitiesofenterprises.Theyalsorequireinformationinordertoregulatetheactivitiesofenterprises,determinetaxationpoliciesandasthebasisfornationalincomeandsimilarstatistics.(6)政府及其機(jī)構(gòu)。政府及其機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)心資源的分配，因此也關(guān)心企業(yè)的活動(dòng)。為了管理企業(yè)的活動(dòng)、決定稅收政策和作為國(guó)民收入等類(lèi)似統(tǒng)計(jì)資料的基礎(chǔ)，它們也需要資料。Public.Enterprisesaffectmembersofthepublicinavarietyofways.Forexample,enterprisesmaymakeasubstantialcontributiontothelocaleconomyinmanywaysincludingthenumberofpeopletheyemployandtheirpatronageoflocalsuppliers.Financialstatementsmayassistthepublicbyprovidinginformationaboutthetrendsandr