英語國家社會(huì)與文化12課件

TheSocietyandCulture

of

MajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesEnglishlanguageOriginAnglo-SaxonKingdomsofEngland盎格魯撒克遜王國LanguageFamilyIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily印歐語系ChinesebelongstoSino-TibetanLanguageFamily漢藏語系Totalspeakers500m～1.8bNativeLanguage母語:300m～400m;SecondLanguage第二語言:2m～1.4bRankingNo.2No.1:ChineseRankingofnativelanguagesNo.3No.1:Chinese;No.2:SpanishSpokenAreas73UK,US,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,Ireland,Singapore,theCaribbeanSeaarea,HK英聯(lián)邦

(The

Commonwealth)

英聯(lián)邦

(The

Commonwealth)

是由英國和已經(jīng)獨(dú)立的前英國殖民地或附屬國組成的聯(lián)合體。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，英國懾于日益高漲的殖民地民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)，調(diào)整了同原英帝國其他成員之間的關(guān)系。１９２６年“英帝國會(huì)議”的帝國內(nèi)部關(guān)系委員會(huì)提出，英國和已經(jīng)由殖民地成為自治共和國的加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭和南非是“自由結(jié)合的英聯(lián)邦的成員”，“地位平等，在內(nèi)政和外交的任何方面互不隸屬，唯有依靠對(duì)英王的共同效忠精神統(tǒng)一在一起”。１９３１年，《威斯敏斯特法案》從法律上對(duì)此予以確認(rèn)，英聯(lián)邦正式形成。１９４７年，印度、巴基斯坦各自宣布獨(dú)立并加入英聯(lián)邦。１９４９年，印度成為共和國，選舉了自己的國家元首。從此英聯(lián)邦成員由需對(duì)英王效忠的原則演變?yōu)橛⒙?lián)邦成員“接受英王為獨(dú)立成員國自由聯(lián)合體的象征”，英王是“英聯(lián)邦的元首”。

英聯(lián)邦不設(shè)權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)，英國和各成員國互派高級(jí)專員代表大使級(jí)外交關(guān)系。

英聯(lián)邦現(xiàn)有５３個(gè)成員（２００４年５月）。每年４月２７日為英聯(lián)邦日。CommonwealthofNationsTheCommonwealthofNations(CN),usuallyknownastheCommonwealth,isavoluntaryassociationof53independentsovereignstates,almostallofwhichareformercoloniesoftheUnitedKingdom.QueenElizabethII,whoistheHeadofStateofthe16CommonwealthRealms,istheHeadoftheCommonwealth,andassuchisthesymbolofthefreeassociationofitsmembers.Thistitle,however,doesnotimplyanypoliticalpoweroversuchmembers,anddoesnotautomaticallybelongtotheBritishmonarch.InpracticeQueenElizabethheadstheCommonwealthinonlyasymboliccapacity,anditistheCommonwealthSecretary-Generalwhoisthechiefexecutiveoftheorganization.

CommonwealthofNationsTheCommonwealthisprimarilyanorganisationinwhichcountrieswithdiverseeconomicbackgroundshaveanopportunityforcloseandequalinteraction.TheprimaryactivitiesoftheCommonwealtharedesignedtocreateanatmosphereofeconomicco-operationbetweenmembernations,aswellasthepromotionofdemocracy,humanrights,andgoodgovernanceinthosenations.TheCommonwealthisnotapoliticalunion,anddoesnotallowtheUnitedKingdom(UK)toexerciseanypowerovertheaffairsoftheorganization’sothermembers.EveryfouryearstheCommonwealth'smemberscelebratetheCommonwealthGames,theworld'ssecond-largestmulti-sporteventaftertheOlympicGamesOfficiallanguageEnglishHeadQueenElizabethIISecretary-GeneralDonMcKinnon(since1999)DateofEstablishment1926(asaninformal"British"Commonwealth),1949(asthemodernCommonwealthNumberofMemberStates53HeadquartersLondon,EnglandCommonwealthFlagUKNationalFlagofUKAreaandPopulationAreaPopulationUK244,820sqkm59,600,000China9,600,000sqkm1,300,000,000Percentage2.55%4.58%NameofthecountryFullname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandShortform:theUKBritainWrongform:England4ConstituentpartsRegionCapitalcityEnglandLondonScotlandEdinburghWalesCardiffNorthernIrelandBelfastHistory&InternationalPoliticsBeforeWWWII:EmpireAfterWWWII:memberoftheCommonwealthofNations(53)1973:memberofEuropeanUnion(25)1975:memberoftheGroupofSeven(7)G7+Russia(1998)=G8EthnicityImmigration:1950s&1960sNon-Europeans:1/20esp.Indians,Pakistani,CaribbeanReligionChristian:mostpeopleMuslim:esp.immigrantsRegionaldistinctionScotland:highlandvslowlandEngland:northvssouthTheboundaryisratheramentalattitude,forthesouthisonaveragericherthanthenorth.

London

CapitaloftheUKLargestcityinthecountryPolitical,cultural,financial,economiccenter.HousesofParliamentTheseatoftheBritishgovernmentisinLondonintheHousesofParliament,officiallytheNewPalaceofWestminster.Thecurrentbuildingwasbuiltinthemid-19thcenturyandwasdesignedbyBritisharchitectSirCharlesBarry.

HistoryofinvasionsBefore1stcenturyAD:ofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople43AD:byRomanEmpire400yearslater:Romanwithdrawal,byAnglo-Saxons

(KingArthur,5thCenturyAD)Fromlate8thcenturyon:byScandinavianVikings(Danes)

(KingAlfredtheGreat)1066:byNormansfromFrance

(WilliamtheConquerorRobinHood)KingArthurIn5thcenturyAD,agreatleader,unitedtheBritish,drovetheSaxonsbackKnightsofroundtable:allhisknightswouldhaveequalprecedenceVikingsFromScandinaviaDanesKingAlfredthegreatWilliamtheConquerorKingofEngland(1066-1087)andDukeofNormandy(1035-1087).SupportedinitiallybyHenryIofFrance,heconsolidatedhispositioninNormandyagainsthostileneighbors.OnthedeathofEdwardtheConfessorofEngland,heclaimedthethrone,havingallegedlygainedtheagreementofKingHaroldin1066.HedefeatedandkilledHaroldatthebattleofHastings(1066)andsubsequentlyenforcedhisruleoverthewholekingdom.RobinHoodASaxonnobleman.AshecouldnolongerputupwithoppressionsfromtheNormans，hebecameanoutlawandhidhimselfwithhisbandofmerrymenintheforest.Fromthissecretplace，hewentouttorobfromtherichtogivethepoor.TransferenceofpowerPowerwasgraduallytransferredfromthemonarchtotheparliament.CharlesI:1640–attemptedtooverruleparliament–civilwar–executedOliverCromwell:parliamentleader,ruledEnglandfor11yearsWilliamandMarycameintopower,establishingparliament’sdominanceoverthethrone.ScotlandandWalesScotland

thesecondlargestthemostconfidentofitsownidentityasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUKThreezonesHighlands(Uplands)LowlandsCitiesEdinburgh:capitalcityGlasgow:largestcityEdinburghthecapitalofScotlandahistoric,cosmopolitanandculturedcity.HistorynotconqueredbytheRomans(alineroughlyequivalenttothecontemporaryboundarybetweenEnglandandScotland,Hadrian’sWall)Hadrian′sWallDefensivefortificationinNorthernEngland.Erected(AD122-136)ontheordersoftheRomanEmperorHadrian.Itextended118.3kilometres(73.5miles)andwasabout2.3meter(7.5foot)thickand1.8-4.6metre(6-15foot)high.Fortswerebuiltalongitslength.Extensivestretchesofthewallsurvive.BattleofBannockburnTownandmoorincentralScotland,sceneofaScottishvictoryovertheEnglishin1314.TheEnglisharmyofEdwardII,advancingonStirling,wasinterceptedbyScottishtroopsunderRobertI(theBruce).TheScotsheldadominantpositionabovetheBannockburn,whilethemoreheavilyarmedEnglishwerecaughtinswampyground.FightingbeganatdawnandbeforenoontheEnglishsurvivorswereinflight.Thoughconflictcontinuedformanyyears,thevictorysecuredScottishindependencefromtheEnglish,whomadenoseriousefforttoregainterritoryinScotland.QueenElizabeththeFirstofEngland,diedchildless,1603—JamesthesixthofScotland,becameJamestheFirstofEngland--unitingthetwothrones

ForanotherhundredyearsScotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.ScotlandjoinedtheUnion,1707—byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments.PartyLabourPartyScottishNationalPartyConservativePartyWalesCardiff,CapitalofWalesacityofcontrasts.Innovativearchitecturesitsalongsidehistoricbuildings,thebustleofthecitycentreisonlyafewstridesfromacresofpeacefulparklands,theWelshcultureofdragonsandmythblendsperfectlywithamodern,technology-drivencity.adestinationthatappealstoeveryone.

History

alandofCelticpeoples,anumberofsmalltribalkingdomsconqueredbytheRomansUnliketheEnglanditdidnotfalltotheAnglo-Saxoninvadersofthe5thcentury.Waleswasbroughtlegally,administratively,andpoliticallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishparliament.ItslegalsystemanditseducationsystemareexactlythesameasinEngland.animportantelementinBritain’sindustrialrevolution—richcoaldepositsverysuccessfulinattractinginvestmentfromabroadnonaturalboundarydominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunionEdwardtheFirstnamedhissonthePrinceofWales,andthefirstsonofthemonarchhasheldthattitleeversincetotrytobringWalesintotheBritishnation.

NorthernIrelandOftencalledUlster

(afteranancientIrishkingdomthere)BelfastGeographyMostlyrurallowhillslakesinSWAruggedcoastline(theGiant’sCauseway)theGiant’sCausewayArockypromontorymadeupofblackhexagonalcolumnsformedbycoolinglavamillionsofyearsagoLegendhasitthatthegiantFinnMaCoolbuiltittocrosstheseatoScotland.History:along&bloodyconflictConflictresultsfromIreland'scolonialpast.FromthetimeofQueenElizabethI(late1590s)Newsettlers,ProtestantandloyaltotheQueen,systematicallytooklandawayfromlocalRomanCatholics.Greathatredwasthuscaused.ConflictsPoliticaltroublesrelatedwithreligionTheconflictsarebetweenRomancatholic---IrishpeopleandProtestants---EnglishpeopleConflictsBritain’sdominationoftheIrishIrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstateIrishcampaignforhome-rule

(IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs)IrishterroristactivitiesBritishsuppressions1916:theEasterRisingRebelstookoverDublin’sPostOffice,forcingtheBritishtoretakeitbymilitarymeans.Theleadersoftherebellionwereexecuted.1919:IRAIRA:IrishRepublicArmyIRAexpandedthefightingSinnFeinPartySinnFein:ourselvesaloneSinnFeinsupportstheIrishterroristsSinnFeingainedmostoftheIrishseatsintheBritishparliamentinIreland1921:partitionofIreland–26southerncountiesformedanindependent“freestate”,6NEcountiesremainapartofUKWhatwasthestateinNorthernIrelandafterpartition?

--PoliticsHaditsownparliamenttodealwithNorthernIrelandinternalaffairs,basedatStormont

(outsideBelfast)--Conflictsbetweenpeople1/3Re