托福獨(dú)立寫作課件

IndependentWriting(FourLectures)LSLECTURONE:

OVERVIEW題型

1.AgreeorDisagree

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Workingathomeusing

computersortelephonesisbetterthanworkingintheoffice.Doyouagreewiththefollowingstatement?Inateam,thosewhodonotaccept

others’criticismcannotsucceed.2.WhichdoyoupreferSomepeopleenjoychange,andtheylookforwardtonewexperiences.Othersliketheirlivestostaythe

same,andtheydonotchangetheirusualhabits.Comparethesetwoapproachestolife.Whichapproachdo

youprefer?

寫作要求30

minutes,atleast300wordsorganized:arrangedorplannedinaparticularorderorstructuredeveloped:tomakeanideaclearerbyexplainingitfurthercoherence:ofdifferentideas,arguments,sentencestohaveaclearlogicalconnectionsothattogethertheymakeawholeconsistent:alwaysbehavinginthesameway,orhavingthesameopinionsstandardAgreeorDisagreeTitlesDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Itisthetelevisionthatalienatestherelationshipoffamilymembers.Itisbetterforchildrentogrowupinthecountrysidethaninabigcity.Somepeoplebelievethatairtravelshouldberestrictedbecauseitcausesseriouspollutionandusesuptheworld'sfuelresources.Technology

makes

the

world

better

to

liveHistory

has

nothing

to

tell

us.

三種布局Structure1:intro原因一（topicsentence

+

supportingsentences

+

examples）原因二（topicsentence

+supportingsentences

+examples）原因三

(topicsentence+supportingsentence)EndingStructure2:Intro讓步（Admittedly,Thereisnodoubtthat…,Itistruethat..+supportingsentece）+However反駁

原因一（topicsentence+supportingsentence+examples）原因二（topicsentence+supportingsentence+examples）EndingStructure3:Intro原因

(asdetailedaspossible)ExamplesEndingStructure

OneHistory

has

nothing

to

tell

us.

Itisbetterforchildrentogrowupinthecountrysidethaninabigcity.Somepeoplebelievethatairtravelshouldberestrictedbecauseitcausesseriouspollutionandusesuptheworld'sfuelresources.StructureTwoHistory

has

nothing

to

tell

us.

Itisbetterforchildrentogrowupinthecountrysidethaninabigcity.Somepeoplebelievethatairtravelshouldberestrictedbecauseitcausesseriouspollutionandusesuptheworld'sfuelresources.StructureThreeHistory

has

nothing

to

tell

us.

Itisbetterforchildrentogrowupinthecountrysidethaninabigcity.Somepeoplebelievethatairtravelshouldberestrictedbecauseitcausesseriouspollutionandusesuptheworld'sfuelresources.萬能理由CheeseccRC：convenient便利H:Healthy健康E:environmental環(huán)保E:economical經(jīng)濟(jì)S:safe安全E:educational教育C:culture文化C:communication交流R:rights權(quán)利Drilldoyouagreeordisagreethatateacherwhoisseriousandstrictismoreefficientthanateacher

whouseshumorsandeasygoing?Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Thebestwaytoimprovethe

qualityofeducationistoincreaseteachers'salariesDoyouagreeordisagreethatparentsfindithardtocontroltheirchildrenfortheirchildrenareexposedtotoomanythingsoutside,suchasTV

ormovie.Appendix(1)

動名詞&不定式動名詞做主語讓孩子接觸過多的暴力與色情對他們的成長有害。excessivepornographybe/harmful/detrimentaltoExposingyoungchildrentoexcessiveviolenceandpornographywouldbedetrimentaltotheirdevelopment.照料寵物有助于培養(yǎng)小孩的交際能力。socialskillsTakingcareofapetcanhelpchildrendevelopsocialskills.contributeto/beconducivetoTakingcareofapetcancontributeto/beconducivetothedevelopmentofChildren’ssocialskills.動名詞做表語我們政府的主要任務(wù)是致力于消除貧困、疾病和文盲。eliminateilliteracyThemaintaskofourgovernmentiseliminatingpoverty,diseaseandilliteracy.成功的模式中最重要的因素就是懂得如何與人相處。ingredientgetalongwithThemostimportantingredientintheformulaofsuccessisknowinghowtogetalongwithpeople.不定式做主語作主語如何解決嚴(yán)重的交通問題對于政府而言是個棘手的問題。athorny/knottyissueHowtosolvetheheavytrafficproblemisathorny/knottyissue不定式做主語發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家的政府必須采取更環(huán)保的政策。essential/imperativeadopt/takeupenvironmentallyfriendlypoliciesItisimperative/essentialforgovernmentsofdevelopedanddevelopingnationstoadoptmoreenvironmentallyfriendlypolicies.一份適當(dāng)?shù)臉I(yè)余工作并不會占用學(xué)生太多的時間。事實(shí)上，把全部的時間都用到學(xué)習(xí)上并不健康。occupy/engageInfact/asamatteroffact/indeedAproperpart-timejobdoesnotoccupystudents’toomuchtime.Infact,itisunhealthyforthemtospendalloftimeontheirstudy.做賓語在本文，我試圖分析一些人選擇單身的原因。Essay/articleaimto/intendto/determinetoanalyze/anatomize/explainchoosetobe/prefertobe/bewillingtobeInthisessay,Iaimtoanalyzethereasonswhysomepeopleprefertobesingle.激烈的社會競爭使人們在巨大的壓力下工作和生活。fierce/intense/drasticcompetitionThefierce/intensesocialcompetitionmakespeopleworkandliveundergreatpressure.做定語互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是傳播信息的經(jīng)濟(jì)途徑。economicalConveyTheInternetisaneconomicalwaytoconveyinformation.現(xiàn)在，隨著電腦的廣泛使用，許多成年人感到學(xué)習(xí)電腦技能的迫切需要。applicationpressingneedNowadays,withthewideapplicationsofcomputers,manyadultsfeelthepressingneedtoacquirecomputerskills.必須采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┫拗仆鈬糜握叩臄?shù)量，努力保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境和歷史不受國際旅游業(yè)的不利影響。Propermeasuresmustbetaken

tolimit/restrictthenumberofforeigntouristsand

greateffortsshouldbemade

toprotectlocalenvironmentandhistoryfromtheharmfuleffectsofinternationaltourism.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)使人們更加容易接觸到全世界各種各樣的信息。advent/arrival/approachingenablesomebodytodohaveaccesstoTheadventoftheInternetenablespeopletohaveeasieraccesstoallsortsofinformationworldwide.BreakLecture2

AgreeorDisagree

組段成章

好段落的特征

內(nèi)容豐富（fullness）段落思想統(tǒng)一（unity）段落內(nèi)容連貫（coherence）如何做到內(nèi)容豐富a.邏輯安排上：多方面、深層次的發(fā)展段落中心b.細(xì)節(jié)例子上：具體、詳實(shí)如何做到段落思想統(tǒng)一每段有一個明確的主題句topicsentence然后圍繞此句展開，起指引寫作方向的作用

如何做到段落內(nèi)容連貫a.在人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)上保持統(tǒng)一在時態(tài)上保持統(tǒng)一

b.注意使用轉(zhuǎn)承語

transitionalwords段落寫作（基本段落結(jié)構(gòu)）開頭段（introduction）

包含內(nèi)容a.引言（generalstatement）b.點(diǎn)題（thesisstatement）C.答題(answer)

開頭的方法：（6種）

Agree

or

disagree?

Studentshouldchoosethemostchallengingcoursesincollegeevenwhentheycannotgetthehighestscore.第1種：開門見山（最保險）

第2種：現(xiàn)象法（最常見）

經(jīng)濟(jì)方面Withthedevelopment/growthofeconomy,…Astheeconomyisrapidlydeveloping,…Withtheincreasinglyrapideconomicglobalizationandurbanization,…more…(problems)arebroughttoourattention社會方面Asthesocietyadvanced,peopleareattachingmuchmoreimportanceto…Asoursocietyisadvancing,people’sdemandshavebecomeincreasinglydiversified.

科技應(yīng)用方面As…iswidelyusedinallaspectsoflife,…Asoneofthemostimportantinventionsofthe20th

century,…h(huán)asfoundedawideapplicationinallaspectofourlives

第三種：提出問題

Whenitcomestothequestionwhether…,theanswerisnegative/positive第四種：引用數(shù)據(jù)Withapopulationaccountingfornearlyonequarteroftheworld’spopulation,mycountryChina,hasbeensufferingfromseriouslossofarableland,whichnowhardlyaccountsfor7%ofoverallarablelandoftheworld.第五種：下定義Petsrefertotheanimalskeptinhouse,likecats,dogs,birds,andevensnakesorlizards第六種：引用名言.諺語

等

Bible最有力“Mancannotlivebybreadalone.”ThatisaBiblequotation,thetruthofwhichhasbeenrecognizedforthousandsofyears.Itmeansthatfoodanddrinkarenotenoughtosustainman,thatpracticalthingsarenotsufficienttotakemancontent,andthatmanhasasoulanddreamstothefinerthingsinlife名人也權(quán)威：“Knowledgeispower.”Suchisremarkof……

諺語：Sogoestheoldsaying.Justastheoldsayinggoes,.Thereismuchtruthintheoldsaying…Inotherwords,nothingismoreimportantthan…(onone’swayto…)名言：…Suchisremarkof…Oneofthegreatestmen(scientists/philosophers/writers)onceremarked,Itistruethat…開頭段四個原則

1.注意觀點(diǎn)的范圍2.觀點(diǎn)表述要語氣堅定,避免Inmyhumbleopinion…Thoughmanypeopleopposemyview,Iwouldliketoprefer…,Iamnotsureaboutthis,but3.不可太唐突，應(yīng)該有鋪墊,不要寫Mypurposeofthispaperis…Myanswerofthisquestionis…，Inthispaper,Iwillattemptto4.避免觀點(diǎn)絕對some,sometimes,inmostcases,generally/relativelyspeaking

常用開頭句子As/With…,….Inmodernsociety/Incontemporarysociety/Nowadays/Inrecentyears,anincreasingnumberofpeople…3.Whenitcomesto...,somethink...Thereisapublicdebatetodaythat...4.Aisacommonwayof...,butisitawiseone?5.Recentlytheproblemhasbeenbroughtintofocus/hasbecomecontroversy6.Nowthereisagrowingawarenessthat...7.Itistimeweexploredthetruthof...8.Nowhereinhistoryhastheissuebeenmorevisible/obviousDrill寫開頭段（40-60words）Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Azoohasnousefulpurpose.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Watchingtelevisionisbadforchildren.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Playinggamesteachesusaboutlife.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Itisbettertobeamemberofagroupthantobetheleaderofagroup.Appendix(2)分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）現(xiàn)在分詞做表語隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，騎自行車的人數(shù)越來越少。with/alongwithAlongwiththerapidlyeconomicdevelopment,thenumberofpeoplewhoridebicyclesisdecreasing.現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語日益惡化的環(huán)境已經(jīng)引起人們的廣泛關(guān)注。deteriorate/worsenarousewideconcernThedeterioratingenvironmenthasarousedpeople’swideconcern.青少年不斷惡化的健康狀況引起公眾的關(guān)注。deteriorate/worsenbebroughtintopublicfocusTheworseninghealthconditionofyouthshasbeenbroughtintopublicfocus.現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語我們面臨一個迫切的問題是每天產(chǎn)生愈來愈多的垃圾。pressingissueApressing（單個現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語）

issuefacing（whichisfacing）usisthatagrowing（單個現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語）

amountoftrashisbeingproduceddayandnight.現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語由于住在鄉(xiāng)下，人們很少進(jìn)行社交活動，缺乏娛樂和休閑設(shè)施。socialvisitsentertainmentrecreationfacilitiesLivinginthecountry,peoplehavefewsocialvisitsandlackentertainmentandrecreationfacilities.（原因狀語）過去分詞表被動如果不重視自然資源的保護(hù)，它將很快被耗盡。conservation/protectiondeplete/exhaust/consume/drain/useupOurnaturalenergywillsoonbedepleted/exhaustedifwepaynoattentiontotheconservationofit.過去分詞做狀語由于受到網(wǎng)絡(luò)上過多的色情與暴力的影響，有些青少年誤入歧途。goastrayDeeplyinfluencedbyexcessivepornographyandviolenceontheInternet,someteenagersgoastray.（原因狀語）過去分詞作補(bǔ)語我們要妥善處理垃圾。Weshouldhavethewasteproperlydisposedof.BreakLecture

3

Agree

ordisagree主體段的寫法寫作目的

從各個角度說明主題（論據(jù)、例子）

包含內(nèi)容：

A,段落主題句

B,支持性說理C,支持性細(xì)節(jié)各種詳細(xì)的例子，包括個人經(jīng)歷、統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)等等，用來支持段落的中心Topicsentence陳述原因1.Oneoftheprimarycauses/reasonsisthat…2.Thereasons/causesfortheincrease/growth/developmentdecrease/declinecanbeexplained/illustrated/demonstrated/intermof…/canbeattributedto..3.Anotherfactorthatshouldbetakenintoconsiderationisthat…4.Yet/Still…,anotherreasonisthat…

讓步段主體句Admittedly/Undoubtedly,…Itistruethat…Thereisnodoubtthat..

SupportingsentencesInotherwordsPutitinanotherwayTobemorespecific/specifically/specificallyspeakingThatistosay…Although/While…,…When…,…Since/As/Because…,…If/Solongas/Aslongas..,…Justas…,so…Comparedwith…,…Incontrast/onthecontrary/ontheotherhand…

Examples

客觀例子,主觀例子,假想例子tobeginwith,tostartwith,forexample,forinstance,take…forexample,let’stakethecaseof…forinstance.Alltheexamplescometoindicatethat…

Accordingtothestatistics/data/surveyof…,thereare…Justimagine…Supposethat…

段落結(jié)束句簡單重復(fù)段落的大意(可有可無）

注意好理由是好作文的靈魂1.切題（家長很難管制小孩一題）2.具體,focused

Itismoreeconomical,morehealthful,andmoreenjoyableforpeopletoliveinthecountrythaninthecity.3.富有新意4.不涉及政治、宗教、戰(zhàn)爭和一些犯罪話題，觀點(diǎn)別太激進(jìn)或是絕對化5.理由安排要自然，富有邏輯（never,nevergiveup一題）

Drill（intor+body)Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Highschoolsshouldallowstudentstostudythecoursesthatstudentswanttostudy.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Playingagameisfunonlywhenyouwin.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Childrenshouldberequiredtohelpwithhouseholdtasksassoonastheyareabletodoso.Appendix(3)從句定語從句狀語從句名詞性從句定語從句父母的教導(dǎo)如果堅定、理性、始終如一，孩子就有可能充滿自信。rationalconsistentbelikelytodo/beinclinedtobeapttodoChildrenwithparents

whoseguidanceisfirm，rationalandconsistentareinclinedtopossesshighlevelsofself-confidence.電視，這項(xiàng)以迅速變化和成長為標(biāo)志的最普及和最有影響力的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，正在步入一個新時代，一個極為成熟和多樣化的時代，這將重塑我們的生活和世界。Television，themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologies，markedbyrapidchangeandgrowth，ismovingintoanewera，aneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility，whichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.名詞性從句人們普遍認(rèn)為計算機(jī)和其他機(jī)器已經(jīng)成為社會必不可少的一部分。indispensableItiswidelyacknowledged

thatcomputerandothermachineshavebecomeanindispensablepartofoursociety.近年來，關(guān)于時尚存在著廣泛的爭論。其中一個問題就是一個人是否應(yīng)選擇他喜歡的舒適的衣服，而不管是否時尚。regardlessofThereisageneraldiscussionoverfashioninrecentyears.Oneofthequestionsunderdebateiswhetherapersonshouldchoosecomfortableclothesregardlessoffashion.越來越多的專家認(rèn)為農(nóng)民工對城市的建設(shè)起到積極作用，然而，越來越多的城市居民卻懷疑這種說法，他們抱怨農(nóng)民工給城市帶來了許多嚴(yán)重的問題，比如犯罪。Anincreasingnumberofexperts…Expertsingrowing/increasingnumbersimmigrantlaborersDwellerResidentInhabitantOccupantAnincreasingnumberofexpertsbelievethatfarmerlaborerswillexertpositiveeffectsoncityconstruction.

However,thisopinionisnowbeingquestionedbymoreandmorecityresidents,whocomplainthatfarmerlaborershavebroughtmanyseriousproblemslikecrime.通過以上討論，我們可以有把握地得出這樣的結(jié)論：自行車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于缺點(diǎn)，而且在現(xiàn)代社會它仍將發(fā)揮重要作用。Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove，…faroutweighFromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthatadvantagesofthebicyclefaroutweighitsdisadvantagesanditwillstillplayessentialrolesinmodernsociety.沒有人能否認(rèn)這一重要事實(shí)：最近幾年交通問題在全世界受到了普遍關(guān)注。越來越多的專家開始相信這種狀況將對當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生不利影響。arousewideconcernbebroughtintopublic’sfocusNoonecandenytheessentialfactthatthetrafficproblemoverthelastyearshascausedwidepubicconcernallovertheworld.Expertsinincreasingnumbersarebeginningtobelievethatsuchsituationwouldproduceunfavorableeffectsoneconomicgrowthoflocalareas.只要每個人都充分意識到環(huán)境保護(hù)的重要性，并采取有效措施，我堅信我們一定能克服污染問題。significanceofenvironmentalprotectionAslongaseveryonerealizesthesignificanceofenvironmentalprotectionandtakessomeeffectivemeasures，Iamfullyconfidentthatwecanovercomethepollutionproblem.

Lecture4:結(jié)尾段（conclusion）“錦上添花”還是“狗尾續(xù)貂”？

包含內(nèi)容：一,是概括功能（概括全文，做出總結(jié)）；二,是呼應(yīng)功能（和開頭呼應(yīng)）結(jié)尾段的方法：7種，巧妙的將開頭重復(fù)paraphrase，而不是copy.

第1種歸納法：總結(jié)全文要點(diǎn)1.Forwhathasbeendiscussedabove/Asisshownabove/Fromtheaboveanalysis,wemaysafelymake/draw/reach/cometo/arriveattheconclusionthat…2.Inanutshell/Inshort,since…notonly…butalso…aswellas…,itissafe/reasonable/sensible/clear/apparenttoconcludethat…第2種：提出建議、號召行動

Itishoped/suggested/recommendedthatgreateffortsshouldbemadetocontrol/check/promotethegrowth/increase/riseof…

第3種：提出警告、后果

Itisnecessarythateffectiveactions/steps/shouldbetakentopreventthesituation/phenomenon.Itis,therefore,apparent/clear/obviousthatthetaskof…requires…immediateattention.

第4種：預(yù)測未來常在社會、環(huán)保、科技問題上使用

Indeed,withthe…advance/progresssuchas…,itislikelythatthe…influencewillgrowevenstronger

第5種：以退為進(jìn)（讓步寫法）

Although…Weshouldgrantthat…but…Admittedly…butitisararecondition.Itshouldbegrantedthat…butthislikelihoodistoosmalltoconsider.

第6種：

引用名言

第7種：以問題結(jié)尾,引人反思Appendix（4）

句子變化相鄰句子邏輯關(guān)系密切，用長句

它給學(xué)生們帶來嚴(yán)重的壓力，一些學(xué)生無法忍受這種壓力。Itbringsstudentsintensivepressure.Somestudentscannotendurethispressure.Itbringsstudentsintensivepressurethatsomestudentscannotendure.肯定句與否定句的轉(zhuǎn)換學(xué)會用雙重否定表達(dá)肯定每個孩子都想賺些零花錢來幫助交付高額的大學(xué)費(fèi)用。Everychildwantstoearnalittlemoneytohelpcoverhighercollegecost.Thereishardlyachildwhodoesn’twanttoearnalittlemoneytohelpcoverhighercollegecost.Thereishardlyachildbutwantstoearnalittlemoneytohelpcoverhighercollegecost.動詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換這種生活方式已經(jīng)越來越流行，越來越多的年輕人已經(jīng)接受這種生活方式。Thestyleoflivinghasbecomemoreandmorepopularandacceptedbym