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Unit1TheChangingWorldTopic1Chinahasdevelopedrapidlyinrecentyears.一、重點(diǎn)詞匯一)詞形轉(zhuǎn)換training(動(dòng)詞)train“訓(xùn)練” 2.whole(同音詞)hole 3.tidy(近義詞)cleandevelop(名詞)development(形容詞)developed“發(fā)達(dá)的”;developing“發(fā)展中的”rapid(副詞)rapidly 6.old(比較級(jí))older;elder 7.recent(副詞)recentlynarrow(反義詞)wide 9.title(近義詞)subject(二)重點(diǎn)短語1.haveagoodsummerholiday過一個(gè)愉快的暑假2.comebackfrom...從..回來3.workfor…為..工作4.feelsorryfor.對(duì)..深表同情5.adisabledchildren'shome一家殘疾兒童養(yǎng)育院6.thewholeholiday整個(gè)假期7.tellstoriestokids給小孩講故事8.learn.from從..當(dāng)中學(xué)習(xí)9.feedachild喂小孩10.dofarmwork干農(nóng)活11.gotosummerclasses上暑期班12.writeanarticleabout.寫一篇有關(guān)..的文章13.haveahard/happylife過著艱苦的/幸福的生活14.inthepast/future在過去/在將來15.indetail詳細(xì)地16.atsunrise在日出時(shí)17.havenochancetodosth.沒有機(jī)會(huì)做某事18.afford(todo)sth擔(dān)負(fù)得起(做)某事19.givesupporttosb.給某人幫助/支持20.getagoodeducation獲得良好的教育21.search.for.為了..搜索..22.havelittlefoodtoeat吃不飽23.dresswarmly穿得暖24.withthedevelopmentof.隨著..的發(fā)展25.haveabalanceddiet飲食均衡26.playmusicalinstruments演奏樂器27.sleepintheopenair在戶外睡覺28.study/goabroad在國外學(xué)習(xí)/出國29.enter/win/loseacompetition參加/贏得/輸?shù)舯荣?0.enjoyBeijingOpera欣賞京劇31.usedtodosth.過去常做某事32.atsunrise在日出時(shí)33.gohungry變餓了34.fallill得病/患病35.divide.into.把..分成..36.feelsatisfiedwith.對(duì)..感到滿足37.see..oneself親眼看見..38.makeprogress取得進(jìn)步39.thanksto多虧;幸虧;由于40.standfor代表41.withthehelpof.在..的幫助下42.drawupanoutline擬定提綱三、重點(diǎn)句型Youhavejustcomebackfromyourhometown.你剛剛從你的家鄉(xiāng)返回。Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.鈴響了。Haveyouspentthewholeholidayworkinghere?你整個(gè)暑期都在那里工作嗎?Isthatso?真是那樣嗎?5.Canyoudescribeitindetail?你能詳細(xì)地說說嗎?Ourjobwastogrowcotton.(作表語)我的工作是種植棉花。Ihadtodividemymoneyintotwoparts.我不得不把錢分成兩份。HehasseenthechangesinBeijinghimself.他親眼目睹了北京的變化。Ithinkitisimportanttorememberthepast,liveinthepresentanddreamaboutthefuture.我認(rèn)為記住過去、立足現(xiàn)在、展望未來非常重要。10.Thanksto/Becauseofthegovernment'sefforts.由于政府的努力。四、重點(diǎn)知識(shí)點(diǎn)ThoughIhadnotimetotravel,Istillfeltveryhappythisholiday!盡管我沒時(shí)間去旅游,但這個(gè)假期我仍然感到很愉快。though從屬連詞,用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,表“雖然;盡管”不能與but連用。如:Thoughheispoor,heishappy.=Heispoor,butheishappy.盡管他很貧窮,但是他很快樂。CouldyoupleasetellmesomethingaboutChineseteenagers?請(qǐng)告訴我一些有關(guān)中國青少年的一些事情好嗎?Could/Wouldyouplease(not)dosth?請(qǐng)(不)做某事好嗎?如:Couldyoupleaseturndownyourradio?請(qǐng)把收音機(jī)聲音調(diào)低好嗎?Wouldyoupleasenotplayfootballhere?請(qǐng)不要在這兒踢球好嗎?Parentscouldn'taffordeducationfortheirchildren.父母供不起孩子上學(xué)。afford常與can,could或beableto連用,尤其用于否定句或疑問句,表“負(fù)擔(dān)得起(做)某事;抽得出(時(shí)間)”“(can't/couldn't)afford(todo)sth.”如:Wecan'tafford(tobuy)thishousebecausewedon'thaveenoughmoney.我們買不這房了,因?yàn)槲覀儧]有足夠的錢。Hefelthecouldn'taffordanytimetoplayfootball.他覺得自己沒有時(shí)間踢球了。Ourgovernmentgivessupporttopoorfamilies.我們的政府能為貧困家庭提供幫助。givesupporttosb.=givesb.support為某人提供幫助/支持support作動(dòng)詞時(shí)表“供養(yǎng);支持;支撐”,如:Shehadtosupportherfamilyattheageoften.她十歲時(shí)就得養(yǎng)家。Hisparentssupportedhiminhisdecision.他的父母支持他的決定。Thetwostickssupportthetree.兩根木棍支撐著這棵樹。WhynotgoandsearchtheInternetforsomeinformation?為什么不上網(wǎng)查找相關(guān)信息呢?searchsp.forsth.搜查某地尋找某物searchsb.forsth.搜身查找某物searchforsth./sb.=lookforsth./sb.搜尋某物/某人;如:Thevillagerssearchedthewoodsforthelostchildren.村民們?cè)跇淞掷飳ふ沂й櫟暮⒆觽?。Thepolicesearchedthemanforthestolenmoney.警察搜那個(gè)男人的身,查找被偷的錢。Heissearching/lookingforhismissingkeys.他在尋找他丟的鑰匙。Iusedtobeachilldlaborer.我以前是一個(gè)童工。usedtobe/do... 過去曾是/常做 beusedtodosth.=beusedfordoingsth.被用來做某事be/getusedto(doing)sth.習(xí)慣于(做)某事;如:IusedtobeaChineseteacher.我過去曾是一名語文老師。Iusedtoswiminthisriver.我過去常在這條河中游泳。Knivesareusedtocutthings.=knivesareusedforcuttingthings.刀子被用砍東西。Weareusedtogettingupearliernow.現(xiàn)在我們習(xí)慣于早起。Weoftenwenthungrybecausethebossdidn'tgiveusenoughfoodtoeat.我們經(jīng)常挨餓,因?yàn)槔习宀唤o我們足夠的食物。

在這里是系動(dòng)詞,表“變得...”,后跟形容詞,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu).如:Thefoodonthetablewentbad.桌面上的食物變壞了.Onepartwasusedtohelpsupportmyfamily,tohelpsendmyelderbrothertoschool.一部分錢用來供養(yǎng)全家人,另一部分用來供哥哥上學(xué).a)onepart.theother(part).一部分..另一部分..b)elderbrother哥哥elder作形容詞時(shí),是old的比較級(jí),一般表示家庭成員出生的順序,在句中只能作定語,可與than連用;而older表年齡的比較,可與than連用.如:Hiseldersisteristwoolderthanhe.他的姐姐比他大兩歲.作名詞時(shí),表“長者;前輩;祖先”,如:Theircustomswerehandeddownbytheelders.他們的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣是由他們的祖先傳下來的.ButChinahasdevelopedrapidlyinrecentyears.但是近年來,中國發(fā)展迅速.inrecentyears表“近年來”,常與完成時(shí)連用.如:Shehaslearntalotofknowledgeinrecentyears.近年來,她學(xué)到了許多知識(shí).Chinahasmadesuchrapidprogress.中國已經(jīng)取得如此迅速的進(jìn)步。progress為不可數(shù)名詞makeprogress取得進(jìn)步makesome/much/greatprogress取得一些/許多/巨大的進(jìn)步WhathashappenedtoBeijing'sroadsnow?現(xiàn)在北京的公路發(fā)生了什么變化?sth.happentosb.某人發(fā)生了某事, 如:Ifanythinghappenstohim,letmeknow.萬一他有什么不測(cè),就請(qǐng)通知我。Alittleaccidenthappenedtoheryesterday.昨天她發(fā)生了點(diǎn)小意外。TheyexpresstherichcultureofChinaaswell.他們也表達(dá)了豐富的中國文化。aswell,too,also均表“也;又”;aswell多用于口語,只用于句末,不用逗號(hào)隔開;too多用于口語,用于句末,要用逗號(hào)隔開;also較正式,不用于句末;either用于否定句,表“也不”,與too對(duì)應(yīng)。如:Helikessportsaswell.=Helikessports,too.=Healsolikessports.他也喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)。Hedidn'tcome,either.他也沒來。五、重點(diǎn)語法(一)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):表示過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。即“過去的動(dòng)作+現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果”,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。如:Ihaveboughtanewbike.(=Iboughtanewbike,andIhaveanewbikenow.)我已經(jīng)買了一輛新的自行車。(強(qiáng)調(diào)我現(xiàn)在有了一輛新車。)構(gòu)成形式:助動(dòng)詞have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞我已經(jīng)看過這部電影。我沒看過這部電影。你看過這部電影了嗎?No,Ihaven't.不,我沒看過。你已經(jīng)做了什么?他已經(jīng)完成了任務(wù)。他還沒有完成任務(wù)。他已經(jīng)完成任務(wù)了嗎?我已經(jīng)看過這部電影。我沒看過這部電影。你看過這部電影了嗎?No,Ihaven't.不,我沒看過。你已經(jīng)做了什么?他已經(jīng)完成了任務(wù)。他還沒有完成任務(wù)。他已經(jīng)完成任務(wù)了嗎?No,hehasn't.不,他沒有完成他完成了什么?否定句: Ihaven'tseenthefilm.一般疑問句:Haveyouseenthefilm?回答: Yes,Ihave.是的,我看過了特殊疑問句:Whathaveyoudone?肯定句: Hehasfinishedthetask.否定句: Hehasn'tfinishedthetask.一般疑問句:Hashefinishedthetask?回答: Yes,hehas.是的,他完成了特殊疑問句:Whathashefinished?(二)have/hasbeento與have/hasgonetohave/hasbeento+某地,到過某地,說have/hasgoneto+某地,說明去了某地,說話時(shí)人還沒回來。如IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.他去過北京兩次。 WhereisJim?吉姆在哪兒? Hehasgonetothelibrary?他去圖書館了。

Topic2Whathashappenedtothepopulation?、重點(diǎn)詞匯(一)詞形轉(zhuǎn)換possible(反義詞)impossibleconclude(名詞)conclusiondifficult(名詞)difficultyexcellent(近義詞)great/goodcome(過去式)came(過去分詞)come詞)peaceful(二)重點(diǎn)短語getlosthatetogoshoppinghearfromsb.=receive/getaletterfromsb.beabroadatleasttakeplace=happenChina'sone-childpolicybestrictwithsb.thepopulationofChinalivelongermedicalcarecontrolthepopulationbeknown/famousasworkwellindoingsth.havealongwaytogobeshortofoneofthegreatestproblemsbeintroublepreferboystogirlsoffersb.agoodeducationacoupleofeventhough=evenifhavealotofpressurethedifferencesbetweenAandB二、重點(diǎn)句型2.rise(過去分詞)rose4.medicine(形容詞)2.rise(過去分詞)rose4.medicine(形容詞)medical6.less(反義詞)more8.different(名詞)difference10.see(過去式)saw(過去分詞)seen11.peace(形容走失;迷路討厭去購物收到某人的來信在國外至少發(fā)生中國的獨(dú)生子女政策對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)格中國的人口活得更長醫(yī)療保健控制人口以……而聞名在做某事方面很有功效有很長的路要走缺乏……最大的問題之一陷入麻煩中/在困境中重男輕女提供某人良好的教育一些;幾個(gè)即使有許多壓力A與B之間的區(qū)別Itseemsthattheirlivingconditionswerenotverygood.似乎他們的生活條件不是很好。ItispossiblethatKangkang'sfatherwastheonlychildinhisfamily.康康的父親有可能是他家中的獨(dú)生子。Oneanswerisknownastheone-childpolicy.其中一項(xiàng)眾所周知的措施是獨(dú)生子女政策.Andeventhoughwehavemadealotofprogress,wehavebigpollutionproblemsinthecity.雖然我們已經(jīng)取得了很大的進(jìn)步,但是仍存在嚴(yán)重的城市污染問題。三、重點(diǎn)語言點(diǎn)1.Ireallyhatetogoshopping.我真討厭去購物。 SodoI.我也是。SodoI.為倒裝句,表示前面提到的肯定情況也同樣適合另外一個(gè)主體,表“某某也一樣”結(jié)構(gòu)為“so+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語”。如:Jimisastudent,soisTom.吉姆是一名學(xué)生,湯姆也是。Jimcanswim,socanTom.吉姆會(huì)游泳,湯姆也會(huì)。Jimlikessports,sodoesTom.吉姆喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng),湯姆也喜歡。如表前面不怎樣,后面“也不”怎樣時(shí),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“neither/nor+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語”。如Jimwasn'tChinese,neither/norwerethey.吉姆不中國人,他們也不是。Jimcan'tspeakJapanese,neithercanI.吉姆不會(huì)說日語,我也不會(huì)。Jimdidn'tgothere,neitherdidI.吉姆沒去那兒,我也沒去。如前后兩句表達(dá)的是同一個(gè)主體,則不能倒裝,表“的確如此”。如:Jimisagoodstudent.Soheis.吉姆是一名好學(xué)生,的確如此。Jimswimswell.Sohedoes.吉姆游泳很好,的確如此。2.Atthattime,Chinawasthecountrywiththelargestpopulationintheworld.那時(shí),中國是世界上人口最多的國家。population為不可數(shù)名詞,表示人口的多少只能用“l(fā)arge”或“small”修飾,提問人口用“what”,如:ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.上海的人口比北京多。What'sthepopulationofChina?=HowmanypeoplearethereinChina?中國的人口有多少?GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.中國發(fā)生了巨大變化。takeplace指必然性的“發(fā)生”或有計(jì)劃、安排之內(nèi)的“舉行”。如:ThemeetingwilltakeplacenextFriday.會(huì)議將在下周五舉行。happen指偶然的、沒有預(yù)料的“發(fā)生“,其結(jié)果往往給人帶來不幸或麻煩。如:Theaccidenthappenedyesterday.事故發(fā)生在昨天?!鶅烧叨疾挥糜诒粍?dòng)語態(tài)。Thepopulationhasincreasedalot.人口增長發(fā)很多。increase可作及物動(dòng)詞也可作不及物動(dòng)詞。其含義是“增長,增加,加強(qiáng)”等。increaseby...指“增加了 ”;increaseto...指“增加到 ”…,andaboutonefifthofthepeopleintheworldliveinChina.而且世界上大約五分之一的人口生活在中國。onefifth是分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法。英文分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法:分子為基數(shù)詞,分母為序數(shù)詞,先讀分子后讀分母。當(dāng)分子大于1時(shí),分母的序數(shù)詞則變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù),直接在詞尾加“s”。如:onefourth 四分之一; threefourths 四分之三;onesecond 二分之一; twothirds 三分之二6.IthasworkedwellincontrollingChina'spopulation.它在控制人口數(shù)量方面取得了顯著的功效。workwellindoingsth.表“在..方面很有功效”,如:Doingeyeexercisesworkswellinprotectingoureyesight.做眼保健操在保護(hù)視力方面很有功效。Becauseofourlargepopulation,weareshortofenergyandwater.beshortof...表“缺乏 ”,如:Sheisalwaysshortofmoneyattheendofeverymonth.每個(gè)月底她總是缺錢。beshortfor. 表“是..的縮寫”,如:TVisshortfortelevision.TV是television的縮寫形式.CanallChinesefamiliesoffertheirchildrenagoodeducation?所有的中國家庭都能給他們的的孩子提供良好的教育嗎?offer表“(主動(dòng))給予, 提供”offersb.sth. “提供某人某物” 如:Iofferedhimaglassofwine. 我敬了他一杯酒。offertodosth. “(主動(dòng))提出做某事”如:Sheofferedtocookforhermother.她提出幫她媽媽煮飯。Ican'tgoshoppinginbigstoresunlessItravelforacoupleofhours.我得花幾個(gè)小時(shí),才能到大的商場(chǎng)購物。a) unless=ifnot表“除非.;如果不”,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。如:Iwon'tgounlessIhearfromyou.=Iwon'tgoifIdon'thearfromyou.如果你不通知我,我就不去。UnlessBillstudieshard,he'llfailintheexam.如果比爾不努力,他不會(huì)通過考試的.b) acoupleof.表“幾個(gè)人或幾件事”,如:acoupleofyearsago 幾年前; acoupleofstudents 幾個(gè)學(xué)生couple指任何兩件同類的東西;如:

acoupleofwatches兩只手表;fivecouplesofcats五對(duì)貓pair指兩件不可分開使用的東西,它們可指兩件互不相連的東西(鞋子、襪子等),也可指兩部分構(gòu)成的一件東西(褲子、剪刀等)。如:apairofshoes一雙鞋子apairofpants一條褲子四、重點(diǎn)語法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與下列表不明確的狀語連用:1.a(chǎn)lready和yetalready“已經(jīng)”(多用于肯定陳述句),如:Hehasalreadygonehome.他已經(jīng)回家了。yet“已經(jīng);還”(用于否定句或疑問句),如:Haveyoufoundhimyet?你已經(jīng)找到他了嗎?Ihaven'tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.我還沒完成作業(yè)?!鵤lready也可用于疑問句,表“出乎意料或驚奇”Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkalready? 難道你已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了?2.ever和neverever“曾經(jīng)”(多用于疑問句,問初次經(jīng)歷),如:Ihaveeverbeenabroad.我曾出過國。nevernever“從未;從來不”(多用于否定陳述句),?;卮餰ver的句型。如:Ihaveneverseenhimbefore. Hasheeverbeenabroad?他曾出過國嗎? No,never.不,從來不。3.justjust“剛剛”(多用于肯定句,位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前),如:Ihavejusttriedtocallyou.我剛剛打電話給你。4.beforebefore“之前"(一般位于句末;常與never呼應(yīng)),如:Hesayshehasneverseensuchbeautifulscenerybefore.他說他以前從來沒看過這么美的風(fēng)景。、重點(diǎn)詞匯一)詞形轉(zhuǎn)換homeless(、重點(diǎn)詞匯一)詞形轉(zhuǎn)換homeless(名詞)homelessness 2.(反義詞)obey 4.succeed(名詞)5.French(國家)France(公民)Frenchman二)重點(diǎn)短語helphomelesspeopleinneeddecideon(doing)videsb.witheforavisitbesuccessfulin(doing)sth.get/findjobsfeelgoodaboutoneselftakedrugsgivesb.agoodchancetodosth.endthewarliveahappylifesmileonone'sfaceProjectHopesathomeandabroadTopic3Theworldhaschangedforthebetter.

fair(反義詞)unfairsuccessexcited(動(dòng)詞)excite(形容詞)successful幫助無家可歸的人需要(食物和錢)決定(做)某事給某人提供某物來參觀;來看一看成功地做了某事獲得/找到工作自我感覺良好吸毒給某人做某事的一次好機(jī)會(huì)結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭過著幸福的生活臉上露出笑容希望工程在國內(nèi)外3.disobeyinpoorareas 在貧困地區(qū)receiveagoodeducation 受到良好的教育二、重點(diǎn)句型Ittrainsthemsothattheycanfindjobsagain.培訓(xùn)他們以便他們能再次找到工作。Ithinkitisimportantforthesepeopletofeelgoodaboutthemselves.我認(rèn)為對(duì)于這些人來說自我感覺良好是很重要的?!?youwillgetusedtoit.…你會(huì)習(xí)慣它的。Youmustcomeforavisit.你一定來參觀一下。ThenyoucanseeNewYorkforyourself.然后你可以自己看一看紐約。Ifanyonetakesdrugsordisobeytheotherrules,hecan'tstayintheprogram.如果有人吸毒或者違反其它規(guī)定,他就不可以呆在培訓(xùn)中心。Themoneyisusedforchildren'seducationinpoorarea.這些資金被用來資助貧困地區(qū)兒童接受教育的。Withthemoney,ithasbuiltthousandsofschoolsandlibrariesandtrained2300teachers.利用這些錢,希望工程建立了數(shù)以千計(jì)的學(xué)校和圖書館并且培養(yǎng)了2300名老師。三、重點(diǎn)語言點(diǎn)Well,oncetheyfindpeopleinneed,theydecideonsuitablewaystohelpthem.他們一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有人需要幫助,就選定適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞絹韼椭麄儭) once是從屬連詞,表“一旦......就......”,它的從句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)),主句則為一般將來時(shí)?;蛘咧鲝木渚鶠檫^去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。如:Onceyoubecomeinterestedinplayingcomputergames,you'llhavetroublegivingthemup.一旦你迷上了電腦游戲,你就很難放棄它。Oncehearriveshere,hewillknowthewholething.一旦他到這兒,他就會(huì)知道整件事的。Shetoldhimonceshearrived,shewouldcallhim.她告訴他一旦她到了,她會(huì)打電話給他。b) decideon(doing)sth.決定(做)某事, 相當(dāng)于decidetodosth.如:TheydecidedonspendingtheholidayinHainan.他們決定在海南度假。=TheydecidedtospendtheholidayinHainan.Thegovernmentprovideshomelesspeoplewithnicehomes.政府向無家可歸的人們提供舒適的住處。providesb.withsth.=providesth.forsb.提供給某人某物Theschoolprovidedthestudentswithfood.這所學(xué)校為學(xué)生們提供食物。=Theschoolprovidedfoodforthestudents.Ithinkit'sawonderfulplacetolivein.我認(rèn)為那是一個(gè)居住的好地方。tolivein是動(dòng)詞不定式,用來修飾前面的名詞place.在不定式中,如動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后必須跟上相應(yīng)的介詞。如:Thereisnothingtoworryabout.沒有什么可擔(dān)心的事。Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一只筆寫字。Itisfamousbecauseithasbeensosuccessfulinhelpinghomelesspeoplereturntonormallives.它很出名是因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)成功地幫助無家可歸的人重新過上正常的生活。besuccessfulindoingsth.成功地做成某事,相當(dāng)于succeedindoingsth.如:Hewassuccessfulinpassingtheexam.他成功地通過了考試。TheyweresuccessfulinclimbingMountHuang.他們成功地登上了黃山。5.Inthepastsixteenyears,ProjectHopehasraisedabout3billionyuan.在近十六年來,希望工程已籌集了大約30億元。inthepast+若干時(shí)間,表“近若干時(shí)間來”,用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:Theyhavelearntabout500Englishwordsinthepasttwomonths.近兩個(gè)月來,他們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了大約500個(gè)英語單詞。Youhavegrownupalotinthepastthreeyears.近三年來,你們長大了許多。四、重點(diǎn)語法(一)直接引語和間接引語在引用別人原話時(shí),被引用的部分稱為直接引語;如:“Whatareyoureading,Jane?”Mariaasked.

當(dāng)用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話時(shí),被轉(zhuǎn)述部分稱為間接引語。如:MariaaskedJanewhatshewasreading.直接引語和間接引語可互相轉(zhuǎn)換,但要注意以下幾個(gè)變化:1.直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞要根據(jù)句子類型的不同有所變化。1) 如果直接引語是陳述句,變成間接引語時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞用that或省略。如:Shesaid,“I'mverygladtohavesuchachance.”fShesaid(that)shewasverygladtohavesuchachance.2) 如果是一般疑問句時(shí),則用whether或if。如:MariaaskedJane,“Cantheygetgoodfoodandmedicine?”fMariaaskedJanewhether/iftheycouldgetgoodfoodandmedicine.3) 如果是特殊疑問句時(shí),則用相應(yīng)的疑問詞what,where,which,how等。如:MariaaskedJane,“Whatareyoureading?”fMariaaskedJanewhatshewasreading.4) 如果是祈使句時(shí),則多用動(dòng)詞ask,tell,order引導(dǎo)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Mothersaidtome,“Tryagain.”fMotheraskedmetotryagain.“Don'tbeafraid”,TomsaidtoDick.fTomtoldDicknottobeafraid.2.語序的變化:若是從句,一律為陳述語序。3.時(shí)態(tài)的變化。1) 主句為現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)時(shí),間接引語的時(shí)態(tài)不變;如:Hesays,“I'mtired.”fHesaysheistired.Hewillsay,“Theboywaslazy.”fHewillsaytheboywaslazy.2) 主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),間接引語則一般都有改成相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài),但表示自然科學(xué)和真理之類的仍以現(xiàn)在時(shí)出現(xiàn)。如:Hesaid,“I'msorry.”fHesaidhewassorry.Theteachertoldus,“Theearthmovesaroundthesun.”fTheteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.4.人稱的變化。如:Theteachersaid,“John,youmustbringyourbooktotheclass.”fTheteachertoldJohnthathemustbringhisbooktotheclass.5.時(shí)間狀語的變化。如:nowfthen;todayfthatday;tonightfthatnight;thismorningfthatmorning; agofbefore; yesterdayfthedaybefore;lastnightfthenightbefore; thedaybeforeyesterdayftwodaysbefore;tomorrowfthenextday; nextweekfthenextweek.6.地點(diǎn)狀語的變化。如:herefthere7.指示代詞的變化。如:thisfthat;thesefthose8.動(dòng)詞的變化。如:comefgo;bringftake二)構(gòu)詞法合成詞:由兩個(gè)或者更多獨(dú)立的單詞組合成一個(gè)單詞。如:motherland,basketball,filmmaker,birthday;hometown,greenhouse,etc.派生詞:一詞通過加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)新詞。 如:1)常見的前綴:dis-;un-;im-表示“不”,如:dislike(不喜歡)disappear(消失)unhappy(不快樂)impolite(不禮貌)dis-;un-;im-表示“不”,如:dislike(不喜歡)disappear(消失)unhappy(不快樂)impolite(不禮貌)re-表示“重復(fù)”,retell(復(fù)述)super-表示“超”,supermarket(超市)mis-表示“錯(cuò)誤”,disagree(不同意)disobey(不遵守)unfair(不公平)impossible(不可能)如:review(復(fù)習(xí))rewrite(重寫)如:unlike(不像)unfriendly(不友好)return(重返)mistake(錯(cuò)誤)superman(超人)如:misunderstand(誤解)superstar(超級(jí)明星)2)常見的后綴:實(shí)用文檔名詞后綴:-er,-or;-ness;-tion;-ment如:worker(工人)實(shí)用文檔名詞后綴:-er,-or;-ness;-tion;-ment如:worker(工人)visitor(參觀者)question(問題)movement(運(yùn)動(dòng))形容詞后綴:-ful;useful(有用的)player(選手)inventor(發(fā)明者)invention(發(fā)明)agreement(同意)-ous;-less-able;driver(司機(jī))translator(翻譯者)education(教育)organization(組織)development(發(fā)展)-y如:teacher(教師)careful(認(rèn)真的)helpful(有幫助的)successful(成功的)delicious(可口的)serious(嚴(yán)肅的)careless(粗心的) useless(無用的)countable(可數(shù)的)dangerous(危險(xiǎn)的)famous(著名的)homeless(無家可歸的)changeable(易變的)cloudy(多云的)windy(有風(fēng)的)sleepy(困倦的)rainy(下雨的)Unit2Savingtheearth

Topic1Ican'tstandtheenvironmenthere.、重點(diǎn)詞匯(一) 詞形變換produce(名詞)producer 2.breathe(名詞)breath3.manage(同義詞)trysoil(近義詞)earth 5.waste(反義詞)save 6.harm(形容詞)harmful7.die(名詞)death(形容詞)dead 8.downstairs(反義詞)upstairs9.pleasant(反義詞)unpleasant 10.change(形容詞)changeable二)重點(diǎn)詞組1.stand/improve/protecttheenvironment忍受/改善/保護(hù)環(huán)境2.produceterriblegas產(chǎn)生難聞的氣味3.managetodosth.設(shè)法做某事4.inagood/badmood情緒好/差5.feeluncomfortable感到不舒適6.pourwasteintoriver把廢水倒入河里7.somethinguseful有用的事物8.beharmfultosb./sth.對(duì)某人/某物有害9.thelookofourcities城市面貌10.seefishswimming看到魚兒游來游去11.atpresent目前12.shoutatsb.對(duì)某人大喊大叫;斥責(zé)某人13.stopmakingsomuchnoise停止發(fā)出如此大的噪音14.disturbothers打擾別人15.akindofpollution一種污染16.besorryfordoingsth.對(duì)做了某事感到抱歉17.fromnowon從現(xiàn)在起18.innoisyconditions在吵雜的條件下19.becomedeaf變聾了20.quiteafew相當(dāng)多21.nobetterthan(幾乎)與……一樣差22.causehighbloodpressure引發(fā)高血壓23.instrong,changeablelight在強(qiáng)烈、易變的光線下、重點(diǎn)句型。Itisdifficultformetobreathe. 對(duì)我來說很難呼吸。 Howlonghaveyoubeenlikethis?你處于這樣的狀態(tài)多久了? Ihavebeenlikethissincelastmonth.自從上個(gè)月以來我一直這樣。Itisabeautifulplacewithflowersandgrass.那是個(gè)有花、有草的美麗的地方。Alltheflowers,grassandfishhavegone!所有的花、草和魚兒都沒有了!Itsmellsterrible.難聞極了。Thereareseveralchemicalfactoriespouringwastewaterintotheriver.有幾座工廠正往河里排放污水。It'sourdutytoprotecttheenvironment.保護(hù)環(huán)境是我們的職責(zé)。8.Ihavebeenatthisschoolsincelastyear/foroneyear.自從去年,我在這個(gè)學(xué)校了。/我來到這個(gè)學(xué)校有一年了。9.Noiseisakindofpollutionanditisharmfultoourears.噪音是一種污染,對(duì)我們的耳朵有害。三、重點(diǎn)語言點(diǎn)Ican'tstandtheenvironmenthere.我無法容忍這兒的環(huán)境。stand表“容忍;忍受”,后接名詞、代詞及動(dòng)名詞做賓語。如:Ican'tstandthatman,hetalkstoomuch.我忍受不了那個(gè)人了,他話太多了。Canyoustandthepain?你能忍得住痛嗎?Ican'tstandwaitinganylonger.我再也等不了了。Whatdoyoumeanbysth.? 某物是什么意思呢?=What'sthemeaningofsth?=Whatdoessth.mean?IhopeIcanmovefromheresoon.我希望我能早點(diǎn)從這兒搬走。當(dāng)主從句主語一致時(shí),??赊D(zhuǎn)換成不定式短語=Ihopetomovefromheresoon.我希望早點(diǎn)從這兒搬走。4.Thereareseveralchemicalfactoriespouringwastewaterintotheriver.有幾座工廠正往河里排放污水。Therebe+sb./sth.+doingsth. 表有某人/某物正在做某事。如:Therearesomebirdssinginginthetree.樹上有些鳥兒在歌唱。Thereisalittlegirlcryinginthestreet.街上有個(gè)小女孩在哭。5.stopdoingsth.停止做(正在進(jìn)行的)事stoptodosth.停下來去做(另一件)事如:It'slate.Theywillstopworkingand(stop)tohavesupper.很遲了。他們將停下來吃晚飯。Thestudentsstoppedtalkingandtolistentotheteacher.學(xué)生們停止說話去聽課。6.I'msorryformakingsomuchnoise.很抱歉我弄出這么大的噪音。besorryfordoingsth. 表對(duì)做過的事感到抱歉besorrytodosth. 表對(duì)當(dāng)前的事感到抱歉如:I'msorryforwakingyouupyesterday.很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。I'msorrytotroubleyou.很抱歉打擾你了。I'msorrytohearthat.聽到那個(gè)(消息)感到很遺憾。...,notallpeopleknowthatnoiseisalsoakindofpollution.并不是所有的人都知道噪音也是一種污染。not與both、all、every以及every的派生詞連用時(shí),表部分否定。如:Noteverybodyknowsthissecret.不是人人知道這個(gè)秘密。Nobodyknowsthissecret.沒有一個(gè)人知道這個(gè)秘密。Idon'tknowall(of)yournames.你們的名字我并不都知道。Iknownoneofyournames.我不知道你們所有人的名字。RecentlyitwasreportedthatmanyteenagersinAmericacanhearnobetterthan65-year-oldpeopledo,.近來據(jù)報(bào)道,美國許多青少年的聽力和65歲的老人一樣差。nobetterthan...表“同 (幾乎)一樣差;不比 做得好”如:LucydidnobetterthanLilyintheexam.露西和莉莉考得幾乎一樣糟.=LucyalmostdidasbadlyasLilyintheexam.四、重點(diǎn)語法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)和由for/since引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間狀語搭配使用。a)“for+時(shí)間段” 與“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)” 都表“一段時(shí)間”,常用Howlong提問。如: Howlonghaveyoubeenlikethis? Ihavebeenlikethissincelastmonth./foramonth. HowlonghaveyoulivedinChangle? IhavelivedinChanglefortenyears/sincetenyearsago.b)如句中含有非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,則改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)如:IboughtthisTVthreedaysago.=IhavehadthisTVforthreedays.Hiscatdiedyesterday.=Hiscathasbeendeadsinceyesterday.※常見的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如下:Topic2Howdoespollutionhurttheearth?、重點(diǎn)詞匯(一)詞形變換4.teal(過去式)stole(過去分詞)stolen5.spit(過去式;過去分詞)spat6.behave(名詞)behavior7.prevent(同義詞)stop 8.although(同義詞)though10.completely(形容詞)complete二)重點(diǎn)詞組1.readthisarticle看這篇文章2.hereandthere=everywhere到處3.carefor=lookafter=takecareof照顧4.givesomeadviceto…提出一些建議給..5.setone'smindtosth.集中精力于..;用心于..6.protectnature保護(hù)自然7.washaway沖走8.blowaway吹走;刮走9.turninto=changeinto轉(zhuǎn)變成10dieout滅絕;絕跡11stop/prevent...(from)doingsth.阻止..做某事12keep...fromdoingsth.阻止..做某事13movetoward.朝..移動(dòng)14cutdown砍倒15runaway跑走;流走16.cutoff中斷17ontheearth在地球上18beindangerof(doing)sth.處于做某事的危險(xiǎn)中19destroy/harm/pollutetheenvironment破壞/損害/污染環(huán)境20haveaquietlife過著平靜的生活21plentyof大量的22cometorealize開始意識(shí)23haveaclean-up大掃除24oneafteranother一個(gè)接著另一個(gè)25onrecycledpaper在再生紙上26enterthecompetition進(jìn)入比賽27offerone'ssuggestion提供某人的建議1.none(反義詞)all 2.both(反義詞)neither 3.rubbish(同義詞)litter9.pollute(句詞)pollution二、重點(diǎn)句型1.Butthegovernmenthasdonesomethingusefultoprotecttheenvironment.但政府為了保護(hù)環(huán)境已做了一些有益的事。2.Weshouldn'tleaverubbishhereandthere/everywhere.我們不應(yīng)該到丟棄垃圾。3.Don'tsteponthegrassorpicktheflowersaroundus.不要踐踏我們周圍的草坪和采摘花朵。4.Everyoneshouldcarefor/lookafter/takecareofwildanimalsandplantmoretrees.每一個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物并且多種樹。5.Weshoulddoeverythingwecantoprotecttheenvironment.我們應(yīng)盡一切努力保護(hù)環(huán)境。6.Nothingisdifficultifyousetyourmindtoit.世上無難事,只怕有心人。7.Thewindisblowingstronglywithlotsofsand.風(fēng)夾著沙子猛烈地刮著。8.Theyaredyingoutbecauseofallkindsofpollution.由于各種污染,他們正瀕臨滅絕。ItcausedHarbinCitytocutoffitswatersupplyforfivedays.它導(dǎo)致哈爾濱市斷水5天。Somethingswe'vedoneareverygood,whilesomearenotgoodfortheearth.我們所做的一些事情對(duì)地球有益,然而有一些卻對(duì)地球有著負(fù)面影響。11.Asaresult,manyriversandlakesaredeadnow.結(jié)果,現(xiàn)在許多河流湖泊失去生機(jī)。、重點(diǎn)語言點(diǎn)ItsaysthatChinahasbecometheworld'slargestproduceranduserofcoal.它(文章)寫到中國已經(jīng)成為世界上最大的煤炭生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)國。sth.+saysthat...此句型中主語是事或物,say表用“文字、數(shù)字”說明信息。如:Itsays“HappyNewYear!”onthecard.卡片上寫著“新年快樂!”。Theclocksaysthatitis20:00now.這面鐘顯示現(xiàn)在是20:00。Asweknow,noneofuslikespollution.眾所周知,沒有人喜歡污染。none與noone的區(qū)別:a) none“全無”,既可指人也可指物,后常跟of的短語;作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞既可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù);noone只指人,后不能跟of的短語;作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞只用作單數(shù)。如:Hehasreadnoneofthesebooks.(指物)這些書他一本都沒看過。Noneofmyfriendslike/likesdrawing.(指人)我的朋友們沒有一個(gè)喜歡畫畫。Nooneishere.沒有一個(gè)在這兒。b) none回答howmany/much的問題;noone回答who的問題。如:A:Howmanystudentscometoschoolbytaxi?B:None.有多少的學(xué)生搭出租車來上學(xué)?沒有人。A:Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?B:None.瓶子里有多少水?一點(diǎn)兒也沒有。A:Whoisintheroom?B:Noone.誰在房中?沒有人。Ithasbecomeabigproblemrecently.最近它已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)嚴(yán)重問題。recently“到目前為止;近來”,常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:Ihaven'theardfromhimrecently.最近,我沒收到他的來信。Shehasreadsomebooksonhistoryrecently.最近她看了一些有關(guān)歷史的書。Whenitrains,thesoilwillbewashedaway.下雨時(shí),土壤就會(huì)被沖走。willbe+過去分詞為一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語形式。如:Theearthwillbeblownawaybythewind.泥土將會(huì)被風(fēng)刮走。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))=Thewindwillblowawaytheearth.風(fēng)將會(huì)把泥土刮走。(主動(dòng)語態(tài))Alotofrichlandhaschangedintodesert,leavingonlysand.許多肥沃的土地已經(jīng)變成了沙漠,留下的是遍地黃沙。a)change.into.=turn.into. 把...(轉(zhuǎn))變成...如:Pleasechange/turnEnglishintoChinese.請(qǐng)把英語變成漢語。Whenthetrafficlightschange/turnintogreen,wecango.當(dāng)交通燈變成綠色時(shí),我們就可以通行。b)leavingonlystand現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語,表伴隨。如:Thechildrenwentaway,talkingandlaughing.孩子們說著、笑著離開了。Thegirlislookingforhermother,cryingloudly.這個(gè)女孩大聲地哭著在尋找她的母親。6.Treescanstopthewindfromblowingtheearthaway.Theycanalsopreventthesandfrommovingtowardtherichland.樹可以防風(fēng)固土,也可阻止風(fēng)沙吹進(jìn)良田。Treescankeepwaterfromrunningaway.樹可以防止水土流失。stop/preventsb./sth.(from)doingsth.阻止/防止某人或某物做某事keepsb./sth.fromdoingsth. 阻止/防止某人或某物做某事AlthoughwehavebuilttheGreatGreenWall,westillneedtoworkhardtoprotecttheenvironment.盡管我們已經(jīng)建了綠色長城,我們?nèi)孕枰铝τ诒Wo(hù)環(huán)境。although連詞,表“雖然;盡管”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,相當(dāng)于though但比though正式。不能與but同時(shí)連用。如:Althoughthequestionisdifficult,hecanstillanswerit.盡管這個(gè)問題很難,他仍能回答上它。9.Andsomeanimalsareindangerofdisappearingcompletely.=Andsomeanimalsareindangerofdyingout. 一些動(dòng)物瀕臨滅絕。indangerof(doing)sth. 處于做某事的危險(xiǎn)中;如:Theyareindangeroflosingtheirlives.他們正處于失去生命的危險(xiǎn)中。9.Youmayeithertakeabusorataxi.你們可能搭公車去或者是搭出租車去。either...or...“要么 要么 ;或者 或者 ”并列連詞,連接對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu);連接主語時(shí),根據(jù)就近原則。如:Youmaycomeeithertodayortomorrow.你要么今天來,要么明天來。Wecaneithersingordance.我們可以唱歌或者跳舞。Eitheryouorheisright.要么你對(duì),要么他對(duì)。either單獨(dú)使用時(shí),是代詞,表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物;用作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用作單數(shù)。如:A:Wouldyoulikecoffeeortea?B:EitherisOK你想要咖啡還是茶?隨便都可以。Eitherofusisright.我們倆中有一人是對(duì)的。四、重點(diǎn)語法不定代詞和不定副詞:不定代詞:指人:someone/somebodyanyone/anybodynoone/nobodyeveryone/everybody指物:something anything nothing everything不定副詞指地點(diǎn):somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere用法:some-復(fù)合代詞/副詞常用于肯定句;如:Isawsomeoneintheroom.我看見房間里有人。Thereissomethinginthewoods.樹林里有什么東西。Hehasgonesomewherewarmforhisholiday.他去暖和的地方度假了。any-復(fù)合代詞/副詞常用于否定句或疑問句;如:Ididn'tseeanyoneintheroom.我沒看見有人在房間里。Thereisn'tanythinginthewoods.樹林里沒有什么東西。Hehasn'tgonesomewherewarmforhisholiday.他沒去暖和的地方度假。no-復(fù)合代詞/副詞表全否定;如:Isawnobodyintheroom.我看見房間里沒有人。Thereisnothinginthewoods.樹林里沒有什么東西。every-復(fù)合代詞/副詞代替全部;如:Everyoneishere.大家都在這兒。

Itseemsheknowseverything.似乎他知道一切。探some-復(fù)合代詞/副詞用于疑問句中時(shí),表希望得到對(duì)方的肯定回答或表請(qǐng)求;如:Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?你要點(diǎn)喝的東西嗎?探any-復(fù)合代詞/副詞用于肯定句時(shí),表“任何”如:Ifpeoplespitanywhereinpublic,theyshouldbepunished.如果人們?cè)诠姷娜魏蔚胤酵绿?,他們?yīng)該受罰?!欢ù~作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;如:Nooneknowsthissecret.沒有一人知道這個(gè)秘密。Everythinggoeswell.一切進(jìn)展順利?!绻卸ㄕZ修飾,定語應(yīng)放在不定代詞或不定副詞后;如:Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.我有重要的事告訴你。Thereisnobodystrangehere.這兒沒有一個(gè)陌生人。探no=notanyfShedidn'tsayanything.=Shesaidnothing.她什么也沒說。Thereisnobodystrangehere.=Thereisn'tanybodystrangehere.這兒沒有一個(gè)陌生人。Topic3Let'sbegreenerpeople.、重點(diǎn)詞匯(一) 詞形變換organization、重點(diǎn)詞匯(一) 詞形變換organization(動(dòng)詞)organizefollow(形容詞)following5.move(名詞)movement7.environment(形容詞)environmental(二) 重點(diǎn)詞組environmentalprotectionworkfor...spreadmessageabout.reducethewaste/airpollutionbothsidesof.ratherthannotonly.butalso.savemoney/energy/electricitybesupposedtodoashortdistanceput.into.takeupalotofspaceproducepowerfrom.runthecarpush.forward/up/downpowermachinesproduceelectricitybydoingsth.themovementofwaterbeusedfordoingsthtakeaquickshowermakeashortjourneypickthelitteruptryharderproduceashortoralreport、重點(diǎn)句型recycle(動(dòng)名詞)recyclingelectricity(形容詞)electricquick(畐U詞)quicklyprotect(名詞)protection環(huán)境的保護(hù)為..工作宣傳有關(guān)..減少浪費(fèi)/空氣污染..的兩面(是)..而不是..不僅...而且..省錢/能源/電應(yīng)

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