大學(xué)英語跨文化交際課件

商務(wù)

跨文化交際VerbalInterculturalCommunicationGoals:1.Understandhowlanguageandculturearecloselylinked

2.Perceivethevitalroleofverbalcodesininterculturalcommunicationaswellastheimportantrelationshipsamonglanguage,thought,culture,andbehavior

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MeaningsofWords.

1.What’stheconnotationoftheword“dragon"inChinese/English?2.WhataretheotherwordsthatareinterpreteddifferentlybetweenEnglishandChinese

Adragonlady

以統(tǒng)治者身份行使權(quán)力的女人TheDragon/TheGreatDragon/TheOldDragon

指與上帝作對(duì)的魔鬼撒旦亞洲四小龍：thefourtigersinAsiaTodistinguishitfromtraditionalWestern“dragon”,somepeoplenowusetheterm“Chinesedragon”.蝙蝠andBat漢文化：“蝠”與“?！蓖簦笳骷?、健康、幸福。西方：丑陋邪惡的動(dòng)物，與罪惡或黑暗勢力相聯(lián)系，特別是vampirebat（吸血蝙蝠）。Asblindasabat有眼無珠Crazyasbat精神失常；發(fā)癡Havebatsinthebelfry異想天開孔雀andPeacock漢文化：孔雀開屏→美“孔雀舞”西方：虛榮、自傲Asproudasapeacock驕傲自滿Apeacockinhispride炫耀一時(shí)的人Playthepeacock妄自尊大Heattemptedtopeacockhiswaythroughtheworld.他想名揚(yáng)世界。貓頭鷹andOwl漢文化：不祥之物“夜貓子進(jìn)宅，兇事自來”西方：智慧、博學(xué)的象征aswiseasanowl“Awiseoldowllivedinanoak.Themorehesaw,thelesshespoke.Thelesshespoke,themoreheheard.Whycan’tweallbelikethatwiseoldbird?”

—英國民間童謠

英語動(dòng)物詞匯的象征意義與漢語動(dòng)物象征意義相同/接近的例子BeeBullCamelHenPigOx(犁地）RabbitSwan母愛優(yōu)雅勤勞耐心、力量和自尊多產(chǎn)，生殖力強(qiáng)力量和直來直去頑固、骯臟和好吃馴服與漢語動(dòng)物象征意義相異的例子

CrowDuckFlySeagullSerpentMagpieSpiderTortoise（陸地）奸詐長壽智慧喋喋不休脆弱與微不足道堅(jiān)韌和節(jié)操輕信欺騙

Whataretheotherverbalfeaturesindicatingculturaldifferencesincommunication?Anwserthequestionsintextbookp.611.Canyoufindsomecasesinwhich“是”inChinesedoesnotmean"yes"inEnglish?2.HowwouldyouputthefollowingintoChinese?1)Doyoulikethenewplan?

Yes,Ido.2)Pleasedon'tsaythat.YesIwill.3)Iknowwhathewantsbymentioningoffersfromothercompanies.Yes?Askingforaraiseofhissalary!4)Waiter!Yes,sir.5)Yes?I'dliketwotickets,please.6)Everythingwillbeallrightsoon,yes?Verbalinterculturalcommunication

Relationshipbetweenlanguageand

cultureLanguageandculture

CultureandWordMeaningWordswithdifferentassociatedmeaningsWordswithoutcounterpartsinanotherlanguageConfusingtranslationProverbs

a.Wordswithdifferentassociatedmeanings

Culturally-loadedwordsandexpressionsaregoodexamplesshowingtheculturalinfluenceonthemeaningsofwords.ChinesewordEnglishwordAssociatedmeaninginChineseAssociatedmeaninginEnglish鳳凰

phoenix

symboloffortuneandqueensymbolofrenascence

貓頭鷹

owlsymbolofbadlucksymbolofwisdom

孔雀Peacocksymbolofbeautysymbolofarroganceb.Wordswithoutcounterpartsinanotherlanguage

culturaldiversityleadstothelackofvocabularyequivalenceorthecounterpartsinanotherlanguageAmericanHippiesinthe1960s

AmericanMotel

Otherexamples?EnglishtoChineseChinesetoEnglishLoanwords沙發(fā)夾克衫咖啡柏拉圖烏托邦toufuwontonChowmeinFengshuiBrainwashingc.Confusingtranslation

Culturaldistinctionsleadtodifferentconnotations,sosomeexpressionsarereallyconfusingwhentranslated.Forexample:“unit”—“單位”“equalitarian”—“平均主義/平等主義”,“materialism”—“物質(zhì)主義/唯物主義”.ChineseWordsConfusingtranslationEnglishwords’Connotation單位

unitAthing,personorgroupthatisregardedasonesinglewholepartofsomethinglarger.物質(zhì)主義/唯物主義

materialismThebeliefthatmoneyandpossessionsratherthanthingsofthemindsuchasartorreligion.Thebeliefthatonlyphysicalthingsreallyexist.平均主義/平等主義

equalitarianThebeliefthateveryoneisequalandhasthesamechancetodosomething.翻譯中的假朋友Howtosay“力大如?！盇sstrongasahorseHowtosay“揮金如土”Tospendmoneylike_____

waterbusboy公共汽車？小男孩？難道是conductor?餐館勤雜工busybody大忙人？？愛管閑事的人maddoctor發(fā)瘋的醫(yī)生？太危險(xiǎn)了。。。精神病科醫(yī)生sweetwater

甜水？糖水？淡水horsesense馬的感覺？常識(shí)whiteman皮膚白的人？忠實(shí)可靠的人d.ProverbsProverbsisthereflectionofreligion,morality,values,andlifeexperience.GoingtoRome,doastheRomansdo.Wherethereislife,thereishope魚與熊掌，不可得兼強(qiáng)扭的瓜不甜YoucannoteatyourcakeandhaveitYoucantakeahorsetothewaterbutyoucannotmakehimdrink

CultureandexpressionsFormsofaddressGreetingsandfarewellsComplimentsandresponsestocomplimentsTaboosandeuphemismFormsofaddress

TraditionalChinesecultureisbasedonthefamily-basedsocialstructure.

KinshiptermsSocialstatusGreetings

Chinesecultureisrelation-oriented.Maintainingorpromotingrelationcallsforsomethinginterpersonal,soitisquiteacceptableinChinatogreeteachotherbyaskingprivatequestions,whileEnglishpeoplehaveaverystrongsenseofprivacy.Complimentsandresponsestocompliments

Compliments

andpraisesareofgreatsocial

functions.Generally:AmericanresponsetocomplimentsispositiveChinesepeopleareshytocomplimentothersandalsoshytoacceptcompliments.TaboosandEuphemismTaboo--wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemism--theactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.

Commonly-BelievedTraditionalBritishSuperstitionsandTaboos

WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandBritishSuperstitionsandtaboosinthiscase?BlackcatBreakingaMirror

Euphemismpass

away(逝世)be

no

more(不在了)，depart(去世)be

gone(走了)join

the

majority(會(huì)見老祖宗去了)go

to

west(歸西了)go

to

glory(升天了)go

to

meet

one

maker(見上帝)to

be

at

peace(平靜了)，the

final

departure(最后離去)，final

sleep(最后一覺)，to

go

to

one's

long

home(回到永久之家)，to

have

found

rest(得到安息)，in

heaven(在天堂)，with

God(和上帝在一起)失業(yè)現(xiàn)象

underutilization(未充分利用人才)humansunderdevelopment(人力資源未充分開發(fā))Capitalpunishment(死刑）Substanceabuseproblem（吸毒）戰(zhàn)爭

massiveexchange(大規(guī)模的交火)為了掩蓋invasion(侵略戰(zhàn)爭)的本質(zhì)，將一個(gè)國家對(duì)另一國家所發(fā)動(dòng)的aggression(侵略)說成是activedefense(積極防御)，preventivewar(防御戰(zhàn)爭)。美國空軍認(rèn)為airraid(空襲)只是airsupport(空中增援)，air(偵察飛行)則僅僅是overflight(越界飛行)。1980年美國派直升飛機(jī)營救在伊朗的人質(zhì)失敗，卡特總統(tǒng)稱之為incompleteSUCCESS(不圓滿的勝利)。在武器的稱謂上，aconventionalweapon(常規(guī)武器)是指非核武器，而ananti—personnel

weapon(制人武器)實(shí)際上是指核武器，但人們很少

用nuclear—weapons(核武器)來表達(dá)。在中國歷史上，也有將鎮(zhèn)壓農(nóng)民起義說成“平反叛亂”，將侵略鄰國稱為“擴(kuò)充疆土”的情況。古代名將曾國藩還把“屢戰(zhàn)屢敗”改為“屢敗屢戰(zhàn)”。

DonaldRumsfeldThereareknownknowns.Thesearethingsweknowthatweknow.Thereareknownunknowns.Thatistosay,therearethingsthatweknowwedon'tknow.Buttherearealsounknownunknowns.Therearethingswedon'tknowwedon'tknow.

Presentation

Collectmoreculturally-loadedwordsandgivethemasatest(擊鼓傳花）fortheclassbeforerevealingtheanswer.Directvs.IndirectCommunicationStyleElaborate,Exacting,andSuccinctCommunicationStylePersonalandContextualCommunicationStyleInstrumentalandAffectiveCommunicationStyle（textbookp.65)2.CultureandCommunicationStyle

CultureandConversationPattern

WhentotalkWhattosayTurn-takingconventions1.DirectcommunicationstyleWithdirectcommunicationstyle,speakerexpresseshisintention（needanddesire）openlyanddirectly.Directstylesareoftenusedinlow-context,individualisticcultures.Verbalprecisionandself-expressionarevalued.2.IndirectcommunicationstyleInanindirectcommunicationstyle,whichisoftenseeninhigh-contextandcollectivisticcultures,speakersusuallyhideorhinttheirintentionsduringinteraction.Directvs.IndirectCommunicationStyle

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ConflictsbetweenDirectandIndirectCommunicationstyle

1.WhataretheinterpretationsofMichikoonJim’swords?2.Whydotheyhavetheconflictsduringcommunication?Elaborate,Exacting,andSuccinctCommunicationStyle

Theelaborate,exacting,orsuccinct

communicationstyledealswiththequantityand/orvolumeoftalk.1.Elaboratecommunicationstyle2.Exactingcommunicationstyle3.SuccinctcommunicationstylePersonalandContextualCommunicationStyle

1.Personalcommunicationstyleamplifiestheindividualidentityofthespeaker.2.Contextualcommunicationstylestressesone’sroleidentityandstatus.TheJapaneseuseacontextualstyle,andtheirlanguageincludesanelaboratesystemofhonorifics.Honorificsarelinguisticformsthatcommunicaterespectaccordingtoone’srankandtherankofthepeopletheyspeakto.Chapter8VerbalInterculturalCommunication(I)

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JapaneseWorkersGetWordfromonHigh:DropFormality

1.WhatkindofcommunicationstyletraditionalJapanes