WTO概論深刻復習資料

_Let’sTalkaboutTradePolicyandTradeIssuesMD,whoelse?IPreliminaryKnowledgeTariffSpecificTariff（從量關稅）Weight,quantity,volumeAdValoremTariff（從價關稅）ApercentageofthepriceCompoundTariff（復合關稅）Amixtureofspecifictariffandadvaloremtariff感謝閱讀Non-tariffQuotaLicense（進口許可證）Generallicenseandspecificlicense;usuallycombinedwithquota,bidding感謝閱讀CustomValuationTechnicalBarriersEnvironmentissuesGMO（GeneticallyModifiedOrganism，轉(zhuǎn)基因生物）精品文檔放心下載3VER&VIE_VER(VoluntaryExportRestriction)謝謝閱讀VIE(VoluntaryImportExpansion)精品文檔放心下載Aimingattradebalance,eitherdomesticorforeign.謝謝閱讀IIGATT&Agreements1HistoricalPerspectiveofWTO謝謝閱讀HavanaCharter(→GATT1947)精品文檔放心下載Background:protectionismafterWWII,GreatDepression,needtoestablishITO(InternationalTradeOrganization);感謝閱讀Thecharterismainlyabouttradeandcommercialpolicies,employment,economicactivities,economicreconstruction,investment,restrictivebusinesspractice;感謝閱讀Failedtomeetsomecountries’interest,butmuchcontentofCommercialpolicysurvivedinGATT1947,provisionalratherthanlegal;精品文檔放心下載MarrakeshAgreements(establishingWTO)精品文檔放心下載TheimportanceofUruguayRoundonMarrakeshAgreementsandtheestablishmentofWTO;感謝閱讀IncludingAgreementsabout[tradeincommodity,GATS,TRIPs],DSU(UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes),TPRM,PTA(PlurilateralTradeAgreements);謝謝閱讀_Enteredintoforceon1Jan.1995,128GATTsignatories;感謝閱讀160memberssince26Jun.2014謝謝閱讀2GATT1947BasicPrinciplesofWTONondiscrimination(MFN,NT),GraduationClause感謝閱讀TradeLiberalization(tariff,non-tariff,marketaccess)謝謝閱讀TransparenceFairCompetitionMFNclause---ArticleIMost-Favored-NationTreatment(MFN):anyadvantage,favor,privilegeorimmunitygrantedbyanycontractingpartytoanyproductshallbeaccordedimmediatelyandunconditionallytothelikeproductofallothercontractingparties;精品文檔放心下載Accordthebasicprinciples,nondiscrimination,promotetradeliberalizationasit’sMultilateral;謝謝閱讀Exceptions:GSP,FTA,Anti-dumping.safetyissues,etc.謝謝閱讀China’sbenefits:double-edgedsword;感謝閱讀NationalTreatment---ArticleIII精品文檔放心下載NationalTreatmentonInternalTaxationandRegulation:thecontractingpartiesshouldtreatimportedproductsand精品文檔放心下載_domesticproductsequallyintermsofinternaltaxesand/orotherinternalcharges,laws,regulations,andrequirements;謝謝閱讀Exceptions:governmentprocurement,domesticsubsidies,etc.謝謝閱讀PreferencePolicyandNT:dependingondifferentindustries;謝謝閱讀Anti-dumping---ArticleVIDumping:productsofonecountryareexportedtoanothercountryatapricelessthanthenormalvalue,andiscausesorthreatensmaterialinjurytotheimporter’sindustry;精品文檔放心下載“normalvalue”isdefinedbythecomparableprice,intheordinarycourseoftrade,forthelikeproductforconsumptionintheexportingcountry;orifdomesticpricenotavailable:thehighestcomparablepriceforthelikeproductexportedtoathirdcountry,orthecostoftheproductplusareasonableadditionalforsellingandprofit;感謝閱讀Determinantsindumping:DumpingMarginandMaterialInjury精品文檔放心下載RuleofOrigin(RoO)---ArticleIX精品文檔放心下載MarksofOrigin:marks,characters,patterns,etc.thatindicatetheoriginalcountry/regionofanimportedproductorservice;感謝閱讀Article7:contractingpartiescooperatetominimizethe謝謝閱讀_difficulties,andtopreventmisrepresentofthetrueorigin;謝謝閱讀Determiningoriginandwhether“substantialtransformation”:value-added,processtest,changeintariffclassification(CTC);感謝閱讀Controversialissueontradebalance:differentstandardstodetermineoriginandprocessingtrade;感謝閱讀MFNornotdeterminedbytheoriginoftheproduct;謝謝閱讀AdministrationofTradeRegulations---ArticleX謝謝閱讀Publication:laws,regulations,judicialdecisionsandadministrativerulingsofgeneralapplicationaboutinternationaltrade(e.g.customclassificationandvaluation,ratesofduty/taxes,requirements,restrictions,etc.)shallbepublishedpromptlytoenabletradersbecomeacquaintedwiththem;精品文檔放心下載Administration:contractingpartiesshallmaintain,orinstitutejudicial,arbitral,oradministrativeprocedurestodealwithcustommatters,andadministratelaws,regulationsinauniformandreasonableway;感謝閱讀QRs(QuantitativeRestrictions)---ArticleXI感謝閱讀EliminationofQRs:exceptduties,taxesorothercharges,contractingpartiesshalleliminaterestrictionsmadeeffectthroughquotas,licensesorothermeasures.精品文檔放心下載_Exceptions:food,agricultureorfisheriesproduct.(shortageorsurplus)精品文檔放心下載GeneralExceptions---ArticleXX感謝閱讀Protectpublicmorals;Protecthuman,animalorplantlifeorhealth;謝謝閱讀Traderelatingtogoldorsilver;感謝閱讀Securecompliancewithlawsorregulationsconsistentwiththeprovisions(e.g.intellectualproperty);感謝閱讀Prisonlaborproducts;Nationaltreasures;Exhaustibleresources;Intergovernmentalcommodityagreementthatareapproved;精品文檔放心下載Ensureessentialdomesticquantities;謝謝閱讀Generalorlocalshortsupply;感謝閱讀StateTradingEnterprise---ArticleXVII感謝閱讀Contractingpartiescanestablishormaintainstateenterprises,buttheyshallactinamannerconsistentwithgeneralprinciplesofnon-discriminatorytreatmentforgovernmentalmeasuresaffectingtradesbyprivatetraders;感謝閱讀Suchenterprisesshallmakepurchasesorsalessolelyinaccordancewithcommercialconsiderations,includingprice,quality,availability,transportation,etc.謝謝閱讀_Contractingpartiesshallnotprevententerprisesfromactinginaccordancewiththeprinciples;謝謝閱讀Subsidies---ArticleXVISubsidiesinGeneral:whengrantinganysubsidies,contractingpartiesshallnotifyotherpartiesinwritingoftheextent,nature,estimatedeffectandnecessity;謝謝閱讀Incaseofseriousprejudice,thecontractingpartygrantingthesubsidyshalldiscusswithotherpartiesaboutthepossibilityoflimitingthesubsidization;謝謝閱讀AdditionalProvisions:partiesshallseektoavoidtheuseofsubsidiesontheexportofprimaryproducts,orthesubsidyshallnotincreasetheparty’sequitableshareoftheworldexportinthatproduct;謝謝閱讀ImplementalMechanism---ArticleXXIV感謝閱讀TerritorialApplication-FrontierTraffic-CustomsUnions-FreeTradeAreas,anexceptionofMFN精品文檔放心下載GSP(GeneralizedSystemofPreference)精品文檔放心下載Betweendevelopedcountriesanddevelopingcountries;精品文檔放心下載Nondiscrimination,unilateral;精品文檔放心下載History:China’sreenterinGATT精品文檔放心下載Anoriginalcontractingparty;謝謝閱讀Suspendeditseligibilityasacontractingpartyin1950;謝謝閱讀_Taiwan:observertoGATTin1965;謝謝閱讀China’seffortstoreenterin1986;感謝閱讀ComplexityofChina’srelevancetoGATT;謝謝閱讀3GATT1994TheframeworkofURAgreementsabout[tradeincommodity,GATS,TRIPs],謝謝閱讀DSU(UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes),謝謝閱讀TPRMsPTA(PlurilateralTradeAgreements);謝謝閱讀TheinitiativesofWTOPrinciples?LegalinstrumentsunderGATT1947感謝閱讀Tariffconcession;Protocolsofaccession;WaivergrantedunderArticle25謝謝閱讀UnderstandingonParagraph1(2)ArticleII精品文檔放心下載Aimsatpromotingthetransparencyoftherightsandobligations;謝謝閱讀Agreementtorecordinnationalschedules“otherdutiesorcharges”(whichshallbeexempted)leviedinadditiontothe謝謝閱讀_recordedtariff,andtobindthematthelevelsprevailingatthedateestablishedintheURProtocol;謝謝閱讀UnderstandingonArticleXVII謝謝閱讀Topromotethetransparencyofstate-tradingenterprises’activities,contractingpartiesshallreportsuchenterprisestothecommittee,regardlessofwhetherexporthashappenedornot;精品文檔放心下載Increasesurveillanceofenterprises’activitiesthroughstrongernotificationandreviewprocedures;謝謝閱讀UnderstandingonArticleXVIII謝謝閱讀Article18:fortheBalance-of-Payment(BOP)anddevelopmentofeconomy,especiallyforthelessdevelopedcountries,tariffprotectionandQRscanbeimposed;精品文檔放心下載Theschedulefortherestrictionmeasuresonimportshallbenotifiedassoonaspossible;感謝閱讀ContractingpartiesimposingrestrictionsforBOPpurposesshalldosointheleasttrade-disruptivemanner,andshallfavorprice-basedmeasures,likeimportsurchargesandimportdeposits,ratherthanquantitativerestrictions.精品文檔放心下載AgreementisalsoonprocedureforconsultationsbyGATTBOPCommittee,aswellasfornotification.精品文檔放心下載UnderstandingonArticleXXIV謝謝閱讀_ClarifyandreinforcethestandardandproceduresforthereviewofneworenlargedcustomunionsorFTAandfortheevaluationoftheireffectsonthirdparties;謝謝閱讀Clarifytheproceduretobefollowedforachievinganynecessarycompensatoryadjustmentintheeventofcontractingpartiesformingacustomsunionseekingtoincreaseaboundtariff;感謝閱讀Theobligationsofcontractingpartiesinregardtomeasurestakenbyregionalorlocalgovernmentsorauthoritieswithinterritoriesarealsoclarified;謝謝閱讀4OtherAgreementsAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade（TBT，技術性貿(mào)易壁壘協(xié)議）感謝閱讀NarrowTBT:processingandproductionmethodsrelatedtothecharacteristicsoftheproductitself;感謝閱讀DilemmaonBroadTBT:needsforindustrializationvs.potentialitytowardprotection;精品文檔放心下載ThisagreementwillextendandclarifytheAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTradereachedintheTokyoRound.Itseekstoensurethattechnicalnegotiationsandstandards,aswellastestingandcertificationprocedures,donotcreateunnecessary精品文檔放心下載_obstaclestotrade.However,itrecognizesthatcountrieshavetherighttoestablishprotection,atlevelstheyconsiderappropriate,forexampleforhuman,animalorplantlifeorhealthortheenvironment,andshouldnotbepreventedfromtakingmeasuresnecessarytoensurethoselevelsofprotectionaremet.Theagreementthereforeencouragescountriestouseinternationalstandardswheretheseareappropriate,butitdoesnotrequirethemtochangetheirlevelsofprotectionasaresultofstandardization.謝謝閱讀Innovativefeaturesoftherevisedagreementarethatitcoversprocessingandproductionmethodsrelatedtothecharacteristicsoftheproductitself.Thecoverageofconformityassessmentproceduresisenlargedandthedisciplinesmademoreprecise.Notificationprovisionsapplyingtolocalgovernmentandnon-governmentalbodiesareelaboratedinmoredetailthanintheTokyoRoundagreement.ACodeofGoodPracticeforthePreparation,AdoptionandApplicationofStandardsbystandardizingbodies,whichisopentoacceptancebyprivatesectorbodiesaswellasthepublicsector,isincludedasanannextotheagreement.謝謝閱讀AgreementontheApplicationofSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures（SPS，實施動植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施協(xié)議）精品文檔放心下載_Specificintheprotectionofhumanhealthandecologicalbalance,精品文檔放心下載AgreementonTrade-RelatedInvestmentMeasures（TRIMs，精品文檔放心下載與貿(mào)易有關的投資措施協(xié)議）ThisAgreement,negotiatedduringtheUruguayRound,appliesonlytomeasuresthataffecttradeingoods.Recognizingthatcertaininvestmentmeasurescanhavetrade-restrictiveanddistortingeffects,itstatesthatnoMembershallapplyameasurethatisprohibitedbytheprovisionsofGATTArticleIII(nationaltreatment)orArticleXI(quantitativerestrictions).Examplesofinconsistentmeasures,asspelledoutintheAnnex‘sIllustrativeList,includelocalcontentortradebalancingrequirements.TheAgreementcontainstransitionalarrangementsallowingMemberstomaintainnotifiedTRIMsforalimitedtimefollowingtheentryintoforceoftheWTO。TheAgreementalsoestablishesaCommitteeonTRIMstomonitortheoperationandimplementationofthesecommitments.謝謝閱讀AgreementonAgriculture（農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議）精品文檔放心下載Long-termobjectives:substantialprogressivereductioninagriculturalsupport;謝謝閱讀Adecisivemovetowardstheobjectiveofincreasedmarket謝謝閱讀_orientationinagriculturaltrade;感謝閱讀TotalAMS(AggregateMeasureofSupport):coversallsupportprovidedoneitheraproduct-specificornon-product-specificbasis;感謝閱讀Marketaccess---tariffication:non-tariffbordermeasuresarereplacedbytariffsthatprovidesubstantiallysamelevelofprotection;Tariff-quota:under10%&outside80%;謝謝閱讀Domesticsupport---amber,blue,greenbox.精品文檔放心下載Amberbox:Alldomesticsupportmeasuresconsideredtodistortproductionandtrade(withsomeexceptions)fallintotheamberbox,whichisdefinedinArticle6oftheAgricultureAgreementasalldomesticsupportsexceptthose精品文檔放心下載intheblueandgreenboxes.Theseincludemeasurestosupportprices,orsubsidiesdirectlyrelatedtoproductionquantities.Thesesupportsaresubjecttolimits:“deminimis”minimalsupportsareallowed(5%ofagriculturalproductionfordevelopedcountries,10%fordevelopingcountries);the30WTOmembersthathadlargersubsidiesthanthedeminimislevelsatthebeginningofthepost-UruguayRoundreformperiodarecommittedtoreducethesesubsidies.精品文檔放心下載g)BlueBox:Thisisthe“amberboxwithconditions”—精品文檔放心下載_conditionsdesignedtoreducedistortion.Anysupportthatwouldnormallybeintheamberbox,isplacedintheblueboxifthesupportalsorequiresfarmerstolimitproduction(detailssetoutinParagraph5ofArticle6oftheAgricultureAgreement).Atpresenttherearenolimitsonspendingonblueboxsubsidies.Inthecurrentnegotiations,somecountrieswanttokeeptheblueboxasitisbecausetheyseeitasacrucialmeansofmovingawayfromdistortingamberboxsubsidieswithoutcausingtoomuchhardship.Otherswantedtosetlimitsorreductioncommitments,someadvocatingmovingthesesupportsintotheamberbox.謝謝閱讀GreenBox:Inordertoqualify,greenboxsubsidiesmustnotdistorttrade,oratmostcauseminimaldistortion(paragraph1).Theyhavetobegovernment-funded(notby謝謝閱讀chargingconsumershigherprices)andmustnotinvolve感謝閱讀pricesupport.Theytendtobeprogrammesthatarenottargetedatparticularproducts,andincludedirectincomesupportsforfarmersthatarenotrelatedto(are“decoupled”from)currentproductionlevelsorprices.Theyalsoincludeenvironmentalprotectionandregionaldevelopmentprogrammes.“Greenbox”subsidiesarethereforeallowedwithoutlimits,providedtheycomplywith感謝閱讀_thepolicy-specificcriteriasetoutinAnnex2. Inthe感謝閱讀currentnegotiations,somecountriesarguethatsomeofthesubsidieslistedinAnnex2mightnotmeetthecriteriaoftheannex’sfirstparagraph—becauseofthelargeamountspaid,orbecauseofthenatureofthesesubsidies,thetradedistortiontheycausemightbemorethanminimal.Amongthesubsidiesunderdiscussionhereare:directpaymentstoproducers(paragraph5),includingdecoupledincomesupport(paragraph6),andgovernmentfinancialsupportforincomeinsuranceandincomesafety-netprogrammes(paragraph7),andotherparagraphs.Someothercountriestaketheoppositeview—thatthecurrentcriteriaareadequate,andmightevenneedtobemademoreflexibletotakebetteraccountofnon-tradeconcernssuchasenvironmentalprotectionandanimalwelfare.謝謝閱讀Exportcompetition:Membersarerequiredtoreducethe感謝閱讀valueofmainlydirectexportsubsidies toalevel36percent感謝閱讀belowthe1986-90baseperiodleveloverthesix-yearimplementationperiod,andthequantityofsubsidizedexportsby21percentoverthesameperiod.謝謝閱讀_AgreementonTextilesandClothing（紡織品與服裝協(xié)議）謝謝閱讀MFA(MultifibreArrangement):UptotheendoftheUruguayRound,textileandclothingquotaswerenegotiatedbilaterallyandgovernedbytherulesoftheMultifibreArrangement(MFA).Thisprovidedfortheapplicationofselectivequantitativerestrictionswhensurgesinimportsofparticularproductscaused,orthreatenedtocause,seriousdamagetotheindustryoftheimportingcountry.TheMultifibreArrangementwasamajordeparturefromthebasicGATTrulesandparticularlytheprincipleofnon-discrimination.On1January1995itwasreplacedbytheWTOAgreementonTextilesandClothingwhichsetsoutatransitionalprocessfortheultimateremovalofthesequotas.精品文檔放心下載ATC(AgreementonTextilesandClothing)isatransitionalinstrumentbuiltonthefollowingkeyelements:謝謝閱讀theproductcoverage,basicallyencompassingyarns,fabrics,made-uptextileproductsandclothing;感謝閱讀aprogrammefortheprogressiveintegrationofthesetextileandclothingproductsintoGATT1994rules;感謝閱讀aliberalizationprocesstoprogressivelyenlargeexistingquotas(untiltheyareremoved)byincreasingannualgrowthratesateachstage;謝謝閱讀_aspecialsafeguardmechanismtodealwithnewcasesofseriousdamageorthreatthereoftodomesticproducersduringthetransitionperiod;精品文檔放心下載establishmentofaTextilesMonitoringBody“TMB”)(謝謝閱讀tosupervisetheimplementationoftheAgreementandensurethattherulesarefaithfullyfollowed;and謝謝閱讀otherprovisions,includingrulesoncircumventionofthequotas,theiradministration,treatmentofnon-MFArestrictions,andcommitmentsundertakenelsewhereundertheWTO'sagreementsandproceduresaffectingthissector.感謝閱讀Securetheeventualintegrationofthetextilesandclothingsector(MFA)intotheGATTonthebasisofstrengthenedGATTrulesanddisciplines謝謝閱讀GeneralAgreementonTradeinService（GATS，服務貿(mào)易總協(xié)定）謝謝閱讀ForthepurposesofthisAgreement,tradeinservicesisdefinedasthesupplyofaservice:謝謝閱讀fromtheterritoryofoneMemberintotheterritoryofanyotherMember;謝謝閱讀intheterritoryofoneMembertotheserviceconsumerofanyotherMember;謝謝閱讀_byaservicesupplierofoneMember,throughcommercialpresenceintheterritoryofanyotherMember;感謝閱讀byaservicesupplierofoneMember,throughpresenceofnaturalpersonsofaMemberintheterritoryofanyotherMember.精品文檔放心下載Thescopeoftradeinservice:精品文檔放心下載servicessuppliedfromtheterritoryofonepartytothe謝謝閱讀territoryofanother(e.g.internationaltelephonecalls),officiallyknownas“cross-bordersupply”感謝閱讀servicessuppliedintheterritoryofonepartytotheconsumersofanyother(forexample,tourism);),officially“consumptionabroad”謝謝閱讀servicesprovidedthroughthepresenceofserviceprovidingentitiesofonepartyintheterritoryofanyother(forexample,banking)(e.g.foreignbankssettingupoperationsinacountry),officially“commercialpresence”感謝閱讀individualstravellingfromtheirowncountrytosupplyservicesinanother(e.g.fashionmodelsorconsultants),officially“presenceofnaturalpersons”精品文檔放心下載AgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights（TRIPs，與貿(mào)易有關的知識產(chǎn)權協(xié)議）謝謝閱讀CopyrightandRelate