黃金真題29篇-文勇的iBT閱讀必讀4

文勇的iBT閱讀真題［2009年9月8日4.0版本J

俺常常收到同學(xué)們的郵件,要我推薦各種各樣閱讀材料，問我iBT的復(fù)習(xí)資料中Barron,

Longman,Delta等等哪個(gè)更好。我其實(shí)很無奈…因?yàn)楸M管這些機(jī)構(gòu)很大牌，但大牌絲毫都不

意味著文章“質(zhì)量高??（比如你可以想想三鹿奶粉）--說這些機(jī)構(gòu)的文章質(zhì)量不高，并不是說文

字寫得不好，而是說這些文章的句子結(jié)構(gòu),論述方式,出題思路叮ETS的并不一致（有時(shí)候甚

至大相徑庭）：用這樣的材料訓(xùn)練，實(shí)在是事倍功半。

于是，我們實(shí)在應(yīng)該去找找由ETS出的iBT文章來做：（我們能夠找到的I由ETS編纂

的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)iBT文章有）

1.（XT之中的10篇文章2；（其中三篇為TPO2的文章）

2.5次（套）TPCP之中的3*5=15篇文章%

a）2005.11.8真題;（TPO1）

b）2006.8.12真題；（TPO3）

c）2006.10.8真題；（TPO4）

d）（TPO5）

e）（TPO6）

3.早期5報(bào)名之時(shí)ETS贈(zèng)送的3篇在線測(cè)試題

4.ETS官方給出的?？架浖谐槌龅?篇文章；

于是這個(gè)文檔在我的一時(shí)興起之下，出現(xiàn)了：

OG拿在手上，可以一個(gè)個(gè)字的敲成電子版；TPO的所有考試都是在自己的計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)

行，于是可以一邊花錢參加考試，一邊截圖與錄像一再利用截下來的圖片，逐個(gè)的敲下來；

早期的ETS贈(zèng)送的3篇在線測(cè)試題，我也恰好有電子版木；官方的?？架浖晕⒂命c(diǎn)功夫，

就能將文章提取并復(fù)制出來。雖然工作有些繁雜，但總算完成了所有文章的敲打工作。再花

了些時(shí)間，把這29篇文章都做了答案，附在文章的后面。（由于TPO之中有3篇文章與OG中

完全重復(fù)，于是減去3篇,只剩下29篇）

在這29篇由ETS事的文章沒有做完之前,我們實(shí)在不應(yīng)該花時(shí)間在任何其他的題目

之上。我有時(shí)候甚至?xí)?duì)著我的弟兄們高呼：“沒有把這29篇做3遍，你好意思上考場(chǎng)么?

你好意思花錢在任何?本垃圾書上面么？6”

另外，如果你正在準(zhǔn)備iBT-SAT-GRE的作文部分或者寫留學(xué)文書，也應(yīng)該仔細(xì)的琢

磨一下這些文章：經(jīng)過ETS打磨的文章，無一不是精妙絕倫，極具模仿價(jià)值。常常有同學(xué)

拜托我?guī)退ㄋ慞S,也說起自己的句子怎么看都像是小學(xué)生寫的（盡管用上了GRE里

面的單詞），于是會(huì)隨口問我“勇哥，您的寫作能力是怎么訓(xùn)練出來的。"我說，“看唄，看唄:

托福文章看多了，寫作能力自然就提高了?！?/p>

“這ETS的這些文章真的那么好？每當(dāng)聽到這個(gè)問題，我都會(huì)裝做趙本山的樣子來

一句‘誰用誰知道??”文勇

1OfficialGuide官方指南,由ETS提供的iBT考試指南：

2AppliedArtsandFineArts--文屬于ETS范例文章，故題目不全；

3TOEFLPracticeOnline:http:〃/（由ETS提供的，要給44.95美刀一次的真題考試）;

4TIMBERLINEVEGETATION一文已經(jīng)補(bǔ)充上3、4,5、6、7、8,10、11題：

s現(xiàn)在報(bào)名之后，贈(zèng)送的是一套MiniTest,只有1篇文章13道題目；

6大家都知道,我是個(gè)溫和的人；

Introduction

ManystudentssentmeE-mail,askingmetorecommendsomereadingmaterials.Of

assortediBTpreparingmaterials,Barron,Longman,Delta,etc,whichisthebest?Asoftenas

not,Ifeelataloss:doesbrandequaltoquality?Thesebrandedinstitutionsarehighly

publicized;however,theirpassagesandquestionsarenotnecessarilyofquality.Doesthe

brand"Sanlu"meansomethingtoyou?"QUALITYandsafetyarethefoundationsofsocial

harmony,MproclaimpostersattheheadquartersoftheSanluGroup,untilrecentlyoneof

China'sbiggestproducersofmilkpowder.NowweallknowthatSanluScandalhasbeenmore

thananembarrassment.Tosaythatthese“branded”passagesarenotofqualitydoesnot

meantheyarenotstylish,elegantorcarefully-written;infact,Idiscoveredthatthepassage

types,sentencepatterns,arguingmethods,andarrangementofquestionsarenotquite

consistentwith,andsometimesevenwildlydivergentfromthoseofETS.Ireflectthat

practicingwiththesematerialscannotexpectasatisfactoryresult.Atthis,weshouldcollect

ETS'soriginalpassagesandquestions.Suchpassagesavailableinclude:

1.10passagesinOfficialGuide(OG);

2.5setsfromTPO,with3passagesincludedineachset,15passagesintotal;

3.3passagesprovidedbyETStotheapplicantsforatestonlineintheearlytimeofiBT,

4.1passagesextractedfromthesimulatedexamsoftwareprovidedbyETS;

(29passagesintotal)

Then,Icannotresistthetemptationtomakesuchatext:Itypedeveryletterofthe10

passagesinOGintocomputer;IpaiddollarsfortheTPOandcompleteditmyself,filmingthe

screenandcapturingeverypage.ThenItypedallthepassageswiththehelpofvideosand

capturedpictures.The3passagesintheon-linetesthappenedtobeavailabletome;andas

fortheonepassageinthesimulatedexam,thoughwithalittledifficulty,Inevertheless

succeededmakeanelectronictextofit.Ofcourse,Ifinishedallthesequestionsandattached

theanswertoendofthistext.Eventually,thefinal"deluxe"editionofthistext,including29

passagesinaggregate(3passagesinTPOisabstractedfromOG,sotheyareexactlythe

same.Thentaking3from32leaves29passagesatlast.)Iinsistthatbeforecarefully

finishedandstudiedthese29passages,weshouldnotletourselvesdistractedbyanyother

materials.Sometimes,Iyelledtomystudents,onlyajoke,“Ifyouhadnotstudiedthese

passagesandquestions3timesatleast,howcouldyoubebarefacedenoughtositinthe

examroom?Shameonyoutowasteyourmother'smoneybuyingothercostlybooks!”

Inaddition,haveyougotantsinyourpantseverytimeyoumakeastabatwriting?Do

yougoberserkforyourpersonalstatement?IfyouarepreparingfortheiBT,SATGRE,etc,

writing,essays,oryourpersonalstatement,thesepassagescanalsobeofhelp:polishedby

ETS,words,sentence,andstructuresofthesepassagesare“epic..：,andworthimitatingfor

none-nativeEnglishusers.Frequently,friendsaskedmetohelpwiththeirpersonalstatement,

complainingwhywhattheyhadwrittenlookedsonaive,immatureandawkward,even

litteredwiththose"gloriousnoble"GREwords(Actually,thesewordsmadetheirpersonal

statementevenfreak!).Andtheyasked,"Wenyong,mybrother,howyouforgedyour

impressivewritingskills?"Isaid,uRead!Read!Andreadagain!Themoreyouread,the

betteryouwrite.”“AretheseiBTpassagesreallysoamazing?”Iaffectedatoneofacomedian,

“trythem!”

Howgoodcanthesepassagesbe?“Theyaregolden,theyareprecious,theyare

diamonds!0

Yours

Wenyong

iBT黃金29篇［4.0版］-2009.09.08

（歡迎進(jìn)行未刪節(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)載?且不必告訴我你轉(zhuǎn)載到哪里去都是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)壕里面的弟兄啊...）

嘿，哥們兒：

你好：

如果你經(jīng)常下載東西的論壇并不是最新版本的話，我能拜托你幫我更新一下么］

［建議大家下載更新后的版本，拼寫錯(cuò)誤更少,格式更為美觀1

4.0版本更新內(nèi)容

改正了?些排版錯(cuò)誤

同學(xué)們可以在www.liuwenyonR.com提出對(duì)黃金29篇的修改建議，并且進(jìn)行在線做題。

3.9版本更新內(nèi)容

刪除了背景水印

發(fā)布的是word可編輯版本

改正了目錄

改正了一些排版錯(cuò)誤

38版本更新內(nèi)容

TIMBERLINEVEGETATION文補(bǔ)充上3、4、5、6、7、8、10、11題；

本文槽由劉文勇出于個(gè)人興趣制作，由陳睿I

李想I陳洋等同學(xué)協(xié)助制作，該行為并不代表任

何機(jī)構(gòu)；

注意:文章源自ETS,

版權(quán)啥的自然都來自ETS,

這一點(diǎn)毫無疑問，

由于教務(wù)繁忙，

估計(jì)各種錯(cuò)誤是少不了的.

如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤且有空的話，

就拜托你發(fā)郵件告訴我一下吧）

（Mail@）

我會(huì)請(qǐng)你吃東西的）

目錄

1.THEORIGINSOFCETACEANS（來自O(shè)G）7

2.DESERTFORMATION（來自O(shè)G）18

3.EARLYCINEMA（來自O(shè)G）30

4.AGGRESSION（來自O(shè)G）41

5.ARTISANSANDINDUSTRIALIZATION（來自O(shè)G）51

6.SWIMMINGMACHINES（來自O(shè)G）61

7.NINETEENTH-CENTURYPOLITICSINTHEUNITEDSTATES（來自

OG）71

8.THEEXPRESSIONOFEMOTIONS（來自O(shè)G）82

9.GEOLOGYANDLANDSCAPE（來自O(shè)G）100

10.GROUNDWATER（2005.11.8M）（TPO1）Ill

11.THEORIGINSOFTHEATER（2005.11.8真題）（TPO1）119

12.TIMBERLINEVEGETATIONONMOUNTAINS（2005.11.8真題）

（TPO1）127

13.ARCHITECTURE（2006.8.12M?）（TPO3）135

14.DEPLETIONOFTHEOGALLALAAQUIFER（2006.8.12瓢）（TPO3）

143

15.THELONG-TERMSTABILITYOFECOSYSTEMS（2006.8.12真題）

（TPO3）152

16.OPPORTUNISTSANDCOMPETITORS（在線測(cè)試題）160

17.LASCAUXCAVEPAINTINGS（在線測(cè)試題）169

18.ELECTRICITYFROMWIND（在線測(cè)試題）178

19.DEERPOPULATIONSOFTHEPUGETSOUND(2006.10.8真題)

(TPO4)188

20.CAVEARTINEUROPE(2006.10.8真題)(TPO4)197

21.PETROLEUMRESOURCES(2006.10.8真題)(TPO4)206

22.APPLIEDARTSANDFINEARTS(來自O(shè)G)214

23.METEORITEIMPACTANDDINOSAUREXTINCTION(來自ETS官方

給出的?？架浖?220

24.POWERINGTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION(TPO6)229

25.WILLIAMSMITH(TPO6)238

26.INFANTILEAMNESIA(TPO6)248

27.MINERALSANDPLANTS(TPO5)257

28.THEORIGINOFTHEPACIFICISLANDPEOPLE{TPO5)265

29.THECAMBRIANEXPLOSION(TPO5)275

THEORIGINSOFCETACEANS

Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-aremammals.They

breathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlined

bodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukelandblowhole2cannotdisguise

theiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersand

pinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),

itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbutalreadyfullymarine

cetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammaland

aswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,or

transitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.

眾所周知，鯨類動(dòng)物是哺乳動(dòng)物，如鯨魚、鼠海豚和海豚。它們用肺呼吸，而不是蛆，屬于

胎生。鯨類動(dòng)物的身體呈流線型，無后肢，它們身上的尾片和呼吸孔的存在也表明了它們和陸棲

哺乳動(dòng)物之間存在一定聯(lián)系。然而，想知道世上第一只鯨長(zhǎng)什么樣并非易事，不像還原海獺及鰭

足類動(dòng)物(四肢水陸兩用如海豹，海獅，海象)的原貌那么簡(jiǎn)單。一些完全水生的鯨類動(dòng)物雖然

已經(jīng)滅絕，但仍可通過化石來對(duì)它們進(jìn)行考察。陸棲哺乳動(dòng)物和海洋鯨類之間有何聯(lián)系？近期發(fā)

現(xiàn)的化石已經(jīng)可以很清晰地幫助人們了解這個(gè)問題，以及他們之間的過渡關(guān)系。

Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikely

originsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhat

provedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicefusinhonorofthe

countrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfrom

riverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.Theriverthatformedthesedepositswasactually

notfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.

科學(xué)家們通過一些令人振奮的發(fā)現(xiàn)重現(xiàn)了鯨類動(dòng)物兒近真實(shí)的起源。1979年，在巴基斯坦

北部，一個(gè)尋找化石的考察隊(duì)發(fā)掘到了最古老的鯨魚化石。這塊化石被官方命名為Pakicifus,

以紀(jì)念人們發(fā)現(xiàn)它的地方。這塊化石是在一條河的沉積巖中發(fā)現(xiàn)的，這條河有5200萬年的歷史，

離古地中海不遠(yuǎn)

Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofancestorsof

moderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetails

ontheoriginsofcetaceans.Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspace

thatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.

Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.Theskull

alsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,show

expertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammals,

themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallow

waterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthon

land.

Pakicifus包括一個(gè)完整原始動(dòng)物的頭蓋骨,它的主人是現(xiàn)代鯨類的祖先。盡管只是個(gè)頭蓋骨，

但它卻提供了研究原始鯨類動(dòng)物起源的珍貴信息。這個(gè)頭蓋骨和鯨類動(dòng)物的很像，但它的下頜骨

和現(xiàn)代鯨類略有不同，現(xiàn)代鯨類動(dòng)物的下頜骨中含有額外的空間儲(chǔ)存脂肪或者油脂來吸收水下的

聲音。Pakicifus的主人可能會(huì)像陸生哺乳動(dòng)物那樣通過張開的耳朵來探測(cè)聲音。另外，這個(gè)頭蓋

骨沒有呼吸孔，而鯨類動(dòng)物有，這便是鯨類動(dòng)物為了適應(yīng)水生環(huán)境的另一種適應(yīng)性表現(xiàn)。然而，

專家認(rèn)為Pakicifus的其它特征表明它們是已滅絕的食肉哺乳動(dòng)物（中獸科動(dòng)物）和鯨類動(dòng)物的

過渡型。有人認(rèn)為Pakicifus靠吃淺水的魚類為生，未能適應(yīng)在遼闊的大海里生活。它們很有可

能在陸地進(jìn)行生育繁殖。

AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearly

whale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedinthe

Saharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicefus.

Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,

acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoo

smalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswas

undoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.

1989年，在埃及有了另一個(gè)重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。人們?cè)诠诺刂泻埩舻某练e物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了另一類早期鯨

魚Basilosaurus的一些骨骸，這些骨骸如今暴露在撒哈拉大沙漠上。Basilosaurus生活在大約4000

萬年前，比Pakicifus鯨魚晚了1200萬年。盡管發(fā)現(xiàn)的這些骨骼并不完整，但這是專家們第一次

在原始動(dòng)物身上發(fā)現(xiàn)完整的后肢，它有三個(gè)小腳趾作為的足部特征?？蛇@些后肢還太小，遠(yuǎn)無法

支撐50英尺長(zhǎng)的Basilosaurus在陸地行走。因此，Basilosaurus必定是完全水生的鯨魚，它們的

后肢已經(jīng)不起任何作用，或者說已經(jīng)退化

Anevenmoreexcitingfindwasreportedin1994,alsofromPakistan.Thenowextinct

whaleAmbulocetusnatans（"thewalkingwhalethatswam"）livedintheTethysSea49million

yearsago.Itlivedaround3millionyearsafterPakicetusbut9millionbeforeBasilosaurus.

Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrongandendedin

longfeetverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalboth

onlandandatsea.Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajormeansof

locomotioninmoderncetaceans.Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,that

Ambulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,

eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.On

land,whereitprobablybredandgavebirth,Ambulocetusmayhavemovedaroundverymuch

likeamodernsealion.Itwasundoubtedlyawhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeatsea

1994年，巴基斯坦報(bào)道了一個(gè)更令人興奮的發(fā)現(xiàn)。目前已經(jīng)滅絕的鯨魚Ambulocetusnatans

（可以步行的鯨類）4900萬年前曾在古地中海生活過。比Pakicetus晚大約300萬年，比

Basilosaurus早900萬年左右。幸運(yùn)的是，被發(fā)現(xiàn)的Ambulocetusnatans保留著完整的后肢。它

的后肢很強(qiáng)壯，底部有長(zhǎng)足，非常像現(xiàn)在的鰭足類動(dòng)物。這些后肢使得他們既能在陸地行走又能

在海里游行。雖然Ambulocetusnatans保留了尾巴，但它們?nèi)鄙佻F(xiàn)代水生鯨類動(dòng)物用于行動(dòng)的主

要身體部位一一尾片。不過，從Ambulocetus的脊椎結(jié)構(gòu)上可以看出，即使缺少尾片，它們也能

像現(xiàn)代鯨魚那樣通過身體背部的上下擺動(dòng)來游走。大的后肢通常被當(dāng)作是水中前行的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。在

它們可能交配繁殖的陸地上，Ambulocetus行動(dòng)起來非常像現(xiàn)代海獅。毫無疑問，鯨魚是連接著

陸地生命和海洋生命的物種。

Fluke:thetwopartsthatconstitutethelargetriangulartailofawhale

1."Blowhole:aholeinthetopoftheheadusedforbreathing

Paragraph1:Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-are

mammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Their

streamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofafluke3andblowhole4

cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dweHingmamnials.However,unlikcthecasesofsea

ottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonland

andatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbut,already

fullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalking

mammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearly

intermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.

Directions:Markyouranswerbyfillingintheovalnexttoyourchoice.

1.Inparagraph1,whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthepresenceofablowholein

cetaceans?

Oltclenrlyindie-thatcetaceansaremammals.

Oltcannotconcealthefactthatcetaceansaremammals.

Oltisthemaindifferencebetweencetaceansandland-dwellingmammals,

oltcannotyieldcluesabouttheoriginsofcetaceans.

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?

Oltisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike

OThereweregreatnumbersofthem.

oTheylivediniheseaonly.

OTheydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.

Paragraph3:Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupof

ancestorsofmoderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovides

preciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.Theskullisceiacean-likebutitsjawboneslackthe

enlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodern

whales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.The

skullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,

showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eating

mammals,themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishin

shallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgave

birthonland.

3.Thewordpreciousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OExact

oScarce

oValuable

olnitial

4.Pakicetusandtnoderncetaceanshavesimilar

OHearingstruetures

oAdaptationsfordiving（文中確實(shí)提到的概念，但是出現(xiàn)在定位句范圍以外）

OSkullshapes

^Breedinglocations（文中確實(shí)提到的概念，但是出現(xiàn)在定位句范圍以外）

5.Theworditinthepassagerefersto

oPakicetus

oFish

OLife

oocean

Paragraph4:AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsof

anotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnow

exposedintheSaharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyears

afterPakicefus.Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimein

anarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswould

ha\cbeenfarloosmalltohavesupportedihc50-foot-longBasilosuurusonland.

Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,

hindlegs.

6.Thewordexposedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OExplained

□Visible

oidentified

oLocated

7.ThehindlegofBasilosauruswasasignificantfindbecauseitshowedthat

Basilosaurus

oLivedlaterthanAmbulocetusnatans

oLived-IthesametimePakicelus

oWasabletoswimwell

oCouldnothavewalkedonland

8.ItcanbeinferredthatBasilosaurusbredandgavebirthinwhichofthefollowing

locations

oOnland（與原文敘述相反）

OBothonlandandatsea

Olnshitllowwaler

Olnamarineenvironment

Paragraph5:Anevenmoreexcitingfindwasreportedin1994,alsofromPakistan.The

nowextinctwhaleAmbulocetusnatans（"thewalkingwhalethatswam"）livedintheTethys

Sea49millionyearsago.Itlivedaround3millionyearsafterPakicetusbut9millionbefore

Basilosaurus.Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrong

andendedinlongfeelverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainly

functionalbothonlandandatsea.Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajor

meansoflocomotioninmoderncetaceans.Thestructurenfthebackboneshows,however,

thatAmbuloceiusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupand

down,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.

Onland,whereitprobablybredandgavebirth,Ambulocetusmayhavemovedaroundvery

muchlikeamodernsealion.Itwasundoubtedlyawhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeat

sea

9.WhydoestheauthorusethewordluckilyinmentioningthattheAmbulocetusnatans

fossilincludedhindlegs?

OFossillegsofearlywhalesareararefind.

OThelegsprovidedimportantinformationabouttheevolutionofcetaceans.

oThediscoveryallowedscienlislsloreconslruclacompleteskeletonofthewhale.

oUntilthattime,onlythefrontlegsofearlywhaleshadbeendiscovered.

10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessential

information.

OEventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothavea

backbone.

OThebackboneofAmbulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofits

missingfluke.

oAlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke;itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlike

modernwhales.

OBymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswimina

differentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam.

11.Thewordpropulsioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oStayingafloat

OChangingdirection

ODecreasingweight

OMovingforward

Paragraph1:Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.

■Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?HMissing

untilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsand

cetaceans.■Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemost

likelyoriginsofcetaceans.Un1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfound

whatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.

12.Lookatthefoursquares(■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeadded

tothepassage.

Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

OExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Thisisa

questionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Howwasthegapbetweenawalking

mammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?"Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearly

intermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.■Veryexciting

discoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.■

In1979,ateamlookingforfossilinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldest

fossilwhale.

OExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.?How

wasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Thisisaquestion

thathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearly

intermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.■Veryexciting

discoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.■

In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldest

fossilwhale.

OExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.BHow

wasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?■Missinguntil

recentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsand

cetaceans.Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Veryexciting

discoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.

■In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldest

fossilwhale.

OExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.HHow

wasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?-Missinguntil

recentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsand

cetaceans.■Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemost

likelyoriginsofcetaceans.Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.In

1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossil

whale.

13-14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageis

providedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpress

themostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummary

becausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthe

passage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Thispassagediscussesfossilsthathelptoexplainthelikelyoriginsofcetaceanswhales,

porpoises,anddolphins.

AnswerChoices

1.Recentdiscoveriesoffossilshavehelpedtoshowthelinkbetweenlandmammalsand

cetaceans.

2.ThediscoveryofAmbulocetusnatansprovidedevidenceforawhalethatlivedbothon

landandatsea.

3.TheskeletonofBasilosauruswasfoundinwhathadbeentheTethysSea,anarearich

infossilevidence.

4.Pakicetusistheoldestfossilwhaleyettobefound.

5.Fossilsthoughttobetransitionalformsbetweenwalkingmammalsandswimming

whaleswerefound.

6.Ambulocetus*hindlegswereusedforpropulsioninthewater.

參考答案

1.。2

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefound

inparagraph1.Choice2isthebestanswer.Itisessentiallyarephrasingofthestatement

inparagraph1thatblowholescannotdisguisecetaceans,affinitieswithothermammals.

Theotherthreechoicesarerefuted,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,bythatparagraph.

2.ol

ThisisanInferencequestionaskingforinformationthatcanbeinferredfromparagraph

1.Choice1isthebestanswerbecauseparagraph1saysthatseaottersareunlikeearly

mammalswhoseappearancesarenoteasytoimagine.Byinference,then,theearly

appearanceofseaottersmustbeeasy(ornotdifficult)toimagine.

3.03

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisprecious.Itishighlightedinthe

passage.Thecorrectanswerischoice3,"valuable.HAnythingthatispreciousisvery

importantandthereforevaluable.

4.03

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefound

inthepassage.Choice3isthebestanswer.Paragraph3describesthedifferencesand

similaritiesbetweenPakicetusandmoderncetaceans.Sentence3ofthatparagraphstates

thattheirskullsaresimilar.Theotherthreechoicesdescribedifferences,notsimilarities.

5.Ol

ThisisaReferencequestion.ThewordbeingtestedisIt.Thatwordishighlightedinthe

passage.Thisisasimplepronounreferentitem.ChoiceI,''Pakicetus''isthecorrect

answer.ThewordItherereferstoacreaturethatprobablybredandgavebirthonland.

Pakicetusistheonlyoneofthechoicestowhichthiscouldapply.

6.02

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisexposed.Itishighlightedinthe

passage.Thecorrectanswerischoice2,"visible.nExposedmeans"uncovered."Askeleton

thatisuncoveredcanbeseen.Visiblemeans"canbeseen."

7.04

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefound

inthepassage.Choice4isthebestanswerbecauseitistheonlydetailabouttheskeleton

ofBasilosaurusmentionedinparagraph4,meaningthatitissignificant.Choice1istrue,

butitisnotdiscussedinthedetailthatchoice4is,anddoesnotrepresentthe

significanceofthediscovery.Choice3isnotmentioned,andchoice2isnot:me.

8.04

ThisisanInferenceques