英語段落寫作方法與技巧課件

Ⅰ.段落的主題與主題句II.段落的擴(kuò)展III.段落的結(jié)尾

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TheStructureofaParagraphⅠ.段落的主題與主題句II.段落的擴(kuò)展III.段落的結(jié)1Ⅰ.段落的主題與主題句1. 段落的主題2. 段落的主題句Back

ParagraphⅠ.段落的主題與主題句1. 段落的主題2. 段落的主題句Ba21.段落的主題

通常一篇文章只有一個中心思想，這個中心思想可以分為幾個主題，每個主題由一個段落來完成。 段落的組成通常包含三個要素：主題句(topicsentence)、擴(kuò)展句(supportingsentence)和結(jié)尾句(concludingsentence)。BackParagraphⅠ.段落的主題與主題句1.段落的主題 通常一篇文章只有一個中3

一個段落只表達(dá)一個主題思想（主題句）,一個段落內(nèi)的其它句子（擴(kuò)展句）必須從屬于這一思想，一個段落通常還有一個結(jié)尾局與主題句相呼應(yīng)，這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(TheUnityofaParagraph)。不同的主題思想應(yīng)放在不同的段落中表達(dá)，否則容易枝杈橫生，使人不得要領(lǐng)。

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Back一個段落只表達(dá)一個主題思4例如：主題句：Beijingisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itslargepopulation,anditsrapidindustrialdevelopment.

該主題句有三個不同的觀點(diǎn)揉在一起，如果作為一個段落的主題句則不符合要求，該主題句可分解為三個主題句，由三個段落分別來完成。Paragraph

Back例如：該主題句有三個不同的觀5請看下面的段落有什么問題：

MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCA（Youngmen’sChristianAssociation基督教青年會）foranexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframe（身軀）again.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby(早產(chǎn)兒）.Paragraph

Back請看下面的段落有什么問題：

MynameisRos6

本段的主題句是“Iliketokeepphysicallyfit”，段中所有的句子應(yīng)圍繞這一主題。但段中有兩個irrelevantsentences，一個是Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek，另一個是Mymotherwasapremature

baby.

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Back本段的主題句是“Iliketokeep7

主題句是一個段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含兩個基本內(nèi)容：1）本段要討論的中心人物或事物——即主題詞；2）作者對這個中心人物或事物的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或見解——即擴(kuò)展范圍或關(guān)鍵詞。 主題句既不能過于概括，也不能過于具體。主題句過于概括（即過于籠統(tǒng)或題目太大），很難用幾句話說清楚，通常會因?yàn)榈貌坏綉?yīng)有的充實(shí)而顯得空泛無力，從而造成不能有效地表達(dá)主題思想。主題句過于具體（即缺乏概括性的觀點(diǎn)），則無法展開段落，作者的思想就沒有發(fā)揮的余地，容易造成對一個意思的重復(fù)描述。Paragraph

2.段落的主題句Back 主題句是一個段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含兩個基本內(nèi)容：8

例如主題句：“Americanfoodisterrible”和“Pollutionisaseriousproblem”就過于概括；而主題句：“HespeaksEnglish”和“Iboughtacarlastweek”就過于具體。

主題句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主題句放在句首是一種好的寫作方法，可以時(shí)刻提醒作者不要跑題，而且便于讀者閱讀理解。主題句放在句中，對段落的組織較困難，一般用在記敘和描述文體中。主題句放在句尾通常是段落的開始列舉事例或事實(shí)，最后總結(jié)歸納，引出段落的主題思想。有時(shí)作者為強(qiáng)調(diào)起見，在段落的開頭點(diǎn)明了主題，結(jié)尾又會重復(fù)主題，不過不是簡單的重復(fù)，而是在意思上與開頭相呼應(yīng)，或者對段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

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Back 例如主題句：“Americanfood9

其次，一個段落必須有若干擴(kuò)展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從而給讀者一個完整的感覺，這就是段落的完整性(TheIntegrityofaParagraph)

。擴(kuò)展句和主題句之間，一要形成意義的相關(guān)性——即所有的擴(kuò)展句都必須是主題句的延伸或證明，對主題句起支持的作用；二要具有邏輯的合理性——即句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢，這就是段落的連貫性(TheCoherenceofaParagraph)。Paragraph

BackII.段落的擴(kuò)展

其次，一個段落必須有若干擴(kuò)展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從10

在一個段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且邏輯順序排列正確，但是如果缺乏句與句之間的恰當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡，整個段落的連貫性仍會受到影響。一般使用合適的過渡詞語來加強(qiáng)句與句之間的銜接或連貫。一個段落通常由“啟”、“承”、“轉(zhuǎn)”、“合”這樣的一些環(huán)節(jié)構(gòu)成，也就是說要正確使用啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合的詞或詞組，這樣的段落才會既有統(tǒng)一性、完整性，又有連貫性。下面是一些常用的“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”過渡詞語：Paragraph

Back 在一個段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并111.“啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個擴(kuò)展句atfirst首先atpresent當(dāng)今currently最近；現(xiàn)在first首先；第一

firstly首先firstofall首先generally一般說來generallyspeaking一般說來inthebeginning首先inthefirstplace首先Paragraph

Back1.“啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個擴(kuò)展句at121.“啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個擴(kuò)展句Paragraph

itisclearthat…顯然itisself-evidentthat…不言而喻lately最近presently此刻；現(xiàn)在recently最近thereissomeevidencethat…現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明thereisnodoubtthat…毫無疑問tobeginwith…首先tostartwith…首先Back1.“啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個擴(kuò)展句Pa132.“承”即承接，用來承接主題句或第一個擴(kuò)展句also又；并且asamatteroffact事實(shí)上atthesametime同時(shí)besides另外；此外certainly必然地；肯定地consequently結(jié)果；因此especially特別是forexample例如forinstance例如fromnowon從此furthermore此外；而且inaddition此外inadditionto…除……之外ineffect事實(shí)上infact事實(shí)上inotherwords換言之inparticular特別是inthesameway同樣地indeed確實(shí)likewise同樣地Paragraph

Back2.“承”即承接，用來承接主題句或第一個擴(kuò)展句also14moreover此外；而且morethanthat再者；更重要的是nodoubt無疑or即；也就是說namely即；也就是說particularly特別是second第二secondly第二similarly同樣地so所以soon不久suchas例如Paragraph

Backmoreover15Paragraph

take…forexample以……為例thatis,…即；也就是說thatistosay,…即；也就是說therearemanyreasonswhy………的原因有許多third第三thirdly第三themostimportant再者；更重要的是truly事實(shí)上；其實(shí)是what’smore再者；更重要的是what’smoreimportant再者；更重要的是BackParagraphtake…forexample16although雖然asopposedto與……相反but但是conversely相反地despite盡管fortunately幸運(yùn)地however無論如何；然而inoppositionto與……相反inotherwords換言之inspiteof盡管insteadof相反luckily幸運(yùn)地3.“轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折Paragraph

Backalthough173.“轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折Paragraph

nevertheless然而；不過onthecontrary相反地ontheotherhand另一方面otherwise不同樣地unfortunately不幸地unlike不同于regardlessof不管；不顧thedifferencesareasfollows區(qū)別如下whereas然而while然而；另一方面yet然而；但是Back3.“轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折Paragraph18accordingly于是tosumup總之a(chǎn)saconsequence因此asaresult結(jié)果atlast最后atlength最后briefly簡言之consequently因此finally最后hence因此inall總之inaword簡言之inbrief

簡言之inconclusion

最后；總之

4.“合”即合攏，總結(jié)，表示段落的結(jié)束Paragraph

Backaccordingly19Paragraph

inconsequence結(jié)果inshort簡言之insum總之insummary總之last最后一點(diǎn)lastly最后一點(diǎn)inthelastplace最后shortly簡言之so因此therefore因此thus因此tosumup總之tosummarize總之BackParagraphinconsequence20例如：

Manystudentshavedifficultytakingtest.Asaresult,theygetpoorgradesontheirquizzes.Theymust,therefore,workharderinclasstocommunicatetheirunderstandingofthecourse.Inaddition,theyusuallydevotegreatperiodsoftimetowritingassignmentsinthehopethattheseassignmentswillraisetheiraverages.Finally,manyoffertodoextraassignmentsduringvocationsinanefforttoraisetheirgrades.Theeffectsofdoingpoorlyonevenonequizcanbestressfultomoststudents.

在本段落中，作者使用了一系列的合適的過渡詞語使得文章銜接自然、字句通順、內(nèi)容連貫。Paragraph

Back例如：ParagraphBack21

結(jié)尾句通常是對段落的歸納總結(jié)和概括，也可以是對主題加以評論。在論述性較強(qiáng)的議論文體中，一般都有結(jié)尾句。例如：1)Forthepasttenyears,trafficjamsinBeijinghavebeenmoreandmoreserious.(2)Therearemanyreasonsbutingeneraltheycomedowntothreemaincauses.(3)First,withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomyinBeijing,toomanytransportationtoolsarebroughtintouse,especiallytaxisandprivatecarswhichcountforaremarkablenumberoftrafficjams.

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III.段落的結(jié)尾Back結(jié)尾句通常是對段落的歸納總結(jié)和概括，也可以是22(4)Next,thetrafficsysteminBeijingwasestablishedmainlyinthe1940’s.theroadsarestillnarrowthattheycannotbearsuchheavytraffic.(5)ThefinalreasonisthatthepopulationofBeijinghasbeenincreasingsofastthattherearemanypedestriansonthestreets.(6)Fromtheforegoing,itisclearthatthetrafficsysteminBeijingmustbere-establishedassoonaspossible.分析上面段落，我們可以看出：(1)是引入句，（2）是主題句，（3）（4）（5）是擴(kuò)展句，（6）是結(jié)尾句。

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Back(4)Next,thetrafficsystemin23Online

shoppingAdvantages:1.It

is

convenient

to

shop

without

going

out.2.Customers

have

a

variety

of

choices

and

can

easily

decide

on

best

buys.3.The

price

of

online

goods

are

usually

much

cheaper

than

those

in

stores.OnlineshoppingAdvantages:24DisadvantagesPeople

cannot

try

on

the

clothes

so

they

usually

return

the

goods

because

of

size.In

some

cases,

the

quality

of

online

goods

is

poorer

compared

with

those

in

stores.It

is

unsafe

for

some

people

to

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online

bank

account.Disadvantages25方法2.過程法(Process)1.時(shí)空順序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)3.舉例和歸納法(Example

&

Generalization)4.比較對照法(Comparison&Contrast)6.分類法(Classification)

5.因果分析法(Cause

and

Effect)

段落的展開，有很多方法和模式，下面介紹最常用的幾種：Paragraph

7.定義法(Definition)8.結(jié)合幾種方式(Combination)

方法2.過程法1.時(shí)空順序法3.舉例和歸納法4.比較對照261.時(shí)空順序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)——Todescribeaseriesofactionsorasituationaccordingtothetimeorspacesequence

時(shí)空順序法是按照事物本身的時(shí)間或空間的排列順序，通過對一些特有過渡連接詞的使用，有層次、分步驟地表達(dá)主題的一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義。

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Back1.時(shí)空順序法(TimeandSpaceSequen27例如：

YesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong.First,Ididn'thearmyalarmclockandarrivedlateforwork.Then,Ididn'treadmydiaryproperlyandforgottogettoanimportantmeetingwithmyboss.Duringthecoffeebreak,Idroppedmycoffeecupandspoiltmynewskirt.Atlunchtime,Ileftmypurseonabusandlostallthemoneythatwasinit.Afterlunch,mybosswasangrybecauseIhadn'tgonetothemeeting.ThenIdidn'tnoticeasignonadoorthatsaid"WetPaint"andsoIspoiltmyjackettoo.WhenIgothomeIcouldn'tgetintomyflatbecauseIhadleftmykeyinmyoffice.SoIbrokeawindowtogetinandcutmyhand.

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Back例如：ParagraphBack28

本段采用的是時(shí)間順序法，根據(jù)本段主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組everythingIdidwentwrong，作者按時(shí)間順序列舉了他所做的8件錯事，分別由first,then,duringthecoffeebreak,afterlunch等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、內(nèi)容連貫。

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Back本段采用的是時(shí)間順序法，根據(jù)本段主題句中的關(guān)29

再看一例：

Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow,shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone.Sheimmediatelycalledthepolicestation.Inanswertothecall,apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly.Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflatatonce,andothersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping.

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Back再看一例：ParagraphB30

本段是按照事物發(fā)展的空間和先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報(bào)警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場的過程。作者采用了許多表示空間位置的詞匯，如：Intheflatopposite,outside,lookoutthroughthewindow等等，使讀者仿佛身臨其境。

常用于時(shí)間順序法段落的過渡連接詞有：first,atthebeginning,tostartwith,afterthat,later,then,afterwards,intheend,finally等可以表示時(shí)間先后的詞匯。

常用于空間順序法段落的過渡連接詞有：fromhere,inside,outof,infrontof,behind,atthebackof,nextto,beside,on,over,above,under,beneath,beyond,ontheright/left-handside,onthecorner,ontheoppositesideof,between等可以表示空間位置的詞匯。

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Back本段是按照事物發(fā)展的空間和先后順序，敘述從31Homework:

MyDormitoryisaLarge,SpaciousandComfortableRoomwithFourBeds參考范文：

Mydormitoryisalarge,spaciousandcomfortableroomwithfourbeds.Asyouwalkintotheroom,youarefacedwithalargewindowonthesouthernsideoftheroom.Belowthewindowisalargedeskonwhichthereisaclock,atelephoneandacomputer.Aroundthedeskarefourchairsforustositonduringourstudy.Thefourbedsarelocatedinthefourcornersoftheroom.Betweenthetwobedsontheeastsideoftheroomisalargewardrobeforhangingclothesandstoringbedding.Oppositeto

itisalargebookcasewithneatlyarrangedbooks.

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BackHomework:MyDormitoryisaL323.舉例法(Exemplification)——Ageneralstatementsupportedbysomeexamples

作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。

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Back3.舉例法(Exemplification)——Agene33

我們來看看下面這個用舉例法展開的段落：

Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.

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Back我們來看看下面這個用舉例法展開的段落：

34

本段采用了三個事例來說明主題句，分別由連接詞forexample,foranotherexample和besides引出，最后由Inshort引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。

常用于舉例法段落的句型、句式和詞語有：Forexample/instance,Therearemanyexamplestoshowthat…Thiscanbeillustrated/shownbythefollowingexamples/instances.Oneexampleis….Anotherexampleis…Anexampleofthisis/involves…

運(yùn)用舉例法展開段落的寫作模式如下：Topicsentence——oneormoreexamples——Concludingsentence.

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Back本段采用了三個事例來說明主題句，分別由連接詞f35Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful

參考范文：

Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Ihavegotabetterunderstandingofthiswithmyownexperience.Yesterdaymorning,Iwenttothebookstoretobuysomebooks.WhenIgotthere,Isawaforeignladytalkingtoasalesgirl.Butthesalesgirlcouldnotunderstandwhatshewassaying.Iwentuptothem.ShetoldmesheneededapocketEnglish-Chinesedictionary.SoItoldthesalesgirlwhattheforeignerwantedtobuy.Inamomenttheforeignladygotthedictionaryandshewasveryhappy.Bothsheandthesalesgirlthankedmealot.

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BackHomework:KnowingAforeignL36Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful

參考范文：

Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Firstly,ifyouknowaforeignlanguageyoucancommunicatewithit'snativespeakersthusenablingyoutomakealotmorefriends.Secondly,itwillhelpyoutoknowaboutanothercultureandopenyourmindtonewwasofseeingthings.Thirdly,itmayofferyoumorechancestofindagoodjobinajointventureenterprise

oranforeign-fundedenterprise.So,knowingaforeignlanguageisveryimportant,wecollegestudentsmustworkhardtomasteraforeignlanguage.

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BackHomework:KnowingAforeignL374.比較對照法(Comparison&Contrast)—Compare

thesimilaritiesanddifferencbetweentwopersonsorthings

比較和對照都是通過把兩個事物放在一起相比來展開段落、說明問題。比較著重于相比事物的相同點(diǎn)和相似處。對照則著重于相比事物的不同點(diǎn)甚至是相反的方面。兩種方法既可單獨(dú)使用，也可根據(jù)需要一起使用。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種：

第一種結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為塊式結(jié)構(gòu)，假如比較的事物為A和B，文章首先把有關(guān)事物A的全部要討論的內(nèi)容討論完，再轉(zhuǎn)入B事物。

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Back4.比較對照法(Comparison&Contrast38例如：

ProfessorWright,whoteachesEnglishpoetry,isaboutforty.Hehasaneasy-goingpersonality.Heislivelyandfriendly.Hemixesmorewiththestudents.However,hedoesn’tworkhard.ProfessorHunter,ontheotherhand,isalsoaboutforty.Heteachesmanagement.Hehasadignifiedpersonalityandisalwaysserious-looking.Ineverseehimsmile.Thereisalwaysasorelookonhisfacewhenastudentislateorwhenastudentmakesamistake.Butheworkslikeabeaver.

本段為塊式結(jié)構(gòu)，先集中敘述了Prof.Wright的特點(diǎn)，再敘述Prof.Hunter的特點(diǎn)與之相對照。

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（可參見《新視野大學(xué)英語》第一冊183頁的SampleParagraph和第二冊247頁的SampleParagraph）例如：本段為塊式結(jié)構(gòu)，先集中敘述了Prof.39

第二種結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為點(diǎn)式結(jié)構(gòu)，即首先就事物A和事物B的要比較的內(nèi)容的第一方面進(jìn)行比較或?qū)φ?，然后再比較或?qū)φ誂和B的第二個方面。

例如：

(1)Ifmychoicewererestrictedbetweendoingscienceandgoingintobusiness,theformerwouldholdmoreattractionforme.(2)Foronething,abusinessmanhastowastehisprecioustimebeatingonebargainafteranotherwithhiscounterparts.(3)Bycontrast,ascientistcanalwaysspendhisvaluabletimeattackingoneprofoundproblemafteranotherinscience.(4)Foranother,abusinessman,onceinvolvedinadirtyorillegaldeal,tendstoplacehimselfontheroadtocrime.

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Back第二種結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為點(diǎn)式結(jié)構(gòu)，即首先就事物A40(5)Incontrasttothat,ascientist,onceinvolvedinapotentialorlandmarkresearch,ismorelikelytoputhimselfonthewaytosuccess.(6)Andthemoststrikingdifferencebetweenbothliesintheircontributionstosociety.(7)Whatabusinessmanhasachievedmaybeofmuchprofittohisfirmorhiscircleswhilewhatascientisthasfulfilledwillbeofgreatbenefittohisfieldorthewholehumansociety.8)Fromthecomparisonsandcontrastsabove,therefore,anyonecanconcludethatmypreferencefordoingscienceismorereasonableandmoreacceptable.

本段為點(diǎn)式結(jié)構(gòu)。段中（1）為主題句，（2）、（4）、（6）為A事物的三個方面，（3）、（5）、（7）則為與之相對照的B事物的三個方面，（8）為結(jié)尾句。

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Back(5)Incontrasttothat,asci41常用于比較法段落的過渡連接詞有：Therearesome/many/afewsimilaritiesbetween…BothAandBare…AandBseemtohavemuchincommon.AandBseemtohavesomefeaturesincommon.AissimilartoBin…AhassomethingincommonwithB.

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BackParagraphBack42AandBsharesimilar…AsharessomecommonfeatureswithB.AislikeBin…AisthesameasBin…Both,too,comparewith,similarly,likewise,also,incomparison,justlike,justas,also,both…and,similarto

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BackAandBsharesimilar…Para43常用于對照法段落的過渡連接詞有：Therearesome/many/afewdifferencesbetween…AisdifferentfromBin…AdiffersfromBin…Ahasnothing(little)incommonwithB.ThedifferencebetweenAandBliesin…ComparedwithA,B…Unlike,onthecontrary,incontrast,ontheotherhand,while,whereas,however,although

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Back常用于對照法段落的過渡連接詞有：Paragraph44Homework:TheSimilaritiesandDifferencesBetweentheComputerandtheHumanBrainBaseyourwritingonthesimilaritiesordifferencesgiven:Similarities:Bothcanreadandfollowinstructions;performcomplexmathematicalcomputations;translatelanguages.Differences:Thebraincanmakevaluejudgments;thecomputercan’t.Thebraincanrespondtoemotions;thecomputercan’t.Thebraincanfunctionindependently;thecomputerdependsonhumanbeings

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BackHomework:TheSimilaritiesand45參考范文：Thecomputerandthehumanbrainarebothsimilaranddifferent.First,boththecomputerandthehumanbraincanreadandfollowinstructions;bothofthemcanperformcomplexmathematicalcomputations;andeven,bothcantranslatelanguages.Ontheotherhand,thecomputerandthehumanbraindifferinseveralways:Thebraincanmakevaluejudgments;butthecomputercan’t.Whilethebraincanrespondtoemotions;thecomputerhasnoemotionatall.Thebraincanfunctionindependently;butthecomputercannotworkwithouthumanbeings’programandinstruction.

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Back參考范文：ParagraphBack465.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)——Toanalyzethe

causesofsthortheeffectsofsth

因果分析法是通過分析事物的因果關(guān)系來展開段落。我們可以先提出某種現(xiàn)象，然后分析導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象的原因，這就是一果多因（例1）；也可以先給出原因，然后再說明原因?qū)е碌慕Y(jié)果，這就是一因多果（例2）。運(yùn)用因果分析法展開段落最好把主題句放在句首，即一果或一因放在開頭。

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Back5.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)——To47

例1:

(1)Nowthere’salargegapbetweenrichandpoorinChina.(2)Thecauseliesinthreeaspects.(3)Firstthegapistheresultoftheeconomicreform.(4)Somebecomemillionairesbyworkinghardandseizingtheopportunities.(5)Meanwhiletheslowdevelopmentinagricultureandtheclosedownofmanystate-ownedenterpriseshinderthefarmersandworkersfromgreatlyraisingtheirlivingstandards.(6)Second,thecurrentdistributionofincomeisnotscientificenough,thuswideningtheincomedifference.(7)Third,whilemostmakemoneyhonestly,therearesomedishonestbusinessmenandgovernmentagentswhohaveaccumulatedlargefortunesthroughillegalways.

（一果多因）此段中，（1）是引導(dǎo)句，（2）是主題句，（3）、（6）、（7）是擴(kuò)展句，（4）、（5）句是（3）句的二級擴(kuò)展句。

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Back例1:Paragraph48例2：(1)WheneverweturnonTV,wewillseeadvertisements.(2)Advertisementsareoneofthemostfrustratingpartsofwatchingtelevision.(3)Inthefirstplace,theadvertisementswastetime.(4)Forinstance,inordertoseea90-minutemovie,wehavetospendanother20to30moreminuteswatchingadvertisements.(5)Inthesecondplace,theadvertisementsinterrupttheviewers.(6)Forexample,theviewersmayforgettheplotofashowduringtheadvertisements.(7)Inthethirdplace,theymakepeopleunderconstanteconomicpressure.(8)Theadsmakemanyproductslookmoreattractivethantheyreallyare.(9)Theyalwaysmakepeoplespendmorethantheycanafford.(10)SinceadscouldnotdisappearfromTVscreen,thetelevisionviewersmustbeawareandcriticaloftheadvertisementsinordertoendurethem.（一因多果）此段中，（1）是引導(dǎo)句，（2）是主題句，（3）、（5）、（7）是擴(kuò)展句，（4）、（6）、（8）、（9）分別是（3）、（5）、（7）句的二級擴(kuò)展句，（10）是結(jié)尾句。

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Back例2：(1)WheneverweturnonTV49

試分析上述段落的展開方式和因果關(guān)系。因和果是相對而言的，有時(shí)一個原因?qū)е碌慕Y(jié)果又會成為導(dǎo)致另一種結(jié)果的原因，從而形成一系列的因果關(guān)系。請看下例：

Asthepriceofeverythingincreases,workersdemandhigherwagestokeepupwithrisingcosts.Thiscanproducesfurtherincreasesinpricesoradecreaseddemandformanufacturedgoods,orboth.Sinceproductiontriestokeeppacewithdemand,decreaseddemandisfollowedbydecreasedproduction.This,inturn,canleadtolayoffs(下崗)

andunemployment,whichfurtherthedemandforgoods.

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Back試分析上述段落的展開方式和因果關(guān)系。50上面三段的展開模式為：

模式1Cause——Effect1——Effect 2,…ConcludingSentence模式2Effect——Cause1——Cause2,…Concluding Sentence模式3Cause1——Effect1（Cause2）——Effect2 (Cause3)——Effect3…ConcludingSentence

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Back上面三段的展開模式為：模式1Cause——Effect51常用于因果分析法段落闡述原因的句型和詞語有：Theexplanationisthat…Thereareseveralreasonswhy/for…Thecauseof…is…Thereasonsfor…are……istheresultof……iscausedby/dueto/becauseof…because,since,nowthat,becauseof,asaresultof,onaccountof,forthisreason,owingto,dueto,for,as,thanksto,resultfrom

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Back常用于因果分析法段落闡述原因的句型和詞語有：Theexpl52常用于因果分析法段落闡述結(jié)果的句型和詞語有：Theresult/effect/consequenceof…is……willresultin…Therefore,…Asaresult(of),…Leadto,resultin,contributeto,sothat,thus,hence,consequently,so,accordingly,inviewof…

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Back常用于因果分析法段落闡述結(jié)果的句型和詞語有：Theresu53Homework:

SmokingResultsinaSeriesofNegativeEffects參考范文：

Smokingresultsinaseriesofnegativeeffects.Tobeginwith,ithasbeenprovedthatpoisonousnicotinecontainedincigarettescanreduceyourfitness.Andwhatisworse,itcanevencauselungcancerifyousmokeconstantly.Thatiswhysuchwarningas“smokingisharmfultoyourhealth”mustbeprintedonthecoverofthecigarettecaseinwesterncountries.Furthermore,passivesmokingoccursinyourfamilymembersandotherpeopleasaresultofyoursmokingathomeorinpublicplaces.Consequently,theirhealthwillbeunfavorablyinfluenced.點(diǎn)擊繼續(xù)

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BackHomework:

SmokingResultsin54Inaddition,smokingaddstoyourfinancialdifficultyifyouhappentobeshortofmoney.Evenifyouarerich,youareencouragedtospendyourmoneyonvaluablebooks,nutritiousfood,highqualityTVsets,etc.,notonmeaninglesssmoking.Therefore,givingupsmo