主謂一致的幾個(gè)原則

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：主謂一致的幾個(gè)原則主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來不外乎三種一致原則，即語(yǔ)法形式一致，概念一致(語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致)，毗鄰一致(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語(yǔ)一致)。語(yǔ)法形式一致單數(shù)主語(yǔ)、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及句子作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)，用and或both???and連接的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Theperformancewasveryfunny.Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.Whetherwe'llgodependsontheweather.Manynaturalmaterialsarebecomingscarce.BothyouandIarestudents.WhatIthinkandwhatIseekhavebeenfairlyreflectedinmypaper.注1：在what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中，如果主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Whatwehavetolearnarethepiecesoflanguagethatproduceinversion.注2：修飾語(yǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)的數(shù)不起影響。例如：Theperformanceofthefirstthreeclownswasveryfunny.由aswellas,with,alongwith,like,togetherwith,ratherthan,except,but,including,accompaniedby,plus,besides,inadditionto,nolessthan等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語(yǔ)后面，不能看作是并列主語(yǔ)，該主語(yǔ)不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語(yǔ)的影響，主語(yǔ)如是單數(shù)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如：Mymother,aswellasmyfather,hasakeytotheoffice.ThemantogetherwithhiswifeandchildrensitstherewatchingTV.Hissisternolessthanyouiswrong.Thereadingcoursebook,plusitsreferencebooks,ishelpfultocollegestudents.注：有時(shí)在with結(jié)構(gòu)里，加上both之后，with就具有and含義。例如：GrandpaWangwithhisson,bothlookingveryhappy,aretakingawalkinthepark.有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們?cè)诰渥又凶髦髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either,neither,each,one,theother,another,somebody,someone,something,anyone,anything,anybody,everyone,everything,everybody,noone,nothing,nobody等。例如：Neitherlikesthefriendsoftheother.(兩人都不喜歡對(duì)方的朋友。)Everythingaroundusismatter.(我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。)在neitherof與eitherof的結(jié)構(gòu)里，一般語(yǔ)法書都認(rèn)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但在美國(guó)的TOEFL考試內(nèi)要求用單數(shù)形式。例如：Neitherofthemwasingoodhealth,butbothworkedveryhard.Haseitherofthembeenseenrecently?當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Thebreadandbutterisservedforbreakfast.(早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。)Thebreadandthebutterareonsale.(正在出售黃油和面包。)當(dāng)oneof,aportionof,aseriesof,aspeciesof,achainof結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：Oneofthosestudentshaspassedtheexamination.Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelaboratoryuse.formof,typeof,kindof結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)視form,type與kind的單復(fù)數(shù)而定.these/thosekind/typeof后是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Thekindofbooksanauthorwritesdependsonthekindofmanwhoheis.Somenewtypesofcarsarenowonshow.Thesekindofrecordersaregood.由oneandahalf+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。Oneandahalfapplesisleftontheplate.由themajorityof+名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。例如:Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.Themajorityofcriminalsarenon-violent.plentyof,halfof,alotof,lotsof,heapsof,loadsof,scadsof等+可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：Halfofthisbuildingistobecompletedbyspring.Halfofthebuildingshavebeenpaintedcompletely.Thereisplentyofwaterinthepail.Thereareplentyofeggsinthebox.Thereisloadsofmilkonthefarm.Thereareloadsofbigredapplesontheground.注：當(dāng)名詞前有其他量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式通常取決于量詞。例如：Rowuponrowofsoldiersismarchingtowardsusonthefield.Abodyofvolunteershasbeenorganizedtoaidthehelplessintheirstruggleforsurvival.由allof,mostof,alotof,someof,noneof,plentyof,therest等+名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)形式應(yīng)與名詞一致。例如：1)Noneofthebookssatisfythestudents.2)Noneofthismeatisfittoeat.Alloftheresearchworkwasdesignedbythechiefengineer.Allofthestudentsareagainsttheplanforanoutingatthistimeoftheterm.由morethanone(或morethanone+單數(shù)名詞)，manya+單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：Morethanonestudenthaspassedtheexamination.Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.注：如果morethan后面是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Morethantwohundredstudentshaveattendedthelecture.quantityof+不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;quantitiesof+可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Greatquantitiesofmilkareneededinthiscity.Thereisalargequantityofmilk.如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Overthree-quartersoftheswamplandhasbeenreclaimed.Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如：Heisoneofthemenwhowerechosentorepresentthegroup.“Keepcool”isthefirstoftherulesthataretoberememberedinanaccident.注：當(dāng)one之前有theonly等限定詞修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.概念一致(語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致)有些集合名詞如crowd,family,team,orchestra(管弦樂隊(duì))，group,government,committee,class,school,union,firm,staff,public等，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們作為一個(gè)集體單位時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，如就其中的各個(gè)成員來說，則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.Hisfamilyareverywell.Thepublicis/arerequestednottoleavelitterinthepark.注：如這類詞后跟有定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也遵循概念一致的原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用who;強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用which。例如：1)Thegovernmentwhowereresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.2)Thegovernmentwhichwasresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.有些表示總稱意義的名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people,police,militia,cattle,poultry(家禽)等。例如：Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.Thepolicearesearchingforatalldarkmanwithabeard.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news,means,works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如economics,physics,mechanics,politics等，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：Politicsisacomplicatedbusiness.Hereisthenews.用and連接的單數(shù)主語(yǔ)，前面有each,every,manya,no等修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)與each連用時(shí)，應(yīng)不受each的影響，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:Eachpenandeachpaperisfoundinitsplace.Everyboyandgirlistreatedinthesameway.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenit.Theoldworkersandtheyoungeachhavetheirowntools.表示重量、度量、衡量、價(jià)值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如：Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.Threepintsisn'tenoughtogetmedrunk.國(guó)家、單位和書報(bào)的名稱，作為一個(gè)單一的概念，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：War