選礦學基本概念(雙語版)

OutlineIntroduction：Concepts,

Methods,

Terms

and

DevelopmentProperties

of

mineral：Physical,

Surface

chemical

and

MineralogyM釩in及er釩al化Proc合es物singComminution：Crushing,

Grinding,

Screening

and

ClassificationPhysical

Methods：Gravity

concentration,

Magnetic

andelectrical

separationFroth

flotation：Principle

and

processProduction

Handling：Dewatering

and

DryingIntroduction

on

Mineral

ProcessingMinerals

and

OresMineral

Processing

MethodBasic

FlowsheetTerms

and

IndexDevelopmentChapter

11.1

Minerals

and

OresMineralsBy

definition,

minerals

are

natural

inorganic

substancepossessing

definite

chemical

compositions

and

atomic

struc礦物是指由地質作用所形成的結晶態(tài)的天然化合物或單質，他們具有均勻且相對固定的化學成分和確定的晶體結構；它

們在一定的物理化學條件范圍內(nèi)穩(wěn)定，是組成巖石和礦石的基本單元。1.1

Minerals

and

OresSpeciesAccording

to

crystal

chemistry

scheme,

minerals

are

classito

the

following

five

broad

headings.Native:

Au,

Ag,

Cu,

C,

etc.Sulphide:

Pbs,

ZnS,

CuFeS2,

FeS2,

etc.Oxide

and

hydroxide:

Fe3O4,

MnO2,Minerals2TiO

...4

3

4

4

4((4)

Oxysalt:

SiO

,

CO

,

SO

,

PO

,

WO

,

etc.(5)

Halide:

NaCl,

KCl,

HgCl,

etc.crystal

chemistry晶體化學，結晶化學broad

heading大類hydroxide氫氧化物1.1

Minerals

and

OresMineral

NameFormula磁鐵礦magnetiteFe3O4赤鐵礦hematiteFe2O3黃銅礦chalcopyriteCuFeS2輝銅礦chalcociteCu2S孔雀石malachiteCuCO3

Cu(OH)2針硫鎳礦milleriteNiS方鉛礦galenaPbS閃鋅礦sphaleriteZnS菱鋅礦smithsoniteZnCO3鋁土礦bauxiteAl2O3

H2O黃鐵礦pyriteFeS2Table

1.

Some

main

metallic

ore

minerals1.1

Minerals

and

OresOre

NameFormula方解石螢石calcitefluoriteCaCO3CaF2重晶石baryteBaSO4毒重石witheriteBaCO3磷灰石apatiteCa5F(PO4)3白云石dolomite(Ca,Mg)CO3石膏gypsumCaSO4

2H2O蛇紋石serpentineMg3Si2O5(OH)4滑石talcMg3Si4O10(OH)2高嶺土白云母kaolinmuscoviteH4

Al2O3

2SiO3H2KAl3(SiO4)3正長石orthoclaseKAlSi3O8Table

2.

Some

common

non-metallic

ores1.1

Minerals

and

Oreschalcopyritechalcopyrite(left)

and

galena(right)pyritemalachitemagnetitehematite1.1

Minerals

and

Oresquartzcalcitefluorite1.1

Minerals

and

OresRocksRocks

refer

to

natural

solid

mixtures

of

one

or

multipleminerals

and

mineraloids.巖石是天然產(chǎn)出的由一種或多種礦物或類似礦物（包括火山玻璃、生物遺骸、膠體）組成的固體集合體。根據(jù)其主要礦物種類的多少，一般分為單礦巖(monomineralogic

rock

)，如石英巖、輝石巖、斜長巖等；以及多礦巖(polymineralogic

rock

)，如花崗巖、輝長巖等。1.1

Minerals

and

OresRocksRocksIgneous/Magmatic

rocks：火成/巖漿巖Sedimentary

rocks：沉積巖Metamorphic

rocks：變質巖1.1

Minerals

and

OresOresRocks

that

valuable

metals

or

compounds

can

be

extractedMost

ores

are

mixtures

of

valuable

minerals

and

extraneous

rocmaterials

described

as

gangue.在現(xiàn)有的技術經(jīng)濟條件下，人們能將含有有用礦物的巖石中的某些組分加以富集并利用，這類巖石就稱為礦石。礦石一般由有用礦物(Valuable

minerals)和脈石礦物(Gangue)兩部分組成。1.1

Minerals

and

OresValuable

minerals:

chalcopyrite,

borniteCopper

sulphideoresGangues:

quartz,

sericite,

chlorite(galena,

sphalerite)Notice:

Classification

of

valuable

minerals

and

gangues

is

re1.1

Minerals

and

OresOre

speciesElements:

Metallic

ores

and

Non-metallic

ores?Metal

species:

Monometallic

ores

and

Polymetallic

ores?Occurrence:

Native,

Sulphide,

Oxide

and

Bulk

ores?Content:

Poor

ores

and

Rich

ores?Dissemination

characteristics:

Coarse-disseminated,disseminated,

Even-disseminated

and

uneven-disseminatedores1.1

Minerals

and

OresOther

materialsNon-traditional

mineral

resources

非傳統(tǒng)礦物資源1)

Waste

industrial

solids:

smelting

slag,

tailing,

spent

catalyst2)

Sea-bed

deposits:

manganese

nodule,

cobalt

crust,

heavymetal

sludge?海洋礦產(chǎn)：錳結核、鈷結殼、重金屬污泥Secondary

resources

二次資源1)Waste

electrical

apparatus

廢舊電器:computer,cell

phone,TV,battery2)Waste

metal

products

廢舊金屬制品:cable,wire,can

易拉罐3)Municipal

solid

waste:paper,plastic,oil

wastewater

油污水spent

catalyst廢催化劑（用過的）electrical

apparatus電氣設備，電器municipal

solid

waste城市垃圾，生活垃圾1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsMineral

processingIt

is

a

process

of

physically

separating

the

grains

of

valuab

minerals

from

the

gangue

minerals,

to

produce

an

enriched

port

or

concentrate,

containing

most

of

the

valuable

minerals,

and

discard

,

or

tailing,

containing

predominantly

the

gangue

mine礦物加工是利用礦物的物理或化學性質的差異，借助各種設備將礦石中的有用礦物與脈石礦物分離，并達到使有用礦物相對富集的過程，其目的是為冶金、化工等行業(yè)提供合格原料。礦物加工的早期叫法即為選礦(ore

dressing,mineraldressing,beneficiation,milling)1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsPhysical

methodsThe

most

important

physical

methods

which

are

used

toconcentrate

ores

are

as

follows:Sorting

(分揀)Gravity

concentration(重選)Magnetic

separation(磁選)Electrical/High-tension

separation(電選)Froth

flotation(泡沫浮選)1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsSeparation

based

on

optical

and

other

properties,

which

usedbe

done

by

hand

but

is

now

mostly

accomplished

by

machine.Sorting1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsGravity

concentrationSeparation

based

on

differences

in

density

between

the

minerAs

a

technology

with

its

roots

in

antiquity,

it

is

based

on

thedifferential

movement

of

mineral

particles

in

water

due

to

theidifferent

hydraulic

properties.

Gravity

concentration

is

widein

coal

beneficiation,

iron

ore

and

diamond

processing,

and

inpre-concentration

of

metalliferous

ores.metalliferous

ores金屬礦1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsMagnetic

separationSeparation

dependent

on

magnetic

properties.

Low

intensitymagnetic

separators

can

be

used

to

concentrate

ferromagnetic

misuch

as

magnetite

(Fe3O4),

while

high-intensity

separators

are

useparate

paramagnetic

minerals

from

their

gangue.

Magneticseparation

is

an

important

process

in

the

beneficiation

of

ironfinds

application

in

the

treatment

of

paramagnetic

non-ferrousminerals

and

in

the

processing

of

non-metallic

minerals.ferromagnetic

minerals鐵磁性礦物1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsElectrical

separationSeparation

dependent

on

electrical

conductivity

propertiesbe

used

to

separate

conducting

minerals

from

non-conductingminerals.The

greatest

use

of

this

method

is

in

separating

somemineralsfound

in

heavy

sands

from

beach

or

stream

placers.

The

biggestdisadvantage

of

the

method

is

that

the

capacity

of

economicallyunits

is

low.1.2

Minerals

processing

methodsFroth

flotationSeparation

utilizing

the

different

surface

properties

of

thIt

is

one

of

the

most

important

methods

of

concentration,

whicheffected

by

the

attachment

of

the

mineral

particles

to

air

bubbwithin

the

agitated

pulp.

By

adjusting

the

“climate”

of

the

pvarious

re-agents,

it

is

possible

to

make

the

valuable

minerals(aerophilic)

and

the

gangue

mineralswater-avid

(aerophobic).results

in

separation

by

transfer

of

the

valuable

minerals

to

tbubbles

which

form

the

froth

floating

on

the

surface

of

the

pulp1.3

Basic

flowsheet

of

mineral

processingBlock

flowsheet方框流程Three

operations:ComminutionSeparationProduct

handlingFig.1

Simple

block

flowsheet1.3

Basic

flowsheet

of

mineral

processingLine

flowsheetOperations:ComminutionCrushing,

screening,

grinding,classificationSeparationFive

methods

as

single

or

in

combinationFig.2

Line

flowsheetProducts:ConcentrateTailing1.4

Terms

and

IndexTermsOre/Run

of

mine

ore(原礦)：The

feed

of

raw

material.Concentrate(精礦)：The

enriched

portion

containingvaluable

minerals.Middling

(中礦)：The

portion

must

be

returned

to

processor

further

treated.Tailing(尾礦)：The

discarded

portion

containing

gangue1.4

Terms

and

IndexIndexGrade/Assay

(品位)：The

content

of

the

marketable

endproduct

in

the

material.Yield(產(chǎn)率)：The

weight

ratio

of

product

to

ore.Recovery(回收率)：The

percentage

of

the

total

valuablecontained

in

the

ore

that

is

recovered

from

the

concentrateEnrichment

ratio(富集比)：The

ratio

of

the

grade

of

theconcentrate

to

the

grade

of

the

feed.Ratio

of

concentration(選別比)：The

ratio

of

the

weightthe

feed

to

the

weight

of

the

concentrate.1.4

Terms

and

IndexCalculationα—

grade

of

ore;

β

—

grade

of

concentrate;

?

—

grade

of

tailingγ—

yield

of

concentrate;

ε

—

recovery

of

concentrate1.5

DevelopmentResource

ProcessingMineral

ProcessingOre/Mineral

Dressing1920s1960s2000s1.5

DevelopmentOre

dressing19世紀中葉前，人類利用的礦物資源主要是通過手工作業(yè)從天然礦石中得到的。這些手工作業(yè)雖然有近代“表層浮選”“重選”的影子，但還算不上是一門工業(yè)技術。19世紀末至20世紀20年代，世界工業(yè)生產(chǎn)快速發(fā)展，對礦物原料的需求增大，使“選礦”技術從古代的手工作業(yè)向工業(yè)技術發(fā)生轉變。近代大部分的選礦工

藝與設備屬于這一時期選礦領域的技術發(fā)明，特別是20年代初，黃藥、黑藥在浮選硫化礦中得到工業(yè)應用。選礦技術已成為一門人類從天然礦石中選別、富集有用礦物原料的成熟的工業(yè)技術，并得到廣泛應用。隨著選礦技術的大規(guī)模工業(yè)應用，對各種選礦工藝過程機制及基礎理論的研究也隨之展開。在浮選方面，美國的Taggart及蘇聯(lián)的Plaksins等先后提出了捕收劑的“化學反應假說”或“溶度積假說”。礦物的潤濕性與可浮性的關系，浮選劑的吸附作用機理，浮選的活化以及礦物表面電性與可浮性的關系得到系統(tǒng)研究。到60年代前后，浮選的三大基本理論（潤濕理論、吸附理論及雙電層理論）已初步形成。1.5

DevelopmentOre

dressing從20世紀20年代至60年代前后，經(jīng)過幾十年的發(fā)展，選礦已從一門純工程技術向工程科學轉化，有其明確的學科方向：重選：以流體力學為學科基礎，根據(jù)不同礦物的密度差異在一定的介質中進行不同礦物的分選。電磁選：以電磁學為學科基礎，根據(jù)不同礦物磁性的差異分選不同礦物。浮選：以表面化學為學科基礎，根據(jù)不同礦物表面物理化學性質的差異，實現(xiàn)不同礦物的分選。1.5

DevelopmentMineral

processing20世紀60年代以來，隨著世界經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展，一方面人類對礦物資源的需求不斷增加，另一方面，礦物資源中，富礦減少、貧細礦物資源增加，而且礦山、冶煉廠排出的廢水、固體廢棄物等對環(huán)境的污染與治理問題也開始受到重視，傳統(tǒng)的選礦技術與理論已不能完全適應解決這些問題。為了從貧細礦物資源中有效地分離、富集有用礦物，充分合理地利用資源，并能解決環(huán)境問題，選礦科技工作