2023年研究生類研究生入學考試專業(yè)課英語專業(yè)語言學歷年高頻考題帶答案難題附詳解

2023年研究生類研究生入學考試專業(yè)課英語專業(yè)語言學歷年高頻考題帶答案難題附詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）第1卷一.歷年考點試題黑鉆版(共50題)1.An______testassesseshowmuchalearnerhasmasteredthecontentsofaparticularcourse.A.proficientB.achievementC.diagnosticD.aptitude2.Theoriginalversion:

Therehavebeengoodharvestsinagriculture.

Therevisedversion:

Therehavebeengoodharvests.3.Howdoyouunderstandarbitrariness?4.Doestheconstancyundernegationtestworkasameansoffindingthepresuppositionofthefollowingsentences?Whatarethepresuppositions:

(a)Johnregretsthathebrokeyourcomputer.

(b)Thepregnantengineerwentonaholiday.

(c)Hisbrotherisbald.5.Usecontrastiveornon-contrastivestrategiestoanalyzetheunderlinederrorsandmistakescommittedbyChineselearnersofEnglish.

a.Asformeal,weChineseliketoeatchopsticks,andyouspoons.

b.Youhavehelpedmealot.Reallytroubledyou.

c.Theyarehappybutwearefarmorehappier.6.Ifcertainlinguisticstriestolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall,itis______ductivity(designfeatureoflanguage)8.WhydidChomskymakethedistinctionbetweenDeepandSurfacestructures?9.Orientationalmetaphor10.Didyoufindtheanswer?11.WecanrefertoSocratesandPlatowhohavebeendeadforyears.Thisindicatesadesignfeatureoflanguage-d

.12.ExplaintheSapir-WhorfHypothesis.13.______involvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.A.SimileB.MetaphorC.AlliterationD.Metonymy14.EU15.[Focusonthestructureoftheunderlinedsyllables]A.awareB.ignoreC.relayD.pertain16.displacement17.Thespeechsoundswhichareincomplementarydistributionarenotalwaysallophonesofthesamephoneme.18.hypothesis19.Whataspectsoflanguagecanonefocusifonewantstoanalyzeanovelorastory?20.massage21.Senserelationofwords.22.a.Jacklayonhisbed.b.Jacklayinhisbed.23.ImmediateConstituentAnalysis24.Howdoyouunderstandemotivefunctionoflanguage?25.componentialanalysis26.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith"______,bilabial,stop".27.Thestatementthatsupportstheargumentthathumanbrainisstructuredinaformofmoduleis______.A.MentalgrammarisunconsciousB.PeopledonothaveUGwhentheyarebornC.Patientscanhavesplit-brainsD.Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningofawordisarbitrary28.SPEAKING29.A.Howtoopenthiswindow?

B.HowdoIopenthiswindow?

C.TellmehowdoIopenthiswindow?

D.Tellmehowopenthiswindow?30.Bysaying"Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen,"aspeakermightbeperformingthethreeacts:locutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionary______.A.atthesametimeB.oneafteranotherC.twofirstandthentheotherD.onefirstandthentheothertwo31.escalate32.AspeechactconsistsofthreerelatedactsaccordingtoJ.L.Austin'sSpeechActtheory.Whatarethey?AnalyzethefollowingconversationinthelightofSpeechActtheory.

Customer:Waiter!There'saflyinmysoup.

Waiter:Don'tworry,there'snoextracharge.33.allophone34.employee35.Phonology36.Whatdoyouthinkoftheassumptionthatalanguageismoreadvancedthananother?37.PRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE38.Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehas______,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.39.Thegrammaticalcategorywhichisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentenceis______.A.caseB.agreementC.tenseD.aspect40.enthuse41.Inlinguistics,______referstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationassentences.42.asyouknow43.DefineSEMANTICSandPRAGMATICSandlistatleasttwotopicsdiscussedineachbranch.Andthentalkabouttheirdivisionoflabor.44.Ther

theoryisatheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitreferstoorstandsfor.45.Theprincipalandmostobviouscontrastbetweenthelasttwocenturieshasbeentherapidriseof______linguistics,asopposedto______linguistics.A.descriptive,historicalB.structural,generativeC.functional,formalistD.structural,historical46.Withthehelpof______linguistics,recentlyresearchhasmovedintotheareaofexample-basedmachinetranslation.Themethodusescorrecttranslationasaprincipalsourceofinformationforthecreationofnewones.47.CALmeanstheuseofacomputerinateachingprogramwhereasCAIemphasizestheuseofacomputerinbothteachingandlearninginordertohelpthelearnerachieveeducationalobjectives.48.morpheme49.finite50.empirical第1卷參考答案一.歷年考點試題黑鉆版1.參考答案：B[解析]本題考查成績測試的概念。A選項是水平測試，其目的是發(fā)現(xiàn)被試者對于目標語占已經了解了哪些內容。B選項是成績測試，用來評估學習者對一門待定課程內容的掌握程度。C選項是診斷性測試，目的是發(fā)現(xiàn)受試者對于所學的語言還有哪些內容沒有掌握。D選項是學習潛能測試，試圖測試出學習者學習語言的潛能或天分。2.參考答案：Thereasonfortherevisedversiontocrossout"inagriculture"oftheoriginalversionisthatthephrase"goodharvests"inthesentenceisatermreferredtotheagriculture.Theuseofitimplicatesisabouttheagriculture,nottheindustryandthelike.Thus,theexpression"inagriculture"isunnecessary.3.參考答案：[參考答案]Languageisarbitrary.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.

Ontheotherhand,weshouldbeawarethatwhilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordsineverylanguagethatimitatenaturalsounds,suchasrumble,crash,cackle,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.[解析]本題考查語言的區(qū)別性特征之一“任意性”?；卮饐栴}時，一方面要強調語言的任意性，另一方面也要強調語言中也存在并不完全任意的語言現(xiàn)象。這樣才能回答得全面、透徹。4.參考答案：Whataspeakerassumesistrueorisknownbythehearercanbedescribedasapresupposition.IfsomeonetellsyouYourbrotheriswaitingoutsideforyou,thereisanobviouspresuppositionthatyouhaveabrother.

Constancyundernegationtestforpresuppositionisoneofthetestsusedtocheckforthepresuppositionsunderlyingsentencesinvolvingnegatingasentencewithaparticularpresuppositionandconsideringwhetherthepresuppositionremainstrue.TakethesentenceMycarisawreck.Nowtakethenegativeversionofthissentence:Mycarisnotawreck.Noticethat,althoughthesetwosentenceshaveoppositemeanings,theunderlyingpresupposition,Ihaveacar,remainstrueinboth.Thepresuppositionsareasfollows:

(a)Youhaveacomputer;Johnbrokeyourcomputer.

(b)Theengineerisfemale;Theengineerispregnant.

(c)Hehasabrother.[解析]本題考查語用學中的預設。5.參考答案：Contrastiveanalysisandnon-contrastiveanalysisaretwomajorapproachestoerroranalysis.Ithasbeenfoundalargepercentageoftheerrorsaredirectlyrelatedtothelearner'smothertongue.Thesystematicstudyofevidenceoftheinfluenceofthemothertongueiscalledcontrastiveanalysis.Therefore,contrastiveanalysishastotakingthesourceandthetargetlanguageintoconsideration.However,notallerrorsarecausedbytheinterferenceofthemothertongue,suchasover-generalizationsandhypercorrections.Theanalysisbasedonsuchintra-languagefactorsiscallednon-contrastiveanalysis.

Asforsentencea,thecorrectexpressionshouldprobablybe"eatwithchopsticks".WhenrecallingthecorrespondingexpressioninChinese,wemightget"我們中國人喜歡用筷子吃",andthereforeitcouldbeseenthatinChineseaprepositionisalsorequired.Inthissense,themistakeoccurringinthissentenceisprobablynotcausedbytheinterferenceofChinese.Therefore,itmightbemorepropertoberegardedasaninter-lingualerrorwhichmightcausedbytheunfamiliarityofthepreposition"with".

Themistakeinsentenceb,however,couldbeattributedtothenegativetransferofChinese,sinceinChinese,thereexistsacorrespondingexpression"真是麻煩你了。"ThistransferhasinsomewayshownthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,suchasthedifferenceinsyntacticstructure.TheChineselanguagedoesnotobligatorilyrequiretheoccurrenceoftheSubjectinasentence,whileinEnglishitisobligatorytohaveaSubjectinasentence.

ThemistakeinsentencecisoneobviouslynotcausedbytheinterferenceofChinese.Thismistakeisalsoaninter-lingualone,asitconcernsabouttheuseofthecomparativeformofadjectivesinEnglish.InChinese,thereisnocorrespondingstructureasinEnglish.Andthiscouldbeseenasamisuseofthecomparativeformofadjectives.6.參考答案：prescriptive[解析]本題考查的是對什么是規(guī)定性語言學(prescriptivelinguistics)的理解。規(guī)定性語言學就是人為地給語言的使用規(guī)定一些規(guī)則讓語言使用者遵守。與規(guī)定性語言學相對應的是描述性語言學(descriptivelinguistics)，即按照語言的真實使用情況對語言進行描述和研究，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)語言使用的規(guī)律。7.參考答案：Byproductivity,languageisdesignedtomakeitsusersformandunderstandinfinitesentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard．[解析]本題考查語言的定義特點之一——多產性，考生也應掌握語言的任意性、二層性和移位性。8.參考答案：Ingenerativegrammar,deepstructureistheabstractsyntacticrepresentationofasentence,theunderlyinglevelofstructuralorganizationwhichspecifiesallthefactorsgoverningthewaythesentenceshouldbeinterpreted.Ontheotherhand,surfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticrepresentationofasentence,whichprovidestheinputtothephonologicalcomponentofthegrammar,andwhichthusmostcloselycorrespondstothestructurewearticulateandhear.

AccordingtoChomsky,itisnecessarytomakethedistinction,sinceitishelpfultodifferentiateandanalyzesyntacticstructuressuchas"Johniseasytoplease"and"Johniseagertoplease",andalsotodisambiguatestructureslike"theshootingofthehunters".Moreimportantly,itreflectstwoofthestagesofhowthelanguageisprocessedthroughthegenerativegrammar:thedeepstructure,whichisanunderlyingstructure,hastobetransformedtothesurfacestructureviaasetoftransformationalrules.9.參考答案：Orientationalmetaphormeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,asentitiesandsubstances.Itgivesaconceptaspatialorientation.Theyarecharacterizednotsomuchbystructuringoneconceptintermsofanother,butbyaco-occurrenceinourexperience.Theorientationalmetaphorsaregroundedinanexperientialbasis,whichlinktogetherthetwopartsofthemetaphor.Forexample,"I'mfeelingup."and"I'mfeelingdown."implicatethat"I'mhappy"and"I'msad".10.參考答案：[解析]本題考查的仍然是語音連讀現(xiàn)象。參考第一題的思路解析。11.參考答案：displacement[解析]本題考查語言的區(qū)別性特征中移位性的概念。移位性指人類語言可以讓使用者來表示在說話時并不存在的物體、事件和觀點。12.參考答案：Sapir-Whorfhypothesisconsistsoftwoparts:linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity.Linguisticdeterminismreferstothenotionthatalanguagedeterminescertainnonlinguisticcognitiveprocesses.Differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently.Linguisticrelativityreferstotheclaimthatthecognitiveprocessesthataredeterminedaredifferentfordifferentlanguages.Thus,speakersofdifferentlanguagesaresaidtothinkindifferentways.Thehypothesisisnowinterpretedmainlyintwodifferentways:astrongversionandaweakone.Thestrongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople'sthinkingandbehavior;theweakoneholdsthattheformerinfluencethelater.Sofar,manyresearchesandexperimentsconductedprovidesupporttotheweakversion.13.參考答案：B14.參考答案：EU:EuropeanUnion.15.參考答案：D[解析]從音節(jié)的構成來看，前三項都是僅由首音(onset)和音核(peak)構成的，只有D項是由首音(onset)、音核(peak)和尾音(coda)三項構成的。因此，只能選D。16.參考答案：Asoneofdesignfeaturesoflanguage,displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.17.參考答案：True[解析]本題主要考查的是對allophone和complimentarydistribution的理解，只要弄清楚了兩者的定義，判斷起來也就不會有問題了。18.參考答案：19.參考答案：Thelanguagefeaturesweshouldexaminetoelucidatethestyleofatextoracorpusofanauthor'swritingmayincludethefollowingaspects:

①patternsoflexis(vocabulary);

②patternsofgrammaticalorganization;

③patternsoftextualorganization(howtheunitsoftextualorganization,fromsentencestographsandbeyond,arearranged);

④foregroundedfeatures,includingfiguresofspeech;

⑤whetheranypatternsofstylevariationcanbediscerned;

⑥discoursalpatterningofvariouskinds,liketurn-takingorpatternsofinferencing;

⑦patternsofviewpointmanipulation,includingspeechandthoughtpresentation.20.參考答案：21.參考答案：(1)Synonymy

Synonymyisusedtomeansamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Synonymsaretwoormoreformswithverycloselyrelatedmeanings,whichareoften,butnotalways,intersubstitutableinsentences.Examplesofsynonymsarethepairsbroad-wide,hide-conceal,almost-nearly,cab-taxi,liberty-freedom,andanswer-reply.

Somesemanticiansmaintain,however,thattherearenorealsynonyms,becausetwoormorewordsnamedsynonymsareexpectedwithoutexceptiontodifferfromoneanotherinoneofthefollowingaspects:inshadesofmeaning(e.g.,finish,complete,close,conclude,terminate,finalize,end,etc.),instylisticmeaning,inemotivemeaning(oraffectivemeaning),inrangeofuse(orcollocativemeaning),inBritishandAmericanEnglishusages[e.g.,autumn(BrE),fall(AmE)].

(2)Antonymy

Antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethreemainsub-types:gradableantonymy,complementaryantonymy,andconverseantonymy.

Gradableantonymyisthecommonesttypeofantonymy,inwhichthemembersofapairdifferintermsofdegree.Thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.Forexample,good-bad,big-smallandhot-coldareofthistype.

Complementaryantonymyreferstothesenserelationinwhichthemembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.Forexample,single-married,dead-aliveandmale-femaleareofthistype.

Converseantonymyisaspecialtypeofantonymyinthatthemembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.Forexample,buy-sellandparent-childareofthistype.

(3)Hyponymy

Hyponymyinvolvesusinthenotionofmeaninginclusion.Itisamatterofclassmembership.Thatistosay,whenXiskindofY,thelowertermXisthe"hyponym",andtheuppertermYisthe"superordinate".Twoormorehyponymssharingthesamesuperordinate.arecalled"co-hyponyms".Forexample,"flower"isthesuperordinateof"tulip","violet"and"rose",whicharetheco-hyponymsof"flower".

(4)Polysemy

Polysemyreferstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

Forexample,"negative"means(1)astatementsayingormeaning"no",(2)arefusalordenial,(3)oneofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:no,not,nothing,never,notatall,etc.,(4)anegativephotographorfilm.

(5)Homonymy

Thetermhomonymyisusedwhenoneform(writtenandspoken)hastwoormoreunrelatedmeanings.Thefollowingtypesareofhomonymy.

(1)Homographs—wordswhichareidenticalinspelling,butdifferentinmeaningandpronunciation:tear

(2)Homophones—wordswhichareidenticalinpronunciation,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning:see/sea.

(3)Completehomonyms—wordswhichareidenticalinspellingandpronunciation,butdifferentinmeaning:bear(v.togivebirthtoababy/tostand)/bear(n.akindofanimal).[解析]本題考查詞匯間的涵義關系。一般來說有幾種公認的涵義關系：同義關系、反義關系、上下義關系、一詞多義關系和同音/同形異義關系。22.參考答案：Insentencea,weonlyknowJackwasonhisbed,andhisactionisnotsittingbutlying.

WhatJackwasdoingwhilehewaslyingisnotmentionedinsentencea.Insentenceb,weknowJackwassleepinginhisbed.[解析]本題型旨在考查考生對句意的理解，句子意義是由組成句子的詞語意義和句子的結構意義相互作用下整合出來的。23.參考答案：ImmediateConstituentAnalysis:ICanalysis(immediateconstituentanalysis)istheanalysisofasentenceintermsofimmediateconstituents—wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintoimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Whatremainofthefirstcutare"immediateconstituents",andwhatareleftatthefinalcutare"ultimateconstituents".

ForExample,therearetwowaystoICanalyzethesentenceLovelyLucyranaway.

(1)Withbrackets:

((Lovely)(Lucy))((ran)(away)).

(2)Withatreediagram:

24.參考答案：Theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisameansofgettingridofournervousenergywhenweareunderstress.E.g.swearwords,obscenities,involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartorscenery;conventionalwords/phrases.25.參考答案：Componentialanalysisreferstoasemanticapproachwhichdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents,orsemanticfeaturesandthesefeaturesymbolsareusuallywrittenincapitalizedletters.Forexample,themeaningofthewordboymayheanalyzedintothreecomponents:HUMAN,YOUNGandMALE.26.參考答案：voiceless[解析]

考查輔音[p]的特征。27.參考答案：C28.參考答案：SPEAKINGisamnemonicwayofsummarizingcertaincomponentsofspeechwhichmakepossiblethedescriptionandanalysisofcommunicativebehavior:S=Situation,P=Participants,E=Ends,A=Actsequence,K=Key,I=Instrumentalities,N=Norms,andG=Genres.29.參考答案：Inthisgroupofsentences,Bwouldberegardedasthegrammaticalone,whiletheothersarenot.InEnglish,Acouldonlyappearasasubordinateclausetoamainclause;CandDisungrammaticalbecausethataccordingtotheWh-movement,theclauseshouldberewrittenas"TellmehowIopenthiswindow".30.參考答案：D31.參考答案：escalate-escalator32.參考答案：Thethreerelatedactsare:LOCUTIONARYACT,ILLOCUTIONARYATC,PERLOCUTIONARYACT.

LOCUTIONARYACTistheordinaryactweperformwhenwespeak,i.e.wemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.

ILLOCUTIONARYATCistheactperformedintheperformingofalocutionaryact.Whenwespeakwenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,ortheyalsohavecertainforcesasAustinpreferstosay.

PERLOCUTIONARYACTconcernstheconsequentialeffectsofalocutionuponthehearer.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,etc.whetherornottheseeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartoftheactthatthespeakerhasperformed.

Customer:Thelocutionaryactofthecustomeristheutteringoftheexpression"Waiter!There'saflyinmysoup".Theillocutionaryactistheexpressionofthecustomer'sdissatisfactionwiththeserviceandthedemandthatthewaitershouldapologizeandofferanotherbowlofsoup.Theperlocutionaryactofthisutteranceisthewaiterapologyandofferingofanotherbowlofsoup.

Waiter:Thelocutionaryactofthewaiteristheutteringoftheexpression"Don'tworry,there'snoextracharge".Theillocutionaryactistheliterarymeaningofhisresponse:Don'tworryandwewillnotchargeyouextramoneyforthefly,butwewillnotgetyouanotherbowlofcleansoup.Theperlocutionaryactisthatthecustomerwillnotcomplainanymore.[解析]此題考查的是考生對言語行為的理解。言語行為主要有三種：以言指事、以言行事和以言成事?？忌鷳斫庋哉Z行為理論并能夠用該理論分析案例。33.參考答案：Allophonereferstovariantsofthesamephoneme,whichareincomplementarydistributionandbearphoneticsimilarity.34.參考答案：35.參考答案：Phonologyisoneofthebranchesoflinguistics,anditstudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.[解析]此題考查語言學的分支之一——音系學，音系學研究支配語音分布和排列的規(guī)則以及音節(jié)的形式。音系學以音位為起點來處理語言的語音系統(tǒng)。同時，考生還需掌握包括phonetics(語音學)、morphology(形態(tài)學)、syntax(句法學)、semantics(語義學)、pragmatics(語用學)、macrolinguistics(宏觀語言學)、psycholinguistics(心理語言學)、sociolinguistics(社會語言學)、anthropologicallinguistics(人類語言學)、computationallinguistics(計算語言學)在內的語言學其他分支。36.參考答案：Languageisasystemofarbitrary,vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisatoolforhumancommunication.Anysound,the"gestures"orevenmarksfromanimalsdonotfallintothecategoryoflanguage,althoughsometimeswethinktheyarespeakingtheirown"language".Thereisnolanguagethatismoreadvancedthananotheronthewhole.However,somelanguageswillbeprominentbecauseoftheusingfrequencies,usersofacertainlanguage,languagepolicies,etc.Forexample,inChina,thedialectsfordifferentregionsmakethecommunicationsdifficult,sothegovernmentmadethelanguagepolicytomakethemandarinasthecommonlyusedlanguage.Internationally,EnglishisthemostbroadlyusedlanguagesowechooseEnglishasoneoftheimportantofficiallanguages.37.參考答案：Hehasbeenwritinganovelsincelastweek.38.參考答案：ideational[解析]本題考查元功能理論中的意念功能。韓禮德提出了語言的元功能理論，既語言具備意念功能、人際功能與語篇功能。意念功能不僅建構了經驗模式而且還建構了邏輯關系，人際功能規(guī)定了社會關系，語篇功能創(chuàng)造了與語境的相關關聯(lián)(韓禮德，1994)。39.參考答案：A40.參考答案：enthuse-enthusiasm41.參考答案：Syntax[解析]本題考查句法學的概念。在語言中，句法就是研究一種語言中詞語組合成句的規(guī)則的學問，或者簡單地說，是研究句子生成的學問。42.參考答案：[解析]本題考查的是語音中的連讀現(xiàn)象，當當一個單詞以輔音