測(cè)控專業(yè)英語TypicalMeasurementTechnology典型的測(cè)量技術(shù)分析

Unit11

測(cè)控技術(shù)與儀器專業(yè)英語TypicalMeasurementTechnologyChapter3IntroductiontoMeasurement/testTechnologyandEquipment2WordsandExpressionsmonitor

監(jiān)聽器，監(jiān)視器cruising

巡游，巡航vertical垂直的，直立的，頂點(diǎn)的onboard

隨車攜帶的barometric

大氣壓力category

種類，別，范疇surveillance

監(jiān)視，監(jiān)督isobaric

表示等壓的topography

地形，地勢(shì)3WordsandExpressionscorrosion侵蝕，腐蝕狀態(tài)galaxy星河，星系saturn土星spherical球的，球形的troposphere對(duì)流層martian火星人，火星的4Maincontent

AltitudeMeasurement1ThicknessMeasurement2DistanceMeasurement3

LevelMeasurement45AltitudeMeasurement

Accuratemonitoringofaircraftcruisingheightisrequiredinordertoreduceverticalseparationtoaminimumstandard.飛機(jī)巡航高度的精確監(jiān)控是為了降低垂直間隔至最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Interestherefocusesonthemeasurementofthedistancebetweenaircraftlevelandtheseasurfacelevel.

這里令人關(guān)注的事集中在飛機(jī)航線和海平面水平之間的距離測(cè)量。

6

Thisdistancecanbeestimatedonboardviabarometricaltimetersoritcanbemeasured—eitheronboardoringround

stations—viaelectronicradiowavesystems.

onboard隨車攜帶的這個(gè)距離可以通過氣壓測(cè)高計(jì)隨機(jī)估計(jì)或可以通過地面衛(wèi)星接收站或是飛機(jī)上的電子無線電波系統(tǒng)測(cè)量。AltitudeMeasurement

Theindicationofthefirstequipmentisreferredtoaspressurealtitude,orsimplyaltitude,whereasthatofthesecondcategoryisreferredtoasgeometricheightorsimplyheight.第一類設(shè)備指示的是壓力高度或者叫絕對(duì)海拔高度，而第二類是被稱為幾何高度或絕對(duì)水平高度。7

Thealtitudeinformationatairtrafficcontrol(ATC)centersisbasedonpressurealtitudemeasurementthattheaircrafttranspondersystemsendsafteritreceivesanappropriateinterrogation—knownasmodeCinterrogation—transmittedbyasecondarysurveillanceradar.在空中交通控制中心的高度信息是基于當(dāng)收到一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑儐柡螅w機(jī)的異頻雷達(dá)收發(fā)機(jī)系統(tǒng)發(fā)送的壓力高度測(cè)量，稱為C模式詢問。由二次監(jiān)視雷達(dá)發(fā)射。AltitudeMeasurement8

Actually,thealtitudeinformationisanatmosphericpressuremeasurementtransformedtoaltitudeindicationthroughaformulaexpressingthepressure/altituderelationship.

實(shí)際上,高度的信息是大氣壓力測(cè)量通過由壓力/高度的關(guān)系表達(dá)式轉(zhuǎn)化為高度指示。AltitudeMeasurement

Whenaflightlevelisclearedforanaircraft,itactuallymeansthatthepilotmustkeepflyingonanisobaricsurface.為了飛行，一個(gè)飛行水平面被清除,實(shí)際上就它意味著飛行員必須保持飛行在等壓面上。9However,thealtimetry

systemmaypresentsystematicerrors(biases)thataredifferentforeachairplane,andthatsignificantlyaffectsafety.

altimetry測(cè)高學(xué)，高度測(cè)量法

然而,高度測(cè)量系統(tǒng)可能呈現(xiàn)出的是每架飛機(jī)的系統(tǒng)誤差(偏差)是不同的,這明顯影響了安全。

AltitudeMeasurement

Thus,thealtimetrysystemperformanceaswellastheaircraftheightkeepingperformancemustbemonitoredbyanindependentradarorsatellitesystem.

因此,高度測(cè)量系統(tǒng)性能以及飛機(jī)高度保持性能均須由一個(gè)獨(dú)立的雷達(dá)或衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控。10Maincontent

AltitudeMeasurement1ThicknessMeasurement2DistanceMeasurement3

LevelMeasurement411ThicknessMeasurementOnecanmeasurethicknessonmanyscales.Thegalaxyisspiraldiskabout100Em(1020m)thick.Thesolarsystemispancake-like,about1Tm(1012m)thick.The

ringsofSaturnareabout10kmthick.

scale天平,天平盤,標(biāo)尺

我們可以用許多尺度測(cè)量厚度。銀河系是一個(gè)大約厚為100Em(1020m)的螺旋盤。太陽系像個(gè)烤薄餅似的，大約厚1Tm(1012m)。土星光環(huán)大約厚10km.12

Closertohome,Earth’satmosphereisaspherical

shellabout40kmthick;theweatheroccursinthetroposphere,about12kmthick.TheoutermostshellofthesolidEarthisthecrust,about35kmthick.臨近地球,地球大氣層是一個(gè)大約厚為40km的球殼,氣象發(fā)生在大約厚為12km的對(duì)流層,

固體地球的最外層是地殼,大約厚35km。ThicknessMeasurement

Theoceanhasameandepthof3.9km.IntheAntarctic,therecentlydiscoveredobjectsbelievedtobemicrofossilsindicativeofancientMartianlifearelessthan100nmthick.海洋的平均深度有3.9km。在南極,最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品被認(rèn)為是象征著古代的火星生命的微化石厚小于100nm。13Intermsoftheman-madeenvironment,industrymustcontendwiththicknessvaryingfrommeters,forconstructionprojects,tomillimetersonassemblelines,tomicrometersandnanometersforthesolid-state,optical,andcoatingsindustries.contendwith對(duì)付，與…競(jìng)爭(zhēng)在人為環(huán)境方面，工業(yè)從建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的米,到裝配生產(chǎn)線的毫米,到固態(tài)的光學(xué)涂料工業(yè)的微米和納米變化處理厚度。ThicknessMeasurement14

Perhapsthemostfamiliarwayofmeasuringthicknessisbymechanicalmeans,suchasbyrulerorcaliper.caliper卡鉗，卡尺彎腳器，測(cè)徑器也許最常見的測(cè)量厚度的測(cè)量裝置是尺或測(cè)徑器。ThicknessMeasurement15

Othermeansaresometimescalledfor,eitherbecausebothsidesofanobjectarenotaccessible,thedimensioniseithertoobigortoosmallforcalipers,theobjectistoofragile,toohot,ortoocoldfordirectcontact,ortheobjectisinmotiononanassembleline—itmaynotevenbeasolid.其他裝置有時(shí)候也被需要，或者是因?yàn)槲矬w的兩側(cè)是不能接近的，對(duì)于測(cè)徑器來說尺寸要么太大或太小,或者是因?yàn)橹苯咏佑|的物體太脆弱,太熱或太冷或物體在裝配線上運(yùn)動(dòng),—甚至可能不是一個(gè)固體。ThicknessMeasurement16

Thicknessmayalsobeafunctionofposition,aseithertheobjectmayhaveoriginallybeenmadewithnonuniformthickness,deliberatelyornot,orthethicknessmayhavebecomenonuniformwithtimedueeithertocorrosion,cracking,orsomeother

deterioration.厚度也可以作為位置的函數(shù)，物體可能在最初以不均勻的厚度制作或是厚度無論故意與否，由于腐蝕、破裂或是退化，厚度也有可能變成不均勻的。ThicknessMeasurement17

Thethicknessmayalsobechangingwithtimeduetodeliberategrowthoretching,asexampleforthinfilms.以薄膜為例，由于有意增長(zhǎng)或腐蝕，厚度隨時(shí)間變化。

ThicknessMeasurementThusisfollowsthat,inmoregeneralterms,measuringthicknessmightrequiremeasuringthe

topographyorheightprofileoftwosurfacesandtakingthedifference.topography地形，地勢(shì)，地形學(xué)

profile側(cè)面，輪廓，外形，剖面因此，用更概況的話來說厚度測(cè)量可能需要測(cè)量地勢(shì)或兩面的高度外形以獲取差異。18

Alternatively,themeasurementtechniquemayproduceareadingdirectlyrelatedtothedifference.alternatively非此即彼，如其不然；或，要不

relateto涉及，有關(guān)另外,測(cè)量技術(shù)可能直接讀出相關(guān)的差額。ThicknessMeasurement19Maincontent

AltitudeMeasurement1ThicknessMeasurement2DistanceMeasurement3

LevelMeasurement420Distancemeasurement

Thetoolsandtechniquesofdistancemeasurementarepossiblyoneofhumankind’slongest-runninginventivepursuits.測(cè)量距離的工具和技術(shù)可能是人類最漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)明之一。Thischapterconcernsitselfwithmethodstomeasurearelativelysmallsegmentofthisrange—fromcentimeterstokilometers.

本章關(guān)注的是這些方法本身去測(cè)量范圍中相對(duì)小的一部分—從厘米到千米。21

Evenwithinthislimitedsegment,itwouldhardlybepossibletolist,much

lessdescribe,allofthedistancemeasurementapproachesthathavebeendevised.muchless更不用說；不及即使在這有限部分,它幾乎不可能列出更不用說描述出所有的距離測(cè)量方法的設(shè)計(jì)。

Distancemeasurement

Nevertheless,thesmallsamplingoftechnologiesthatarecoveredhereshouldbeofhelptoabroadrangeofreaders.

不過,這里涉及技術(shù)的小取樣應(yīng)該可以幫到廣泛的讀者。22

Distancemeasurement,atitsmostbasic,isconcernedwithdeterminingthelengthofa

unidimensionallinejoiningtwopointsinthree-dimensionalspace.在三維空間中最基本的距離測(cè)量涉及到確定連線兩點(diǎn)的單向線長(zhǎng)度。Distancemeasurement

Oftentimes,acollectionofdistancemeasurementsiscalledfor,sothattheshape,theorientation,orthechangesinpositionofanobjectcanberesolved.經(jīng)常,要求許多距離測(cè)量可以解決形狀、方向、或物體位置的改變。23

Therefore,onemustconsidernotonlythemeasurementofdistances,butalsotheirspatialandtemporaldistributions.因此,我們必須考慮的不僅是距離測(cè)量,而且還有他們的時(shí)空分布。Distancemeasurement24

Theterminology”ranging”willbeusedinreferencetosystemsthatperformsinglesensor-to-targetmeasurement,“range-imaging”forsystemsthatcollectadensemaporgridofspatiallydistributedrangemeasurement,and“positiontracking”forsystemsthatrecordthetimehistoryofdistancemeasurementtooneorseveraltargets.inreferenceto提及，參考；關(guān)于；提到timehistory時(shí)間推移；隨時(shí)間的變化；時(shí)間關(guān)系曲線圖

術(shù)語“測(cè)距”將被用于指進(jìn)行單傳感器到目標(biāo)測(cè)量系統(tǒng)，“測(cè)距呈像”是指收集稠密的地圖或是空間網(wǎng)格分布范圍的測(cè)量系統(tǒng),“位置跟蹤”是指通過距離測(cè)量的時(shí)間關(guān)系曲線圖記錄去測(cè)量一個(gè)或多個(gè)目標(biāo)的系統(tǒng)。Distancemeasurement25Maincontent

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LevelMeasurement426

LevelMeasurement

Levelisdefinedasthefillingheightofaliquidorbulkmaterial,forexample,inatank

or

reservoir.水平面的定義是液體或散裝材料的填充高度,例如,在一個(gè)水塘或是水庫。

Generally,thepositionofthesurfaceismeasuredrelativetoareferenceplane,usuallythetank

bottom.referenceplane參考面，基準(zhǔn)面

tankbottom槽底

一般來說,表面位置是相對(duì)于參考平面的測(cè)量,通常是槽底。27

Iftheproduct’ssurfaceisnotflat(e.g.,withfoam,waves,turbulences,orwithcoarse-grainedbulkmaterial)levelusuallyisdefinedastheaverageheightofaboundedarea.如果產(chǎn)品的表面不是平的(例如,帶有泡沫,波浪,湍流,或用粗散裝材料)水平面通常被定義為有界區(qū)域的平均高度。

LevelMeasurement28Variousclassicandmodernmethodsexisttomeasureproductlevelinprocessandstoragetanksinthechemical,petrochemical,pharmaceutical,waterandfoodindustries,inmobiletanksonvehiclesandships,butalsoinnaturalreservoirslikeseas,dams,lakesandoceans.Typicaltankheightsareapproximatelybetween0.5mand40m.在化工、石化、醫(yī)藥、水、食品等行業(yè)中存在各種經(jīng)典與現(xiàn)代的方式來測(cè)量在加工和儲(chǔ)藏罐中和車輛和輪船的移動(dòng)罐中的產(chǎn)品水平面，而且還測(cè)量一些天然的蓄水池，如內(nèi)海，水壩，湖泊，海洋。典型的蓄水池大約在0.5m到40m之間。

LevelMeasurement29

Twodifferenttaskscanbedistinguished：（1）continuouslevelmeasurements(levelindication,LI),and(2)levelswitches(LS)(e.g.,todetectanalarmlimittopreventoverfilling).兩種不同的任務(wù),可以分為:(1)持續(xù)的水平面測(cè)量(水平面指示,LI),(2)液位開關(guān)(LS)(例如:用于檢測(cè)報(bào)警限以防止過量)。

LevelMeasurement