仁愛版初中英語語法全解

可編輯可編輯2016張瑤彬英語復(fù)習(xí)資料一?名詞I.名詞的種類:專有名詞普通名詞國名.地名.人名，團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II.名詞的數(shù)：1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days/2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watchesdish-dishesc3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofsroof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以輔音子母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5j以兀音子母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-0結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcano7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下:規(guī)則例詞改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-gees

III.名詞的所有格:名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1.'s所有格的構(gòu)成:單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’stheboy'sfather,Jacksbook,herson-in-laWsphoto,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加’theteachersroom,thetwins'mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加'sthechildren"stoys,womensrights,以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens'novels,Charlessjob,theSmithshouse表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞末尾均須加’sJapansandAmericasproblems,JanesandMarysbikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’sJapanandAmericasproblems,JaneandMarysfathei--教育精選--教育精選可編輯可編輯1可編輯1可編輯表示"某人家""店鋪"，所有格，，，，thedoctors,thebarbers,thetailors,myuncles后名詞省略2.'s所有格的用法:1表示時(shí)間today'snewspaper,fiveweeksholiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象theearth'satmosphere,thetreesbranches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞thecountry'splan,theworldspopulation,Chinasindustr4表示工作群體theship'screw,majoritysview,theteamsvictory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值amile'sjourney,fivedollarsworthofapples67與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞thelife'stime,theplaysplot某些固定詞組abird'seyeview,astonesthrow,atoneswit'send不知所措）3.of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時(shí)：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudentsThehorseisausefulanimal.用于名詞化的詞：thestruggleoftheoppressedThehorseisausefulanimal.指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.J2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.\表示每一相當(dāng)于everyoneWestudyeighthoursaday.4-表示相同相當(dāng)于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5.用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識此人或>與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6i用于固定詞組中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,havwalk,manyatime,用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so（as,too,how）+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.a二?冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a,ar）,定冠詞（the）,和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法：II.定冠詞的用法:表示某一類人或物

2用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于樂器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”theGreens,theWangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10r在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代inthe1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.零冠詞的用法:專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,ever等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐刖March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5學(xué)科，語言，球類，棋類名詞刖Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6)與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前bytrain,byair,byland7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對的名詞并用時(shí)husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8'表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.三?代詞：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類:人稱代主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格.me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them詞2物主代詞形容詞性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名詞性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代詞二this,that,these,those,such,some5疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代詞one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/muchfew/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1.one,some與any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為onessome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Ido'thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級連用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschoolDoyoufeelanybettertoday?each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.none和no：no等于notany,作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.other和another:other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如:theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為theothers如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others,泛指“別的人或事”如：Idon'tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四?形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1.形容詞的位置：1）形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置:修飾some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep可以后u置theonlypersonawake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)abridge50meterslong5成對的形容詞可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容詞短語一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2）多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序:代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞

冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryourseconenextbnefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成:形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged副詞+過去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII.副詞副詞的分類:1時(shí)間副詞soon,now,earlyfinally,once,recently5頻度副詞always,often,frequentlyseldom,never2地點(diǎn)副詞here,nearby,outsideupwards,above6疑問副詞how,where,when,why3方式副詞hard,well,fast,slowlyexcitedly,really7連接副詞how,when,where,whywhether,however,meanwhile4程度副詞almost,nearly,veryfairly,quite,rather8關(guān)系副詞when,where,whyIII.形容詞和副詞比較等級：形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est,多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。同級比較時(shí)常常用as…as??以及notso(as)??as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.可以修飾比較級的詞有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,by

far,any,agreatdeal表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“themore…themore??”句型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.用比較級來表達(dá)最高級的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect五?介詞I.介詞分類:1簡單介詞about,across,after,against,among,around,at,belowbeyond,during,in,on2合成介詞inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,withiwithout3短語介詞accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4雙重介詞fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering就而論）,including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介詞區(qū)別:1表示時(shí)間的in,on,atat表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān)2表示時(shí)間的sincefromsince指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始3表示時(shí)間的in,afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示“在…上”的on,non只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿過”的through,acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關(guān)

7表示“關(guān)于”的aboutonabout指涉及到，on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于二者或二者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了…還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in,withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為作為，以…地位或身份，like為象…一樣”，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)另廿in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置六.動(dòng)詞I.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask進(jìn)行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking宀完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveasked3should/wouldhaveasked宀完成進(jìn)行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeeraskingshall/willhavebeenasking3should/wouldhavebeenasking2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別:1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡言之，禾U用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswrite已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容）2）一般過去時(shí)只表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“過”，“了”等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：

Ireadthenovellastmonth.只說明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住）IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。Ihavereadthatboo我讀過那本書了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning我早上一直在讀那本書。4.一般將來時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：將來時(shí)用法例句will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事It'sgoingtoclearupWe'regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來go,come,start,move,leavearrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對方意見We'retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就疋好的事情，可用般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來Themeetingstartsatfiveo'clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài):常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/areasked6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/werebeingasked2一般過去時(shí)was/wereasked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/hasbeenasked-教育精選-教育精選3-般將來時(shí)可編輯可編輯shall/willbeasked8過去完成時(shí)hadbeenasked汪意事項(xiàng)4過去將來時(shí)5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)should/wouldbeaskedam/is/arebeingJasked將來完成時(shí)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的will/wouldbeenaskedhavecan/must/maybeasked被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not,短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbett變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。女口：OTreesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示Itisbelievedthat…that…Itiswellknownthat…supposedthat-Itisreportedthat…that…下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.readingtwice.Thedoorwon'tshut./Theplaywon'tact./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面詞或短語沒有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,failhave,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agwith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,Ioseheart等Itisgenerallyconsideredthat-Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…如：ItissaidItisItishopedThebookisworthTheclotheswasheswell.ree情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問式與簡答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語中常cannot/cannot/can'tdoCan…?Yes,…can.No,…can't.couldcouldn'tdo七?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法:--教育精選可編輯可編輯用）可能性（表猜測，用于否定句或疑冋句中）may可以（問句中表示請求）可能，或許（表推測）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）maynotdoMay…do…?Yes,…may.No,…mustn't/can't.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）冃疋，想必（冃疋句中表推測）mustnot/mustn'tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn't/don'thaveto.haveto只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱變化）don'thavetodoDo…h(huán)avetodo…?Yes,…do.No,…don't.oughtto應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn'ttodoOught…todo…?Yes,…oughtNo,?-oughtn't.shall將要，會(huì)用于一三人稱征求對方意見用于一三人稱表示許諾、叩令、警告、威脅等shallnot/shan'tdoShalZdo…?Yes,…shall.No,…shant.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）本該（含有責(zé)備意味）shouldnot/shouldn'tdoShould???do…?will意愿，決心請求，建議，用在冋句中would比較委婉willnot/won'tdoWill?-do-?Yes,…will.No,…wont.wouldwouldnot/wouldn'tdodare敢（常用于否定句和疑問句中）darenot/daren'tdoDaCo…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren't.need需要needNeed…do…?

必須(常用于否定句和疑問句中)not/needn'tdoYes…-must.No,…needn't.usedto過去常常(現(xiàn)在已不再)usednot/usedn't/usen'ttododidn'tusetodoUsed…todo…?Yes,…used.No,…use(d)nt.Did…usetodo…?Yes,…did.No,…didn't.II.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must,may,might,could,ca表示推測：以must為例。must+do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must+bedoing推測可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must+havedone是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。must“肯定，一定”語氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握?？捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň洹emaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can't語氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonea推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒有發(fā)生)Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecartbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(語氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問句和否定句中)III.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”，而can無法表達(dá)此意。Beableto有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。usedtc和would:usedto表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為：neednt/daren'tdo；Need/darvdo…?做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don(doesn't/didn't)need/daretodo八.非謂語動(dòng)詞特征和作用I.非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成:非謂語形構(gòu)成特征和作用式時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone過去分詞done動(dòng)名詞doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)forsb.todosth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語sb'sdoing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語在非謂語前加notII.做賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞比較:情況只接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)詞只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞或短語hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happenmind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considerwn意義基本相同兩者都可以意義相反can'thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdeto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,sticktobegin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,contini（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need,want,require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意義不remember/forget/regrettodo（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regretdoing（指goontodo（接著做另外一件事）goondoing（接著做動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）同一件事）trytodo（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）trydoing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）meantodo（打算做，企圖做）meandoing（意識是，意味著）can'thelptodo（不能幫忙做）住要做）can'thelpdoing（忍不III.非謂語動(dòng)詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別:常見動(dòng)詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句不定ask,beg,expect,georder,tell,want,wishencourage扎主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.式have,notice,seewatch,hear,feel,let,make分詞現(xiàn)在notice,see,watch主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.分詞過去hear,find,keep,have,feel動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)WefoundthevillagegreatlychangedIV.非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語的區(qū)別:區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.動(dòng)名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關(guān)系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefalleleaves過去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成V.非謂語動(dòng)詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別:區(qū)別舉例不多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來的動(dòng)作，做Mydreamistobecomea

定式主語時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語有時(shí)可和主語交換位置，而且意義不變，并且還能用what來提冋主語或表語。teacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wishidea,plan,duty,task做主語時(shí)常用)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時(shí)可以和主語互換位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.分詞無名詞的性質(zhì)，不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語，多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very,quite,rather等副詞修飾?，F(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人…”之意，說明主,語的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動(dòng)，主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到…”之意，主語多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常見分詞有astonishing,moving,tiringdisappointing,puzzlingshocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)九.定語從句I.定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在從句中做賓語時(shí)，?？梢允÷裕樵~提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定語Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主語，賓語Aplaneisamachinethatcarfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)I

wanttoseeverymuch.which物主語，賓語Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasaboultheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主語，賓語Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIloslyesterday.as做賓語一般不省略關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地占八、、地點(diǎn)狀語ThisisthehousewhereIwaborn.s可用inwhichwhy原因原因狀語Ican'timaginethereasowhyheturneddownmyoffer.n可用forwhichII.that與which,who,whom的用法區(qū)別:情況用法說明例句1.先行詞為all,everything,1.Hetoldmeeverythinganything,nothing,little,much,等不定代thatheknows.詞時(shí)。2.AIIthebooksthatyou2.先行詞被all,any,every,eacofferedhasbeengivenout.much,little,no,some,few等修飾時(shí)3.Thisisthebestfilmthat只用that3.先行詞有形容詞最高級和序Ihaveeverread.的情況數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)4.Wetalkedaboutthe4.先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)personsandthingsthatwe5.先行詞被theonly,theveryremembered.修飾時(shí)5.Heistheonlymanthat6.句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，Iwanttosee.為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?1.在非限制性定語從句中，只Hehasason,whohas能用which指代物，用who/whom指goneabroadforfurtherstudy.只用人Ilikethepersontowhomwhich,who,2.在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引theteacheristalking.whom的情況導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，Thosewhorespectotherswhom指人。3.先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系areusuallyrespectedbyother.

詞用which,先行詞為those,one,he時(shí)多用who。III.as與which的區(qū)別:疋語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和thesame修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelookDon'treadsuchbooksasyoucan'tunderstand.非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn'texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamoufilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時(shí)不用逗號分開。Theaccidenthappenedatthetimewhen1left.非限制性定語從句對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)插入語，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時(shí)也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.十.名詞性從句種類作用常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞例句主語從句在復(fù)合句中做主語，相當(dāng)于名詞，一般置謂語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthoughwho,whoseWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesntmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewil,bewelcome.

表語從句在復(fù)合句中做表語，相當(dāng)于名詞，位于系動(dòng)詞之后which,how,when,wherewhy,whatwhatever,whoever,whereverJItlooksasifitisgoingto,snow.賓語從句在復(fù)合句中做賓語，相當(dāng)于名詞Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位語從句放在名詞之后(newsproblem,idea,suggestionadvice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具體內(nèi)容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.狀語從句種類連接詞、、亠1注意點(diǎn)時(shí)間狀語when,whenever,while,as,beforeafter,until,till,bythetime,assoonashardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediatelydirectly,instantlye,主句表示將來意義時(shí)，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；while引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中主句動(dòng)詞為短暫性的。地點(diǎn)狀語where,wherever原因狀語because,as,since,nowthatbecause語氣最強(qiáng)，since較弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。條件狀語if,uniess,once,incase,aslongaonconditionthatas,從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不可用將來時(shí)，常用一般時(shí)代替目的狀語sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)果狀語so…that,such…that比較狀語than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore方式狀語asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。讓步狀語though,although,evenif,everthough,as,nomatterwhat,whatevernomatterwho,whoever,nomatteas在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式；although和though用正常語序，可和yet連用，但不可和but

which,whichever,nomatterhow,連用however,nomatterwhen,whenever十二。倒裝句種類十二。倒裝句種類宀I完全倒裝倒裝條件here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副詞開頭的句子表示強(qiáng)調(diào)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語作狀語位于句首強(qiáng)調(diào)表語，置于句首，或?yàn)楸３志渥悠胶饫銸utrushedthechildren.Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,littnotuntil,not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首e,HardlydidIknowwhathachappened.onlyonly和修飾的狀語放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportaneeofEnglish.notonly…butalso連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒部前后都倒裝neither…nor…連接并列的句子,NotonlydoesheknowFrenchbutalsoheisexpertatit.NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時(shí)前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中省略if的虛擬條件Mayyoubeingoodhealth!WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.類別用法例句If引導(dǎo)的條件與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句動(dòng)詞：過去式（be用were）主句動(dòng)詞：Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelp十三。虛擬語氣--教育精選Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!可編輯從句與過去事實(shí)相反與將來事實(shí)相反should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形從句動(dòng)詞：had+過去分詞主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞從句動(dòng)詞：過去式/should+動(dòng)詞原形/were+不定式主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形us.IfIhadbeefree,Iwouldhavvisitedyou.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其它狀語從句asif引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhabeenfriendsforyears.賓語從句主語從句其它句型中inorderthat/sothat引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動(dòng)詞用can/could/may/might/would等+動(dòng)詞原形demand,suggest,order,insist后接的從句中動(dòng)詞為should+動(dòng)詞原形wish后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和should/would+動(dòng)詞原形表示與現(xiàn)在，過去和將來情況相反在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat--,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat?等從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形Itistimethat…句型中動(dòng)詞用過去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形wouldrather所接的從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或者過去完成式Ifonly句型中動(dòng)詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強(qiáng)烈的愿望十四。重要句型1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.Hesuggestethatwenotchangourmind.IwishIcoulcbeapopsinger.Itisstrangthatsuchapersoishouldbeoufriends.It'shightimethatweleft.Iwouldratheyoustayedathomenow.--教育精選可編輯可編輯NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.Hewalkedaroundthehouseg,uninhand.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!Theprofessorwasahumorousmawnithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.Whatsurprisedmemotswashisimaginationandpatience.Helayonthegrassw,ithhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhish.eadSittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.Lookingbackuponthosepastyea,rshecouldn'thelpfeelingveryproud.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrtehan(when)theplaystarted.Youngashei,shehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.Theregoesthebell.Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.Itisnousecryingforhelp.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.“Heworksparticularlyhard”.“Sohedoes,andsodoyo”u.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.十五。動(dòng)詞搭配addto增加，增進(jìn)add…to把…加進(jìn)…addup相加addupto總計(jì)，所有這一切說明Idon'tthinkthesefactswillanything.Fiftynewbookshavebeenthelibrary.Themusicourenjoymentofthefilm.Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyouthebill.(addupto,addedto,addto,addedup)breakawayfron打破，脫離，掙脫，改掉breakdown出毛病，身體(精神)衰弱，分解，拆開breakoff暫停，中斷breakin強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入，插話breakinto闖入breakintopieces成為碎片breakout爆發(fā)breakup搗碎，驅(qū)散，瓦解，學(xué)期結(jié)束，拆散breakthrough突破Thecriminalmanagedtobreakthepoliceandranintothewoods.Whenheheardthenews,hebrokeandcried.Don'tbreakwhileothersarespeaking.Whydon'tyoubreakforafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?Whendoesschoolbreak?Afterharvestwebreakthesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)bringup撫養(yǎng)，嘔吐，提出bringabout造成bringout拿出，出版bringin引入，引進(jìn)，掙錢bringback使回想起bringdown使下降，使倒下Theshopkeeperbroughthispricetoonlyfivedollars.TheschoolhasbroughtnewforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.Thesongbroughthappymemoriesofourschooldays.Doyouknowwhatbroughtthismisunderstanding?Thekindoldmanagreedtobringtheyoungorphan.Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.Thewindbroughtalotoftreeslastnight.Nextmonththeywillbringaneweditionofthebook.(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)callon號召，拜訪(某人)callat拜訪、參觀(某地)callfor去叫某人,要求,需要callup使回憶起,征召入伍callin召集，請某人來callout大喊，高叫calloff取消，不舉行Doctorsareoftencalledinthemiddleofthewar.Pleasewaitformeathome.I'llcallyouatyourhouseatseventonight.ThetrainscallsseveralbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.Hecalledhername,butshedidn'tanswer.Thesportsmeetwascalledonaccountoftherain.(in,for,at,out,off)comeabou發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)comedown下跌，落，降，傳下來comein進(jìn)來comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)comeon來臨/快點(diǎn)comeout出版，結(jié)果是comealon廠道來，趕快cometo達(dá)至U(anend/anagreement/astop蘇醒，合計(jì)，總共是comeover走過來comeup發(fā)芽，走近c(diǎn)omeacrosS偶然碰至Ucomeback回想起comefrom來自，源自IcomethebookIlentyoulastmonth.Howdiditcomethatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.ItsuddenlycametomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.Comenow,orelseweshallbelate.Hecamemelikeatiger.Thepriceofpetrolhascomesincethebeginningofthisyear.Thewordcameusemanyyearsago.Whentheexaminationresultcame,hehadalreadygotajob.Thebillcameoverathousanddollars.Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven'tcomeyet.(for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up)cutacross抄近路cutdown砍倒，削減cutoff切斷，割掉，斷絕關(guān)系cutup連根拔除，切碎through剪斷，鑿穿cutout刪(省)掉，戒掉cutin插嘴Don'tcut___thistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.Youmustcutthenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness.Wedecidedtocutthemoo(r曠野)tothevillage.Cuttingthetreemeanscuttingthetreeintopieces.Theelectricitywascutwhentheladyrefusedtopaythebill.WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut.(down,down,across,up,off,in)dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage死于(疾病，饑餓，寒冷，情感原因)diefrom死于(意外事故、情形)dieaway漸漸消逝dieout絕種diedown爐火)漸熄dieoff逐一死去fallbehind落后falloverone'sfeet跌跤falldown掉下，跌倒fallback撤退，后退Babiesoftenfallwhentheyarelearningtowalk.Ourteamseemstohavefallentheothers.Assoonastheenemiesfell,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage.Shefellthebenchandhadherlegbroken.(down,behind,back,over)goinfor從事，喜愛，參加gothrough通過，經(jīng)受goover復(fù)習(xí)，檢查goup(價(jià)格)上漲，建造起來goafter追捕，追趕goagains違反goaheac先行，開始吧，問吧，說吧goaway離開goby時(shí)間過去godown下沉，降低，(日、月)西沉goon(with)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行g(shù)owith相配，陪同gowithout沒有，缺少goout外出，熄滅goallout全力以赴gooff爆炸，進(jìn)行，變壞，斷電，停止供應(yīng)gobackon背約，食言gobeyond超出Manynewfactorieshavegone__inthepastfewyears.Rentshavegonegreatlyrecently.Manyyearshavegonesincewefirstmet.Let'scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes.Hisactionswentthewillofthepeople,Ican'tdoit,foritgoesmyduty.Over100studentswentthisentranceexamination.Thebombwentandkilledtenpeople.Thebuyerwentthecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision.Thistiedoesn'tgomyblueshirt.Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go.Manystudentswentplayingbasketball.(up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor)getdown下來，記下，使沮喪getdownto致力于，專心于geton進(jìn)展，進(jìn)步，穿上，上車getoff脫下，下車getin收集，插(話)getaway逃跑，逃脫，去休假getover忘記，越過，克服，從疾病中恢復(fù)getalongwith進(jìn)展，相處getup起床getthrough打通電話，完成，通過getround消息傳開getclosetosth.接近，幾乎getinto(trouble)getto(know)getback取回，收回getoutShespokesofastthatIcouldn'tgetwhathesaid.Wewillfindwaystogetdifficulties.Thestoryhasgot,andeveryoneknowsaboutit.WhenIgetwiththereport,I'llgotothecinema.Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengottobusiness.Don'talwaysgetawordwhenothersarespeaking.Ittookmealongtimetogetsuchanunpleasantexperience.(down,over,round,through,down,in,over)giveawa贈(zèng)送，泄露，出賣giveout發(fā)出，疲勞，分發(fā)，公布giveoff發(fā)出(光、熱、氣體)givein(tosb.)屈服giveup放棄，讓(座位)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zHisaccentatlastgavehim.Theliquidgaveastrongsmell.Theheadmastergavethenamesoftheprize-winners.Thesoldiersgavethetowntotheenemies.Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks?Don'tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends.Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave.(away,off,out,up,out,away,out)handin交上，提交handout分發(fā)handdown流傳，遺傳hangabou閑逛hangup掛電話holdback阻止，隱瞞holdup舉起，使停頓holdon別掛電話，等，堅(jiān)持holdout持續(xù)，堅(jiān)持，伸出holddown控制，鎮(zhèn)壓I'msureheisholdingsomething.Shemanagedtoholdheremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.Tellhimtoholdamoment.I'llcomesoon.Ourfoodsupplywon'tholdformorethanafewdays.Thetrainwasheldasaresultofthefloods.Thesemeasureshelpedtoholdthecity'spopulation.Holdyourleftarm,please.(back,back,on,out,up,down,up)keepup(courage,English,spiri保持,keepupwith跟上keepoff(grass不接近，離開keepawayfrom避開，不接近，離…遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的keepoutofkeepto(rules,promise堅(jiān)持，遵守keepon繼續(xù)，堅(jiān)持下來keepback阻止，留下，隱瞞，扣下keepfrom克制，阻止Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeepfromher.Icanhardlykeepmytearsafterhearinghiswords.Onlypridekeptherburstingintotears.Icanscarcelykeepaskinghimwhathehasdone."Don'ttouchme,"screamedthewoman,"Keep!"Keepuntilyousucceed.Keepyourcourage,andyou'llsucceedintheend.Thethickcoatcankeepthecold.Alwaystrytokeeptheruleswhenyouplayagame.Ican'tkeepwitheverythingyou'redoing.(away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up)knockat/on敲knockinto撞到某人身上knockdown撞倒knockoutof把…敲出knockover撞倒knockoff停止工作，休息Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent.Theofficestuffknocksatsixeveryday.Tryknockingthewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknockedthecarparkedthere.(down,off,on,into)leavefo離開前往leaveout刪去，遺漏leavebehinc遺留，忘記拿走leaveto留給，遺囑贈(zèng)于leaveove遺留，剩下，延期"Whosenamehasbeenleft?"cemancectheteacher.Whenheciec,heleftallhispropertyhisniece.Hesuccenlyrealizecthathehaclefthisumb