高考生物精準(zhǔn)備考一輪全國通用課件：選修1 第3講 DNA技術(shù)及植物有效成分的提取

第3講DNA技術(shù)及植物有效成分的提取考綱要求目錄Contents考點(diǎn)一DNA的粗提取與鑒定考點(diǎn)二植物有效成分的提取課堂練真題——明高考規(guī)律課下練模擬——試自身能力DNA的粗提取與鑒定考點(diǎn)一溶解規(guī)律2mol/LNaCl溶液0.14mol/LNaCl溶液DNA__________蛋白質(zhì)NaCl溶液物質(zhì)的量濃度從2mol/L逐漸降低的過程中，溶解度逐漸_____部分發(fā)生鹽析沉淀_____植物有效成分的提取考點(diǎn)二影響因素解決措施萃取劑的性質(zhì)用_________有機(jī)溶劑原料的顆粒大小、緊密程度____材料的含水量____萃取溫度探索最佳萃取溫度，嚴(yán)格控制溫度萃取時(shí)間適當(dāng)延長萃取時(shí)間解析返回①粉碎、干燥②萃取、過濾③濃縮①石灰水浸泡、漂洗②壓榨、過濾、靜置③再次過濾①水蒸氣蒸餾②分離油層③除水過濾方法步驟使芳香油溶解在有機(jī)溶劑中，蒸發(fā)溶劑獲得芳香油通過機(jī)械加壓，壓榨出果皮中的芳香油利用水蒸氣將揮發(fā)性較強(qiáng)的植物芳香油攜帶出來實(shí)驗(yàn)原理有機(jī)溶劑萃取法壓榨法水蒸氣蒸餾法提取方法使用的有機(jī)溶劑處理不當(dāng)會(huì)影響芳香油的質(zhì)量分離較為困難，出油率相對(duì)較低水中蒸餾會(huì)導(dǎo)致原料焦糊和有效成分水解等問題局限性出油率高，易分離生產(chǎn)成本低，易保持原料原有的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能簡(jiǎn)單易行，便于分離優(yōu)點(diǎn)適用范圍廣，要求原料的顆粒要盡可能細(xì)小，能充分浸泡在有機(jī)溶劑中適用于柑橘、檸檬等易焦糊原料的提取適用于提取玫瑰油、薄荷油等揮發(fā)性強(qiáng)的芳香油適用范圍有機(jī)溶劑萃取法壓榨法水蒸氣蒸餾法提取方法解析返回材料保存溫度花菜辣椒蒜黃20°C＋＋＋＋＋＋－20°C＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋“課下練模擬”見“課時(shí)跟蹤檢測(cè)（四十）”

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