構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)要點(diǎn)與練習(xí)

Chapter4WordFormationPartI：知識(shí)要點(diǎn)TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonword-formation.Notallthewordsthatareproducedbyapplyingtherulesareacceptable.Rulesonlyprovideaconstantsetofmodelsfromwhichnewwordsarecreatedfromdaytoday.現(xiàn)代英語詞匯的擴(kuò)充主要依靠構(gòu)詞法。并不是所有應(yīng)用規(guī)則產(chǎn)生的單詞都是可接受的。規(guī)則只提供了一組固定的模型，從這些模型中可以日復(fù)一日地創(chuàng)建新單詞。Rulesthemselvesarenotfixedbutundergochanges.affixation30%-40%，compounding28%-30%，conversion26%，shortening8%-10%， (clippingandacronymy)blendingandothers1%-5%I.AffixationAffixation(也叫Derivation):theformationofwordsbyaddingwordformingorderivationalaffixestostems.(derivative派生詞)Accordingtotheirposition，affixationfallsinto：prefixation(前綴法)andsuffixation(后綴法).LI.Prefixation theformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Itdoesnotchangetheword-classofthestembutchangeitsmeaning.通過在詞干上加前綴來形成新詞。它并不改變詞干的詞類，而是改變詞干的意義。Negativeprefixes:-a-(abnormal)，dis-(disobey)，in-(il-，ir-，im-)(injustice)，non-(non-smoker)，un-(unwilling)un-arethemostproductiveandcanusuallyreplacein-ordis-withadj.Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前綴：-de-(decentralize)，dis-(disunite)，un-(unwrap)Pejorativeprefixes(貶義的前綴)：-mal-(maltreat)，mis-(mistrust)，pseudo-(pseudo-science)Prefixesofdegreeorsize：表程度或大小的前綴-arch-(archbishop),extra-(extra-strong),hyper-(hyperactive),macro-(macrocosm),micro-(microcomputer),mini-(mini-election),out-(outlive),over-(overweigh),sub-(subheading),super-(superfreeze), sur-(surtax),ultra-(ultra-conservative),under-(underdeveloped)Prefixesoforientationandattitude:傾向、方向和態(tài)度前綴-anti-(anti-nuclear),contra-(contraflow),counter-,pro-(pro-student)Locativeprefixes:方位前綴-extra-(extraordinary),fore-(forehead),inter-(inter-city),intra-(intra-party)，tele-，trans-Prefixesoftimeandorder:時(shí)間和順序的前綴-ex-(ex-wife),fore-(foretell),pre-,re-(reconsider)NumberPrefixes:數(shù)字前綴-bi-，multi-(poly-)(multi-purpose)，semi-(hemi-)，tri-(tricycle)，uni-(mono-) (uniform)Miscellaneousprefixes:其他類型的前綴-auto-，neo-(neo-Nazi)，pan-(pan-European)，vice-Suffixation—Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Changethegrammaticalfunctionofstems(thewordclass).Suffixescanbegroupedonagrammaticalbasis.后綴發(fā)是通過在詞干中添加后綴來形成新詞。改變詞干(詞類)的語法功能。后綴可以根據(jù)語法分組。I.2.1.Nounsuffixes名詞后綴Denominalnouns來自名詞的名詞后綴(名詞+suffix 名詞)Concrete(表具體) eer(engineer)，-er(teenager)，-ess(hostess)，-ette(cigarette)，-let(booklet)Abstract(表抽象) -age(wastage)，-dom(處于...狀態(tài))(officialdom)，-ery(slavery)，-ery(-ry)，-hood(childhood)，-ing(farming)，-ism(…主義)(terrorism)，-ship(狀態(tài))(sportsmanship)Deverbalnouns來自動(dòng)詞的名詞后綴(動(dòng)詞+suffix 名詞)

a.Denotingpeople表示人-ant(assistant),-ee(trainee),-ent(a.Denotingpeople表示人-ant(assistant),-ee(trainee),-entb.Denotingaction,result,process,state,ect.表示動(dòng)作、結(jié)果、過程、狀態(tài) age(linkage),-al(dismissal),-ance(attendance),-ation(-ition,-tion,-sion,-ion),-ence(existence),-ing(savings),-ment(statement)De-adjectivenouns來自形容詞的名詞后綴(形容詞+suffix 名詞) -ity(popularity),-ness(happiness)Nounsandadjectivessuffixes ese(Chinese),-an(Australian),-ist(主義) (socialist)Adjectivesuffixes形容詞后綴Denominalsuffixes來自名詞的形容詞后綴：-ed(wooded),-ful(successful),-ish(foolish),-less(priceless),-like(lady-like),-ly(friendly),-y(smoky)-al(-ial,-ical) (cultural,residential),-esque(picturesque), -ic(economic),-ous(-eous,-ious) (coutageous)-icand-icalcanbeaffixedtothesteminsomecases,butdifferinmeaning.Historic(importantinhistory)historical(ofhistory)Classic(great,memorable)classical(ofLatinorGreek)Comic(ofcomedy)comical(funny)Economic(intheeconomy)economical(money-saving)Electric(poweredbyelectricity)electrical(ofelectricity)Deverbalsuffixes來自動(dòng)詞的形容詞后綴 able(-ible) (washable),-ive(-ative, -sive) (active,decisive)Adverbsuffixes副詞后綴：y)-ly(calmly),-ward(s) (homewards),-wise(clockwisey)Verbsuffixes動(dòng)詞后綴:-ate(originate),-en(darken),-(i)fy(beautify),-ize(ise)(modernize)

II.Compounding(Composition)合成法Compoundingisaprocessofword-formationbyjoiningtwoormorestems.復(fù)合是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞干連接而成的構(gòu)詞法。Compound：alexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.復(fù)合詞:由一個(gè)以上的詞干組成的一個(gè)詞匯單位，在語法和語義上都是一個(gè)詞。PartII：練習(xí)Eachofthestatementsbelowisfollowedbyfouralternativeanswers.Choosetheonethatwouldbestcompletethestatement.Theprefixesinthewordsofirresistible,乃o〃classicalandapoliticalarecalled.A.reversativeprefixesB.negativeprefixesC.pejorativeprefixesD.locativeprefixesTheprefixescontainedinthefollowingwordsarecalled:pseudo-friend,malpractice,mistrust.A.reversativeprefixedB.negativeprefixesC.pejorativeprefixesD.locativeprefixesTheprefixedcontainedinunwrap,de-composeanddisalloware.A.reversativeprefixedB.negativeprefixesC.pejorativeprefixesD.locativeprefixesTheprefixesinwordsextra-strong,overweightandarc龍bishopare.A.negativeprefixesB.prefixesofdegreeorsizeC.pejorativeprefixesD.locativeprefixesTheprefixesinwordsbilingual,uniformandhemisphereare.A.numberprefixesB.prefixesofdegreeorsizeC.pejorativeprefixesD.locativeprefixesarecontainedinwordstrans-world,intra-partyandforehead.A.PrefixesoforientationandattitudeB.PrefixesoftimeandorderC.Locativeprefixes D.PrefixesofdegreeorsizeRugby,afghanandchampagnearewordscomingfrom.A.namesofbooksB.namesofplacesC.namesofpeopleD.tradenamesOmega,Xeroxandorlonarewordsfrom.A.namesofbooksB.namesofplacesC.namesofpeopleD.tradenamesEx-student,foretellandpost-electioncontain.A.negativeprefixesB.prefixesofdegreeorsizeC.prefixesoftimeandorderD.locativeprefixesMackintosh,bloomersandcherubarefromA.namesofbooksB.namesofplacesC.namesofpeopleD.tradenamesTheprefixesinwordsnew-Nazi,autobiographyandpan-EuropeanareA.negativeprefixesB.prefixesofdegreeorsizeC.prefixesoftimeandorderD.miscellaneousprefixesTheprefixesinwordsanti-government,prostudentandcontrafloware-.A.prefixesofdegreeorsizeB.prefixesoforientationandattitudeC.prefixesoftimeandorderD.miscellaneousprefixesUtopia,odysseyandBabbitarewordsfrom.A.namesofbooksB.namesofplacesC.namesofpeopleD.tradenamesThesuffixesinwordsclockwise,homewardsare.A.nounsuffixesB.verbsuffixesC.adverbsuffixesD.adjectivesuffixesThesuffixesinwordsheighten,symbolizeare.A.nounsuffixesB.verbsuffixesC.adverbsuffixesD.adjectivesuffixesCompletethefollowingstatementswithproperwordsorexpressions.Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostem.Thisprocessisalsoknownas.Compounding,alsocalled,istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalled.18.istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.19.istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblendsorwords.20Acommonwayofmakingawordistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Thisiscalled.III.MatchthewordsorexpressionsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBaccordingtotypesofsuffixation.AB21.Concretedenominalnounsuffixes()A.priceless22.Abstractdenominalnounsuffixes()B.downward23.Deverbalnounsuffixes(denotingpeople.)()C.engineer24.Deverbalnounssuffixes(denotingaction,etc)()D.darken25.De-adjectivenounsuffixes()Eviolinist26.Nounandadjectivesuffixes()F.happiness27.Denominaladjectivesuffixes()G.arguable28.Deverbaladjectivesuffixes()H.dependent29.Adverbsuffixes()I.adulthood30.Verbsuffixes()J.survivalIV.Studythefollowingwordsorexpressionsandidentify1)typesofclipping2)typesofacronymyandwritethefullterms.) 32.stereo()34.pub( )35.)33.flu(TOC\o"1-5"\h\zquake(c/o( )) 32.stereo()34.pub( )35.)33.flu(36.V-day( )37.TB( )38.disco( )39.copter( )40.perm( )IV.Definethefollowingterms.41.acronymy42.back-formation43.initialisms44.prefixation45.suffixationAnswerthefollowingquestionswithexamples.Whatarethecharacteristicsofcompounds?Whatarethemaintypesofblendings?Whatarethemaintypesofcompounds?Analyzeandcommentonthefollowing:Usethefollowingexamplestoexplainthetypesofback-formation.donate donationemote emotionloaf—loafer beg beggareavesdrop---eavesdroppingbabysit---babysitterdrowse—drowsy laze---lazyReadthefollowingsentenceandidentifythetypesofconversionoftheitalicizedwords.I’mverygratefulfor