智慧型運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)課件

IntroductionTheplanningaspectsoftransportengineeringrelatetourbanplanning,andinvolvetechnicalforecastingdecisionsandpoliticalfactors.Humanfactorsareanaspectoftransportengineering,particularlyconcerningdriver-vehicleinterfaceanduserinterfaceofroadsigns,signals,andmarkings.IntroductionTheplanningaspecTechnicalforecastingofpassengertravelusuallyinvolvesanurbantransportationplanningmodel,requiringtheestimationoftripgeneration

(howmanytripsforwhatpurpose),tripdistribution(destinationchoice,whereisthetravelergoing),modechoice(whatmodeisbeingtaken),androuteassignment(whichstreetsorroutesarebeingused).TechnicalforecastingofpasseMoresophisticatedforecastingcanincludeotheraspectsoftravelerdecisions,includingautoownership,tripchaining(thedecisiontolinkindividualtripstogetherinatour)andthechoiceofresidentialorbusinesslocation(knownaslanduseforecasting).Transportationengineering,aspracticedbycivilengineers,primarilyinvolvesplanning,design,construction,maintenance,andoperationoftransportationfacilities.MoresophisticatedforecastingOperationsandmanagementinvolvetrafficengineering,sothatvehiclesmovesmoothlyontheroadortrack.Oldertechniquesincludesigns,signals,markings,andtolling.Newertechnologiesinvolveintelligenttransportationsystems(ITS),includingadvancedtravelerinformationsystems

(suchasvariablemessagesigns),advancedtrafficcontrolsystems

(suchasrampmeters),andvehicleinfrastructureintegration.OperationsandmanagementinvoITS(Intelligenttransportationsystem)ITSreferstoeffortstoaddinformationandcommunicationstechnologytotransportinfrastructure

andvehiclesinanefforttomanagefactorsthattypicallyareatodds(不一致)witheachother,suchasvehicles,loads,androutestoimprovesafetyandreducevehiclewear,transportationtimes,andfuelconsumption.ITScomesfromtheproblemscausedbytrafficcongestion(擁塞)andasynergy(協(xié)同增效作用)ofnewinformationtechnologyforsimulation,real-timecontrol,andcommunicationsnetworks.ITS(IntelligenttransportatioWhat

is

ITS?智慧型運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)

(ITS,IntelligentTransportationSystem)乃是應(yīng)用先進(jìn)的電子、通信、資訊與感測等技術(shù)，以整合人、路、車的管理策略，提供即時(real-time)資訊以增進(jìn)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的安全、效率及舒適性，同時也減少交通對環(huán)境的衝擊。6WhatisITS?智慧型運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)

(ITS,Inte77ITS概念模式8ITS概念模式8Congestion

reducesefficiencyoftransportationinfrastructureandincreasestraveltime,airpollution,andfuelconsumption."Roadoperators,infrastructure,vehicles,theirdriversandotherroaduserswillcooperatetodeliverthemostefficient,safe,secureandcomfortablejourney.Thevehicle-vehicleandvehicle-infrastructureco-operativesystemswillcontributetotheseobjectivesbeyondtheimprovementsachievablewithstand-alonesystems."Congestionreducesefficiency為什麼要發(fā)展ITS交通擁擠交通事故能源消耗空氣汙染10運(yùn)輸需求大幅增加，道路建設(shè)緩不濟(jì)急，交通擁擠造成運(yùn)輸機(jī)動性與經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)力的降低。車禍死傷嚴(yán)重，造成龐大的社會成本與負(fù)擔(dān)。公路運(yùn)輸過度消耗石油能源，造成國家整體資源分配的不均衡。大量的汽、機(jī)車排放廢氣，威脅大自然與環(huán)境的永續(xù)發(fā)展。為什麼要發(fā)展ITS交通擁擠10運(yùn)輸需求大幅增加，道路建設(shè)緩不ITS目標(biāo)增進(jìn)交通安全(減少交通事故，提昇行車安全)降低環(huán)境衝擊(減少空氣、噪音污染，提高能源使用效率)改善運(yùn)輸效率(降低交通擁擠，提高運(yùn)輸機(jī)動性)提昇經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)力(促進(jìn)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，增加就業(yè)機(jī)會)11ITS目標(biāo)增進(jìn)交通安全(減少交通事故，提昇行車安全)11

Factorsforbothmotorizationandurbanization:industrialeconomyreplacedtheagriculturaleconomy.Populationtomovefromrurallocationsintourbancenters.motorizationwascausingcitiestoexpand.

Suburbs(近郊住宅區(qū))providedareasonablecompromisebetweenpopulationdensityandaccesstoemployment,goods,andservices.suburbaninfrastructurecouldbebuiltquickly,supportingarapidtransitionfromarural/agriculturaleconomytoanindustrial/urbaneconomy.FactorsforbothmotorizatFurther,ITScanplayaroleintherapidmassevacuation

ofpeopleinurbancentersafterlargecasualtyeventssuchasaresultofanaturaldisasterorthreat.MuchoftheinfrastructureandplanninginvolvedwithITSparallelstheneedforhomelandsecuritysystems.Inthedevelopingworld,themigrationofpeoplefromruraltourbanizedhabitatshasprogresseddifferentlyandsupportedbyamultimodalsystemofwalking,bicycletransportation,motorcycles,

buses,andtrains.Further,ITScanplayarolei1414ITS的技術(shù)骨幹

資訊收集：感測技術(shù)資訊處理：電腦技術(shù)資訊傳輸：通信技術(shù)15ITS的技術(shù)骨幹

資訊收集：感測技術(shù)15九大服務(wù)領(lǐng)域16九大服務(wù)領(lǐng)域16執(zhí)行架構(gòu)17執(zhí)行架構(gòu)17ThesuccessofITSisheavilydependentontheavailabilityoftimelyandaccurateestimatesoftrafficconditions.Theneededsystemistoutilizeadvancedtrafficmodelstoanalyzedata,especiallyreal-timetrafficdata,fromdifferentsourcestoestimateandpredicttrafficconditionssothatproactive(前瞻性)AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems(ATMS)andAdvancedTravelerInformationSystems(ATIS)strategiescanbeimplementedtomeetvarioustrafficcontrol,management,andoperationobjectives.ThesuccessofITSisheavily先進(jìn)交通管理系統(tǒng)

(AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems,

ATMS)ATMS為智慧型運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)(ITS)的核心與基礎(chǔ)。利用偵測、通訊及控制等技術(shù)，將交通監(jiān)控所得之交通狀況，經(jīng)由通訊網(wǎng)路傳輸?shù)娇刂浦行?，制定及評估交通控制策略，執(zhí)行整體性的交通管理。相關(guān)資訊傳送給用路人與相關(guān)道路管理單位，以達(dá)到運(yùn)輸效率最大化及運(yùn)輸安全之目的。19先進(jìn)交通管理系統(tǒng)

(AdvancedTrafficMaActivetrafficmanagement(ATM),alsoknownasmanagedlanesorsmartlanes,isaschemeforimprovingtrafficflowandreducingcongestiononmotorways.Ithasbeenimplementedinseveralcountries,includingGermany,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates.Itmakesuseofautomaticsystemsandhumaninterventiontomanagetrafficflowandensurethesafetyofroadusers.Activetrafficmanagement(ATM交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關(guān)係

21交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關(guān)係21ATMS之涵蓋範(fàn)圍22有效改善交通擁擠問題提高交通服務(wù)水準(zhǔn)交通資訊需求管理高速公路匝道控制幹道號誌控制ATMS之涵蓋範(fàn)圍22有效改善交通擁擠問題提高交通服務(wù)水準(zhǔn)交ATMS之相關(guān)技術(shù)電腦交通號誌匝道儀控事件自動偵測動態(tài)交通預(yù)測自動車輛定位可變訊息標(biāo)誌地理資訊系統(tǒng)行進(jìn)間測重自動車輛分類電子式自動收費(fèi)自動車輛辨識最佳路線導(dǎo)引23ATMS之相關(guān)技術(shù)電腦交通號誌232424IntelligenttransportationapplicationsElectronictollcollection(ETC)makesitpossibleforvehiclestodrivethroughtollgatesattrafficspeed,reducingcongestionattollplazasandautomatingtollcollection.MostETCsystemswerebasedonusingradiodevicesinvehiclesthatwoulduseproprietary(專利的)protocolstoidentifyavehicleasitpassedunderagantryovertheroadway.IntelligenttransportationappManyETCsystemsusetransponderslikethisonetoelectronicallydebittheaccountsofregisteredcarswithouttheirstoppingNorwaynowhas25tollroadsoperatingwithelectronicfeecollection(EFC),astheNorwegiantechnologyiscalled(seeAutoPASS).In1995,Portugalbecamethefirstcountrytoapplyasingle,universalsystemtoalltollsinthecountry,ManyETCsystemsusetranspond電子式自動收費(fèi)

27電子式自動收費(fèi)

27AutomatedvehicleidentificationSomeearlyAVI(Automatedvehicleidentification)systemsusedbarcodesaffixedtoeachvehicle,tobereadopticallyatthetollbooth.Opticalsystemsprovedtohavepoorreadingreliability,especiallywhenfacedwithinclementweatheranddirtyvehicles.MostcurrentAVIsystemsrelyonradio-frequencyidentification,whereanantennaatthetollgatecommunicateswithatransponderonthevehicleviaDedicatedShortRangeCommunications(DSRC).AutomatedvehicleidentificatiHighoccupancytolllanesHighoccupancytolllanes(HOTlanes)isaroadpricingschemethatgivesmotoristsinsingle-occupantvehiclesaccesstohigh-occupancyvehiclelanes(or"HOVlanes").Typically,thesetollsincreaseastrafficdensityandcongestionwithinthetolledlanesincreases,apolicyknownascongestionpricing.Thegoalofthispricingschemeistominimizetrafficcongestionwithinthelanes.HighoccupancytolllanesHighCordonzoneswithcongestionpricingThemainobjectiveofthischargeistoreducetrafficcongestionwithinthecordonarea.Thisfeeortollischargedautomaticallyusingelectronictollcollectionorautomaticnumberplaterecognition,sincestoppingtheusersatconventionaltollboothswouldcauselongqueues,longdelays,andevengridlock(市區(qū)交通大堵塞).CordonzoneswithcongestionpCongestionpricinggantryatNorthBridgeRoad,Singapore.Cordonzones(管制區(qū))havebeenimplementedinSingapore,Stockholm,andLondon,whereacongestionchargeorfeeiscollectedfromvehiclesenteringacongestedcitycenter.CongestionpricinggantryatNVariablespeedlimitsVariablespeedlimitswhichchangewithroadcongestionandotherfactors.Typicallysuchspeedlimitsonlychangetodeclineduringpoorconditions,ratherthanbeingimprovedingoodones.ExamplevariablespeedlimitsignintheUnitedStates.VariablespeedlimitsVariableEmergencyvehiclenotificationsystemsThein-vehicleeCallisanemergencycallgeneratedeithermanuallybythevehicleoccupantsorautomaticallyviaactivationofin-vehiclesensorsafteranaccident.Whenactivated,thein-vehicleeCalldevicewillestablishanemergencycallcarryingbothvoiceanddatadirectlytothenearestemergencypoint.Theminimumsetofdatacontainsinformationabouttheincident,includingtime,preciselocation,thedirectionthevehiclewastraveling,andvehicleidentification.EmergencyvehiclenotificationCooperativesystemsontheroadCommunicationcooperationontheroadincludescar-to-car,car-to-infrastructure,andviceversa.Dataavailablefromvehiclesisacquiredandtransmittedtoaserverforcentralfusion(結(jié)合)andprocessing.Thisdatacanbeusedtodetecteventssuchasrain(wiperactivity)andcongestion(frequentbrakingactivities).Thegoalofcooperativesystemsistouseandplancommunicationandsensorinfrastructureinordertoincreaseroadsafety.Cooperativesystemsontheroa先進(jìn)用路人資訊系統(tǒng)

(AdvancedTravelerInformationSystems,

ATIS)ATIS係藉由先進(jìn)資訊、通訊及其他相關(guān)技術(shù)，提供旅行者必要之資訊。使其能於車內(nèi)、家裡、辦公室、車站等地點(diǎn)方便地取得所需之資訊，作為旅次產(chǎn)生、運(yùn)具與路線選擇之決策參考，以順利到達(dá)目的地。35先進(jìn)用路人資訊系統(tǒng)

(AdvancedTravelerIATIS之相關(guān)技術(shù)可變訊息標(biāo)誌公路路況廣播全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)地理資訊系統(tǒng)車內(nèi)顯示系統(tǒng)最佳路線導(dǎo)引無線電通訊電視路況報導(dǎo)、電傳視訊旅行服務(wù)資訊整體服務(wù)數(shù)位網(wǎng)路36ATIS之相關(guān)技術(shù)可變訊息標(biāo)誌最佳路線導(dǎo)引36可變訊息標(biāo)誌

(ChangeableMessageSigns,CMS)可變訊息標(biāo)誌乃是一種可程式化的交通管理設(shè)施，其透過文字或圖形符號來傳達(dá)各項動態(tài)的控制或警告訊息給道路使用者，藉以增進(jìn)道路使用率，並減低意外事故。當(dāng)其應(yīng)用於高速公路時，主要在顯示前方交通管制或警告、一般狀況以及宣導(dǎo)等訊息。37可變訊息標(biāo)誌

(ChangeableMessageSigCMS常見顯示內(nèi)容38CMS常見顯示內(nèi)容38CMS常見顯示內(nèi)容39CMS常見顯示內(nèi)容39先進(jìn)公共運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)

(AdvancedPublicTransportationSystems,APTS)先進(jìn)大眾運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)(APTS)係將先進(jìn)交通管理系統(tǒng)(ATMS)、先進(jìn)用路人資訊系統(tǒng)(ATIS)與先進(jìn)車輛控制及安全系統(tǒng)(AVCSS)之技術(shù)應(yīng)用於公共運(yùn)輸，以改善公共運(yùn)輸服務(wù)品質(zhì)，提高營運(yùn)效率，增加公共運(yùn)輸之吸引力。

APTS服務(wù)項目:路徑中大眾資訊大眾運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)管理個人大眾運(yùn)輸大眾運(yùn)輸旅行安全40先進(jìn)公共運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)

(AdvancedPublicTranAPTS之相關(guān)技術(shù)包括自動車輛監(jiān)視（AutomaticVehicleMonitoring,AVM）自動車輛定位（AVL）雙向無線電通訊電子式自動付費(fèi)（ElectronicFarePayment,EFP）最佳路線導(dǎo)引公車電腦排班公車電腦輔助調(diào)度車內(nèi)顯示系統(tǒng)41APTS之相關(guān)技術(shù)包括自動車輛監(jiān)視（AutomaticVeAPTS系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)圖優(yōu)先號誌資訊查詢站˙同質(zhì)單位：北市交控中心˙異質(zhì)單位：公車、鐵路、捷運(yùn)、飛航管理單位TMIC之公車營管中心交通資訊站TCIS路側(cè)子系統(tǒng)?]RSU?^2.廣域WAN1.區(qū)域LAN信號柱無線通訊業(yè)者車輛子系統(tǒng)(OBC)聯(lián)外子系統(tǒng)(ISP)中心子系統(tǒng)3.短距無線通訊DSRC3.短距無線通訊DSRC4.長距無線通訊WAC4.長距無線通訊WAC2.廣域WAN5.廣域WAN公司、家戶DesktopWAPPDA聯(lián)外子系統(tǒng)其他用路人子系統(tǒng)智慧型公車站牌公車車載電腦定位承載率行車記錄交通資訊接收到站訊息交通資料庫優(yōu)先號誌策略資料融合資料交換定位資料WEB伺服42APTS系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)圖優(yōu)先號誌資訊查詢站˙同質(zhì)單位：北市交控中心APTS運(yùn)作示意簡圖

43APTS運(yùn)作示意簡圖

43目前應(yīng)用APTS通訊系統(tǒng)之規(guī)劃公車站牌動態(tài)資訊顯示車上資訊顯示公車定位輔助車隊運(yùn)作與管理大眾運(yùn)輸旅行安全系統(tǒng)44目前應(yīng)用APTS通訊系統(tǒng)之規(guī)劃公車站牌動態(tài)資訊顯示44先進(jìn)車輛控制及安全系統(tǒng)

(AdvancedVehicleControlandSafetySystems,AVCSS)AVCSS係結(jié)合感測器、電腦、通訊、電機(jī)及控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用於車輛及道路設(shè)施上，協(xié)助駕駛?cè)笋{駛，以提高行車安全，增加道路容量，減少交通擁擠。本系統(tǒng)之主要特色係利用感測器協(xié)助人類感官功能之不足，減少危險之發(fā)生；提高自動控制之程度，從事更安全、準(zhǔn)確、可靠之控制，彌補(bǔ)駕駛?cè)艘蚺袛噱e誤及技術(shù)不佳所造成的疏失與危險。45先進(jìn)車輛控制及安全系統(tǒng)

(AdvancedVehicle