《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)強(qiáng)化教程（含微課）》 第三章 閱讀理解

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)強(qiáng)化教程第三章閱讀理解項(xiàng)目導(dǎo)航01題型貫通02詞匯理解03長(zhǎng)篇閱讀理解04仔細(xì)閱讀理解1題型貫通一、考核的要求

二、考核的技能

三、考核題型一、考核的要求根據(jù)《全國(guó)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試大綱（2016年修訂版）》規(guī)定：閱讀理解部分要求考生能讀懂題材熟悉、語(yǔ)言難度較低的英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊文章和其他英語(yǔ)材料能讀懂工作、生活中常見(jiàn)的應(yīng)用文體的英語(yǔ)材料能運(yùn)用基本的閱讀策略幫助理解。仔細(xì)閱讀速度要達(dá)到每分鐘70詞，快速閱讀速度要達(dá)到每分鐘100詞。二、考核的技能（一）理解明示的信息A．理解主旨大意；B．理解細(xì)節(jié)信息C．理解作者明確表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度等二、考核的技能（二）理解隱含的信息B．推論隱含的意義。C．判斷作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度等。A．概括主旨大意。二、考核的技能（三）運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言特征理解聽(tīng)力材料A．根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞和短語(yǔ)的意思。C．運(yùn)用詞匯及語(yǔ)法銜接手段理解篇章各部分之間的關(guān)系。B．理解句間關(guān)系（如因果、比較、條件等）。二、考核的技能（四）運(yùn)用聽(tīng)力策略運(yùn)用合適的閱讀策略幫助理解。三、題型結(jié)構(gòu)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解由詞匯理解（1篇）、長(zhǎng)篇閱讀（1篇）和仔細(xì)閱讀（2篇）構(gòu)成。詞匯理解的篇章長(zhǎng)度為200～250詞，長(zhǎng)篇閱讀為1000詞左右，仔細(xì)閱讀每篇為300～350詞。試卷結(jié)構(gòu)試卷內(nèi)容測(cè)試題型題目數(shù)量分值比例考試時(shí)間閱讀理解詞匯理解選詞填空105%40分鐘長(zhǎng)篇閱讀匹配1010%仔細(xì)閱讀單項(xiàng)選擇1020%課堂小結(jié)這小結(jié)我們學(xué)習(xí)了考核的要求、考核的技能、題型結(jié)構(gòu)。希望大家課下多加復(fù)習(xí)，加深對(duì)題型貫通的理解。2詞匯理解一、解題步驟

二、解題技巧

三、真題解析

四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)詞匯理解（SectionA）由一篇200～250詞的短文和15個(gè)單詞選項(xiàng)構(gòu)成。該題目采用選詞填空題型，考核學(xué)生對(duì)篇章語(yǔ)境中詞匯的理解和運(yùn)用能力。從15個(gè)單詞選項(xiàng)中選擇10個(gè)填到短文的空格處，使文章完整、通順。建議用時(shí)9分鐘。要求考生既能宏觀地了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)，又能微觀地理解每一個(gè)單詞。不僅要熟知高頻詞匯，還要熟練掌握詞性和詞義。還需要掌握一些基本的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，并能夠基于這些語(yǔ)法知識(shí)判斷空格處應(yīng)填詞匯的詞性、單復(fù)數(shù)或時(shí)態(tài)等。一、解題步驟略讀全文，把握中心思想細(xì)讀選項(xiàng)，分類歸納詞性重讀全文，查漏補(bǔ)缺“瞻前顧后”，選詞填空1243二、解題技巧（一）根據(jù)空格前后詞匯判斷空格處詞性1．確定空格處是名詞01020304如果空格前面是冠詞、形容詞或者及物動(dòng)詞，空格處可能填入名詞。如果空格后面是動(dòng)詞，空格處充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)，可能填入一個(gè)名詞或動(dòng)名詞。如果空格前面是介詞，空格處充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)，可能填入一個(gè)名詞或動(dòng)名詞。如果空格前面有介詞to，空格處可能填入動(dòng)名詞。二、解題技巧（一）根據(jù)空格前后詞匯判斷空格處詞性2．確定空格處是動(dòng)詞如果空格前面有名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)，后面有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)，空格處可能填入及物動(dòng)詞。如果空格前面是名詞或代詞，后面沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，空格處可能填入不及物動(dòng)詞。如果空格前面是名詞或代詞，后面是副詞或介詞，空格處可能填入不及物動(dòng)詞，與副詞或介詞構(gòu)成固定搭配。如果空格前面是名詞或代詞，后面是形容詞，空格處可能填入系動(dòng)詞。如果空格前面有不定式標(biāo)志to，空格處可能填入動(dòng)詞原形。二、解題技巧（一）根據(jù)空格前后詞匯判斷空格處詞性3．確定空格處是形容詞如果空格前面或者后面是名詞，空格處可能填入形容詞。如果空格前面是系動(dòng)詞，空格處可能填入形容詞作表語(yǔ)。如果空格前面是副詞，空格處可能填入形容詞。二、解題技巧（一）根據(jù)空格前后詞匯判斷空格處詞性4．確定空格處是副詞如果空格前面或者后面是動(dòng)詞，空格處可能填入副詞。如果空格后面是形容詞，空格處可能填入副詞。二、解題技巧（二）根據(jù)后綴確定選項(xiàng)詞性或猜測(cè)其大意詞性后綴表示意義例詞名詞-aire人billionaire（億萬(wàn)富翁） millionaire（百萬(wàn)富翁）-ian,-ant人magician（魔術(shù)師）musician（音樂(lè)家）assistant（助手）-ar,-ary人；場(chǎng)所beggar（乞丐） secretary（秘書(shū)）library（圖書(shū)館）-ee,-eer,-ent人referee（裁判） weaponeer（武器專家）opponent（對(duì)手）-er,-or,-ist人engineer（工程師） inspector（檢察官） -ability,-ibility能力；性質(zhì)capability（能力） flexibility（彈性）-al動(dòng)作；人refusal（拒絕） professional（專業(yè)人員）-dom領(lǐng)域；狀態(tài)kingdom（王國(guó)） freedom（自由）二、解題技巧（二）根據(jù)后綴確定選項(xiàng)詞性或猜測(cè)其大意詞性后綴表示意義例詞名詞-hood時(shí)期；性質(zhì)childhood（童年） likelihood（可能性）-tion狀況；行為presentation（陳述） intuition（直覺(jué)）-ics學(xué)科economics（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)） linguistics（語(yǔ)言學(xué)）-ment狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)；行為payment（支付） argument（爭(zhēng)吵）-ness性質(zhì)；狀態(tài)sickness（疾?。?kindness（仁慈、好意）-ology學(xué)科psychology（心理學(xué)） physiology（生理學(xué)）-ship性質(zhì)；狀態(tài)membership（成員資格） leadership（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層）二、解題技巧（二）根據(jù)后綴確定選項(xiàng)詞性或猜測(cè)其大意詞性后綴表示意義例詞動(dòng)詞-en使……strengthen（使加強(qiáng)） lengthen（使加長(zhǎng)）-ify使……化simplify（使簡(jiǎn)單化） beautify（使美化）-ize使……化normalize（使正常化） socialize（使社會(huì)化）-ate做；造成remonstrate（抗議；抱怨） frustrate（使灰心；使沮喪）二、解題技巧（二）根據(jù)后綴確定選項(xiàng)詞性或猜測(cè)其大意詞性后綴表示意義例詞形容詞

-ible,-able能……的available（可利用的） unforgettable（令人難忘的）-al具有……性質(zhì)的critical（關(guān)鍵的，批評(píng)的） accidental（偶然的）-ent,-ant,-ate具有……性質(zhì)的confident（自信的） arrogant（傲慢的，自大的）passionate（充滿熱情的） fortunate（幸運(yùn)的）-ary,-ory與……相關(guān)的imaginary（想象中的） contradictory（反駁的；反對(duì)的）-ful充滿……的；易于……的dreadful（可怕的） regretful（后悔的）thoughtful（深思的） forgetful（健忘的）-ic(al)具有……性質(zhì)的energetic（精力旺盛的） typical（典型的）-ish帶有……性質(zhì)的bookish（迂腐的）childish（幼稚的） selfish（自私的）-less沒(méi)有……的aimless（無(wú)目標(biāo)的）helpless（無(wú)助的）priceless（無(wú)價(jià)的）-ous充滿……的envious（嫉妒的）industrious（勤勉的）spacious（廣闊的）-y充滿……的；有……性質(zhì)或傾向的dreamy（夢(mèng)幻的）foggy（多霧的）greedy（貪心的）二、解題技巧（二）根據(jù)后綴確定選項(xiàng)詞性或猜測(cè)其大意詞性后綴表示意義例詞副詞-ly……地subsequently（隨后地）-wise方向；位置likewise（同樣地）-ward(s)方向backward(s)（向后地） forward(s)（向前地）eastward(s)（向東地）-ways在……方向或位置；以……方式sideways（向旁邊） coastways（沿海岸線）二、解題技巧（三）根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系詞和固定短語(yǔ)確定答案文章的邏輯關(guān)系是通過(guò)一些邏輯關(guān)系詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)的，常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系詞有：并列關(guān)系：and,or,aswellas等。轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but,however,onthecontrary,ratherthan等。比較關(guān)系：as…as,like,similar等。因果關(guān)系：because,for,since,asaresultof,therefore,thus等。舉例關(guān)系：forexample,forinstance,suchas,andsoon等。遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：what’smore,moreover,inaddition等?？忌⒁饪疾辄c(diǎn)是否為固定短語(yǔ)搭配，需要考生平時(shí)多積累。二、解題技巧（四）在同類詞中進(jìn)行比較考生在利用上述技巧確定所給選項(xiàng)的詞性之后，還要對(duì)具有相同詞性的選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)對(duì)比，分析同類詞的詞義是否符合文章的整體意思和邏輯關(guān)系，最終確定最佳答案。三、真題解析Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.三、真題解析例題一2021年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試真題Manypeoplebelievethatpassionandcommitmentarethefoundationsofstrongromanticrelationships.Butarelationshipismadeoftwo(1)_______individuals.Andthepersonalitytraits(特性)theseindividuals(2)_______orlackcanoftenmakearelationshipmore—orless—likelyto(3)_______.Recentresearchhasfoundthatonetraitinparticular—humility(謙遜)—isanimportantindicatorofsuccessfulrelationships.Humilitycansometimesbe(4)_______withalackofconfidence.Butresearchershavecometorealizethatbeinghumblegenerallyindicatesthe(5)_______ofdeeplyadmirablepersonalqualities.三、真題解析Beinghumblemeansyouhavetheabilitytoaccurately(6)_______yourdeficiencieswithoutdenyingyourskillsandstrengths.Forexample,youmightrecognizethatyouareintelligent,butrealizethatyouarenota(7)_______.Thus,humilityleadstoanhonestviewofone’sownadvantagesandshortcomings.Humblepeopledonotignore,avoid,ortrytodenytheirlimitsordeficiencies.Theycan(8)_______mistakes,seevalueinthingsthatarefarfromperfectandidentifyareasforimprovement.Perhapsitisnot(9)_______,then,thathumilityappearstobeahugeassettorelationships.Onestudyfoundthatpeopletendtoratethisquality(10)_______intheirspouse.Thestudyalsofoundthatsomeonewhoishumbleismorelikelytoinitiatearomanticrelationship,perhapsbecausetheyarelesslikelytoseethemselvesas“toogood”forsomeoneelse.Thus,ahumblepartnermightbeyouridealpartner.三、真題解析A)acknowledgeB)assessC)confusedD)endureE)extremelyF)geniusG)highlyH)permanentI)possessJ)presenceK)puzzledL)statusM)surprisingN)thoroughlyO)unique三、真題解析1．O。空格前面是數(shù)量詞two，空格后面是名詞復(fù)數(shù)individuals（個(gè)體），因此空格處需要填入一個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞individuals。一覽所有選項(xiàng)，可選的形容詞有confused（困惑的，混亂的）、permanent（永久的，永恒的）、puzzled（困惑的，迷惑不解的）、surprising（令人驚訝的，出人意料的）、unique（獨(dú)一無(wú)二的，獨(dú)特的）?？崭袼诰渚湟鉃椤暗欢侮P(guān)系是由兩個(gè)_____個(gè)體組成的”。結(jié)合常理可知，每個(gè)人都是獨(dú)特的，因此unique（獨(dú)特的）符合句意，故正確答案為O。【答案解析】三、真題解析2．I。空格所在句是省略關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞thepersonalitytraits。其中，空格前的theseindividuals是定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，空格后是反義并列連詞or和動(dòng)詞原形lack，因此空格處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)動(dòng)詞原形，且詞義應(yīng)與lack（缺少）相反，共同構(gòu)成并列謂語(yǔ)?？崭袼诰渚湟鉃椤斑@些個(gè)體_____或缺乏的人格特性往往可能或多或少地決定一段關(guān)系能否_____”。因此空格處填入lack的反義詞possess（擁有，具有）符合句意，故正確答案為I?！敬鸢附馕觥?．D?？崭袂懊媸莑ikelyto，因此空格處需要填入動(dòng)詞原形，構(gòu)成固定搭配“(be)likelytodosth.”，意為“可能做某事”?？蛇x的動(dòng)詞原形有acknowledge（承認(rèn)，確認(rèn)）、assess（評(píng)價(jià)，估價(jià)）、endure（維持，持續(xù)）。空格所在句句意為“這些個(gè)體_____或缺乏的人格特性往往可能或多或少地決定一段關(guān)系能否_____”。代入選項(xiàng)，endure（維持）符合句意，故正確答案為D。三、真題解析4．C。空格前面是系動(dòng)詞be，空格后面是介詞with，因此空格處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)形容詞或動(dòng)詞的分詞形式，且能與with搭配?？崭袼诰渚湟鉃椤爸t遜有時(shí)會(huì)被_____為缺乏自信”。文章上一段提到“謙遜是一種優(yōu)秀的品質(zhì)”，而空格后出現(xiàn)消極短語(yǔ)alackofconfidence（缺乏自信），由此可知謙遜和缺乏自信有時(shí)會(huì)被混淆。因此空格處應(yīng)填入動(dòng)詞confuse（使迷惑，混淆）的分詞形式confused，與with構(gòu)成固定搭配“beconfusedwith…”，意為“與……混淆”，故正確答案為C?！敬鸢附馕觥?．J?？崭袂懊媸嵌ü谠~the，空格后面是介詞of，因此空格處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)名詞?？蛇x擇的名詞有g(shù)enius（天才，天賦）、presence（存在，出席）、status（地位，身份）?？崭袼诰渚湟鉃椤暗芯咳藛T已經(jīng)意識(shí)到，謙遜通常意味著令人欽佩的個(gè)人品質(zhì)的_____”。代入選項(xiàng)，presence（存在）符合句意，故正確答案為J。三、真題解析6．B?？崭袼诰浯嬖谝粋€(gè)固定搭配“havetheabilitytodo…”，意為“有能力做某事”，因此空格處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的原形形式。此處可選的動(dòng)詞原形有acknowledge（承認(rèn)，確認(rèn)）、assess（評(píng)價(jià)，估價(jià)）?？崭袼诰渚湟鉃椤爸t遜意味著你有能力_____自己的不足，而不否定自身技能和優(yōu)勢(shì)”。代入選項(xiàng)，assess（評(píng)價(jià)，估價(jià)）符合句意，故正確答案為B?！敬鸢附馕觥?．F?？崭袂懊媸遣欢ü谠~a，因此空格處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式。此處可選擇的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式只有g(shù)enius（天才，天賦）。空格所在句句意為“例如，你可能意識(shí)到自己很聰明，但也能意識(shí)到自己不是一個(gè)_____”。代入選項(xiàng)，genius（天才）符合句意，故正確答案為F。三、真題解析8．A?？崭袂懊媸乔閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞can，后面是名詞復(fù)數(shù)mistakes，因此空格處應(yīng)填入動(dòng)詞的原形形式。此處可選的動(dòng)詞原形只有acknowledge（承認(rèn)，確認(rèn)）。空格所在句句意為“他們能_____錯(cuò)誤，從遠(yuǎn)非完美的事物中看到價(jià)值，并發(fā)現(xiàn)需要改進(jìn)之處”。代入選項(xiàng)，acknowledge（承認(rèn)，確認(rèn)）符合句意，故正確答案為A?！敬鸢附馕觥?．M?？崭袂懊媸莍snot，后面是that從句，因此空格處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)形容詞或名詞?？蛇x的選項(xiàng)有status（地位，身份）、permanent（永久的，永恒的）、puzzled（困惑的，迷惑不解的）、surprising（令人驚訝的，出人意料的）?？崭袼诰渚湟鉃椤爸t遜似乎是戀愛(ài)關(guān)系中的一大有利條件，也就沒(méi)有什么_____了”。結(jié)合下文“謙遜的人更有可能開(kāi)始一段戀愛(ài)關(guān)系”和“謙遜的伴侶可能是理想的伴侶”，可以推知，作者認(rèn)同謙遜是戀愛(ài)關(guān)系中的一大有利條件，即謙遜是戀愛(ài)關(guān)系中的一大有利條件，這不足為奇。代入選項(xiàng)，surprising（令人驚訝的，出人意料的）符合句意，且構(gòu)成“itis(not)+adj.+that從句”的句式，故正確答案為M。三、真題解析10．G?？崭袼诰涞木渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)完整，不缺少任何成分，因此空格處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)副詞?？蛇x的副詞有extremely（非常，極其）、highly（高度地，非常）、thoroughly（完全地，徹底地）。空格所在句句意為“一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們往往對(duì)配偶的這種品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)_____”。根據(jù)上下文可知，“這種品質(zhì)”指的是“謙遜”，且謙遜是戀愛(ài)關(guān)系中的一大有利條件。代入選項(xiàng)，highly（高度地）符合句意，故正確答案為G?！敬鸢附馕觥咳?、真題解析例題二2019年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試真題ThecenterofAmericanautomobileinnovationhasinthepastdecademoved2,000milesaway.Ithas(1)_______fromDetroittoSiliconValley,whereself-drivingvehiclesarecomingintolife.Ina(2)_______totakeproductionbacktoDetroit,Michiganlawmakershaveintroduced(3)_______thatcouldmaketheirstatethebestplaceinthecountry,ifnottheworld,todevelopself-drivingvehiclesandputthemontheroad.“Michigan’s(4)_______inautoresearchanddevelopmentisunderattackfromseveralstatesandcountrieswhichdesireto(5)_______ourleadershipintransportation.Wecan’tletthathappen,”saysSenatorMikeKowall,thelead(6)_______offourbillsrecentlyintroduced.

三、真題解析Ifallfourbillspassaswritten,theywould(7)_______asubstantialupdateofMichigan’s2013lawthatallowedthetestingofself-drivingvehiclesinlimitedconditions.Manufacturerswouldhavenearlytotalfreedomtotesttheirself-drivingtechnologyonpublicroads.Theywouldbeallowedtosendgroupsofself-drivingcarsoncross-stateroadtrips,andevensetupon-demand(8)_______ofself-drivingcars,liketheoneGeneralMotorsandLyftarebuilding.LawmakersinMichiganclearlywanttomakethestatereadyforthecommercialapplicationofself-drivingtechnology.In(9)_______,California,homeofSiliconValley,recentlyproposedfarmore(10)_______rulesthatwouldrequirehumandriverstobereadytotakethewheel,andbancommercialuseofself-drivingtechnology.

三、真題解析A)bidB)contrastC)deputyD)dominanceE)fleetsF)knotsG)legislationH)migratedI)replaceJ)representK)restrictiveL)rewardM)significantN)sponsorO)transmitted三、真題解析1．H。空格所在句子的謂語(yǔ)部分不完整，因此空格處要填一個(gè)動(dòng)詞。由于該空格被放在助動(dòng)詞has后面，則空格處所填動(dòng)詞需使用過(guò)去分詞形式，與has一同構(gòu)成句子的謂語(yǔ)，可選的選項(xiàng)有H選項(xiàng)、O選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)上文“…h(huán)asinthepastdecademoved2,000milesaway.”可知，美國(guó)汽車創(chuàng)新中心的位置在過(guò)去的十年里發(fā)生了變化。結(jié)合“fromDetroittoSiliconValley”，可以推斷出美國(guó)汽車創(chuàng)新中心的位置從底特律遷移到了硅谷?！癿igratefrom…to…”表示“從……遷移到……”；“transmitfrom…to…”表示“從……傳遞到……”，故migrated符合句意?！敬鸢附馕觥?．A。根據(jù)空格前的不定冠詞a可知，空格處需要填可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式。上文提到，美國(guó)汽車創(chuàng)新中心的位置已經(jīng)從底特律遷移到了硅谷。結(jié)合空格所在句子中的“takeproductionbacktoDetroit…”可知，該句話想要表達(dá)“為了讓無(wú)人駕駛汽車生產(chǎn)回到底特律……”的意思。固定搭配inabidtodosth.意為“為了爭(zhēng)取某物而做出努力”，符合語(yǔ)境，故bid符合句意。三、真題解析3．G。該空格放在動(dòng)詞introduced后面作主句的賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)又放在關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句前作從句的主語(yǔ)，因此空格處需要填一個(gè)名詞。根據(jù)句中的lawmakers（立法者）可知，名詞legislation（法律）符合句意。【答案解析】4．D。該空格前的Michigan’s為名詞所有格形式，因此空格處需填入一個(gè)名詞，與Michigan’s一起構(gòu)成句子的主語(yǔ)?？崭袼诰渥右鉃椤懊苄谄囇邪l(fā)領(lǐng)域的______受到幾個(gè)州和國(guó)家的威脅……”，結(jié)合下文ourleadershipintransportation可知，空格處應(yīng)為“優(yōu)勢(shì)，支配地位”，dominance意為“優(yōu)勢(shì)，支配”，符合句意。三、真題解析5．I。desiretodosth.為固定搭配，空格放在了不定式符號(hào)to后面，因此空格處需填入動(dòng)詞原形。空格所在句是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞為severalstatesandcountries。結(jié)合上文，該定語(yǔ)從句想要表達(dá)“……這幾個(gè)州和國(guó)家渴望取代密歇根在運(yùn)輸領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位”，replace意為“取代，代替”，符合句意?！敬鸢附馕觥?．N?？崭袼诰鋞helead______offourbillsrecentlyintroduced是SenatorMikeKowall的同位語(yǔ)，用來(lái)表明SenatorMikeKowall的具體身份。由fourbillsrecentlyintroduced“最新提出的四項(xiàng)法案”可知，SenatorMikeKowall是四項(xiàng)法案的首要提案人。sponsor意為“發(fā)起者，倡導(dǎo)者，提案人”，符合句意。三、真題解析7．J?？崭裎挥谇閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞would后面，因此空格處應(yīng)填入動(dòng)詞原形。結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，空格所在句子的意思為“如果這四項(xiàng)法案都按計(jì)劃通過(guò)，它們將代表密歇根州2013年法律的重大更新，該法律允許在有限的條件下測(cè)試自動(dòng)駕駛車輛”。結(jié)合句意，represent意為“代表著，相當(dāng)于”，符合句意?！敬鸢附馕觥?．E。on-demand是形容詞，位于on-demand后面的空格處應(yīng)填入名詞。句中的and為并列連詞，連接“sendgroupsofself-drivingcarsoncross-stateroadtrips”和“setupon-demand______ofself-drivingcars”兩個(gè)并列成分，因此空格處所要填的名詞在含義和形式上都要與groups保持一致。group意為“群體，團(tuán)體”，且在文中使用了復(fù)數(shù)形式，因此空格處所填名詞也要使用復(fù)數(shù)形式，且與group的含義相近。fleets是fleet的復(fù)數(shù)形式，意為“車隊(duì)，艦隊(duì)”，符合句意。三、真題解析9．B。通過(guò)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格所在句子的主、謂、賓完整，不缺少任何成分，因此“In______”在句中作狀語(yǔ)，空格處應(yīng)填名詞，與in構(gòu)成介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)前后文語(yǔ)境，前文“LawmakersinMichiganclearlywanttomakethestatereadyforthecommercialapplicationofself-drivingtechnology.”提到密歇根州的做法，空格所在句提及加利福尼亞州的做法，前后形成對(duì)比。incontrast為固定搭配，意為“相比之下，與此相反”，符合句意?！敬鸢附馕觥?0．K?？崭裎挥趂armore后面，名詞rules的前面，因此空格處應(yīng)填入形容詞，此處far用來(lái)修飾形容詞的比較級(jí)。前文明確提到密歇根州的立法者想讓本州為無(wú)人駕駛技術(shù)的商業(yè)應(yīng)用做好準(zhǔn)備。然而，加利福尼亞州卻禁止人們對(duì)無(wú)人駕駛技術(shù)的商業(yè)應(yīng)用。通過(guò)前后文大意可知，加利福尼亞州有關(guān)無(wú)人駕駛技術(shù)商業(yè)應(yīng)用的立法更為嚴(yán)格。restrictive為形容詞，意為“限制的，限制性的，受約束的”，符合句意。四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Test1Physicalactivitydoesthebodygood,andthere’sgrowingevidencethatithelpsthebraintoo.ResearchersintheNetherlandsreportthatchildrenwhogetmoreexercise,whetheratschoolorontheirown,(1)____________tohavehigherGPAsandbetterscoresonstandardizedtests.Ina(2)____________of14studiesthatlookedatphysicalactivityandacademic(3)____________,investigatorsfoundthatthemorechildrenmoved,thebettertheirgradeswereinschool,(4)____________inthebasicsubjectsofmath,Englishandreading.Thedatawillcertainlyfueltheongoingdebateoverwhetherphysicaleducationclassesshouldbecutasschoolsstruggleto(5)_________onsmallerbudgets.四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Test1Theargumentsagainstphysicaleducationhaveincludedconcernsthatgymtimemaybetakingawayfromstudytime.WithstandardizedtestscoresintheU.S.(6)__________inrecentyears,someadministratorsbelievestudentsneedtospendmoretimeintheclassroominsteadofontheplayground.Butasthesefindingsshow,exerciseandacademicsmaynotbe(7)__________exclusive.Physicalactivitycanimproveblood(8)__________tothebrain,fuelingmemory,attentionandcreativity,whichare(9)__________tolearning.Andexercisereleaseshormonesthatcanimprove(10)__________andrelievestress,whichcanalsohelplearning.Sowhileitmayseemasifkidsarejustexercisingtheirbodieswhenthey’rerunningaround,theymayactuallybeexercisingtheirbrainsaswell.四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Test1A)attendanceB)consequentlyC)currentD)depressingE)droppingF)essentialG)feasibleH)flowI)moodJ)mutuallyK)particularlyL)performanceM)reviewN)surviveO)tend四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Contrarytopopularbelief,olderpeoplegenerallydonotwanttolivewiththeirchildren.Moreover,mostadultchildren(1)________everybitasmuchcareandsupporttotheiragingparentsaswasthecaseinthe“goodolddays”,andmostolderpeopledonotfeel(2)________.About80%ofpeople65yearsandolderhavelivingchildren,andabout90%ofthemhave(3)________contactwiththeirchildren.About75%ofelderlyparentswhodon’tgotonursinghomeslivewithin30minutesofatleastoneoftheirchildren.However,(4)________havingcontactwithchildrendoesnotguaranteehappinessinoldage.Infact,someresearchhasfoundthatpeoplewhoaremostinvolvedwiththeirfamilieshavethelowestspirits.Test2四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Thisresearchmaybe(5)________,however,asillhealthoftenmakesolderpeoplemore(6)________andtherebyincreasescontactwithfamilymembers.Soitismorelikelythatpoorhealth,notjustfamilyinvolvement,(7)________spirits.Increasingly,researchershavebeguntolookatthequalityofrelationships,ratherthanatthefrequencyofcontact,betweentheelderlyandtheirchildren.Ifparentsandchildrenshareinterestsandvaluesandagreeonchildrearingpracticesandreligious(8)________,theyarelikelytoenjoyeachother’scompany.Disagreementsonsuchmatterscan(9)________causeproblems.Ifparentsareagreedbytheirdaughter’sdivorce,dislikehernewhusband,anddisapproveofhowsheisraisingtheirgrandchildren,(10)________arethattheyarenotgoingtoenjoyhervisits.Test2四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Test2A)abandonedB)advancedC)biasedD)chancesE)commitmentF)dampensG)dependentH)distantI)frequentJ)fulfillmentK)grantL)merelyM)provideN)understandablyO)unrealistically四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Manymenandwomenhavelongboughtintotheideathatthereare“male”and“female”brains,believingthatexplainsjustabouteverydifferencebetweenthesexes.Anewstudy(1)_______thatbelief,questioningwhetherbrainsreallycanbedistinguishedbygender.Inthestudy,TelAvivUniversityresearchers(2)_______forsexdifferencesthroughouttheentirehumanbrain.Andwhatdidtheyfind?Notmuch.Ratherthanofferevidencefor(3)_______brainsas“male”or“female”,researchshowsthatbrainsfallintoawiderange,withmostpeoplefallingrightinthemiddle.DaphnaJoel,wholedthestudy,saidherresearchfoundthatwhiletherearesomegender-based(4)______,manydifferenttypesofbraincan’talwaysbedistinguishedbygender.Test3

四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Whilethe“average”maleand“average”femalebrainswere(5)_______different,youcouldn’ttellitbylookingatindividualbrainscans.Onlyasmall(6)_______ofpeoplehad“all-male”or“all-female”characteristics.LarryCahill,anAmericanneuroscientist(神經(jīng)科學(xué)家),saidthestudyisanimportantadditiontoagrowingbodyofresearchquestioning(7)_______beliefsaboutgenderandbrainfunction.Buthecautionedagainstconcludingfromthisstudythatallbrainsarethesame,(8)_______ofgender.“There’samountainofevidence(9)_______theimportanceofsexinfluencesatalllevelsofbrainfunction,”hetoldTheSeattleTimes.Ifanything,hesaid,thestudy(10)_______thatgenderplaysaveryimportantroleinthebrain—“evenwhenwearenotclearexactlyhow.”Test3

四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Test3A)abnormalB)appliedC)brieflyD)categorizingE)challengesF)figureG)percentageH)provingI)regardlessJ)searchedK)similaritiesL)slightlyM)suggestsN)tastesO)traditional四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Test4Theoceanisheatingup.That’stheconclusionofanewstudythatfindsthatEarth’soceansnow(1)_______heatattwicetheratetheydid18yearsago.Aroundhalfofoceanheatintakesince1865hastakenplacesince1997,researchersreportonlineinNatureClimateChange.Warmingwatersareknownto(2)_______tocoralbleaching(珊瑚白化)andtheytakeupmorespacethancoolerwaters,raisingsea(3)_______.Whilethetopoftheoceanisstudied,itsdepthsaremoredifficultto(4)________.Theresearchersgathered150yearsofoceantemperaturedatainordertogetabetter(5)________ofheatabsorptionfromsurfacetoseabed.四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Test4Theygatheredtogethertemperaturereadingscollectedbyeverythingfroma19thcentury(6)______ofBritishnavalshipstomodernautomatedoceanprobes.Theextensivedatasources,(7)______withcomputersimulations(模擬),createdatimelineofoceantemperaturechanges,includingcoolingfromvolcanicoutbreaksandwarmingfromfossilfuel(8)_______.About35percentoftheheattakeninbytheoceansduringtheindustrialeranowresidesata(9)_______ofmorethan700meters,theresearchersfound.Theysaythey’re(10)_______whetherthedeep-seawarmingcanceledoutwarmingatthesea’ssurface.四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Test4A)absorbB)combinedC)contributeD)depthE)emissionsF)excursionG)exploreH)floorI)heightsJ)indifferentK)levelsL)mixedM)pictureN)unsureO)voyage課堂小結(jié)這小結(jié)我們學(xué)習(xí)了詞匯理解包括：解題步驟、解題。真題解析、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)。希望大家課下多加復(fù)習(xí)，加深對(duì)詞匯理解的理解。3長(zhǎng)篇閱讀理解一、解題步驟

二、解題技巧

三、真題解析

四、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)一、解題步驟（二）確定題干關(guān)鍵詞，迅速定位簡(jiǎn)單題目（三）略讀和尋讀同時(shí)進(jìn)行（一）閱讀題干句子，粗略了解文章內(nèi)容二、解題技巧（一）重視邏輯關(guān)系詞匯在文章中，邏輯關(guān)系詞不僅僅體現(xiàn)著文章的邏輯關(guān)系。從閱讀的角度來(lái)看，這些詞其實(shí)是在給讀者某種提示，告訴讀者哪些句子是有效且相對(duì)重要的信息，哪些是相對(duì)不重要的信息。最基本的邏輯關(guān)系及對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯關(guān)系詞有以下幾種：因果關(guān)系：asaresult,therefore,consequently,because,for,dueto,hence,consequently等；并列、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：and,or,then,inaddition,besides,inotherwords,moreover等；轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：however,but,yet,infact等。讀到表示因果、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞匯時(shí)，閱讀速度要稍放慢，以理清這些詞指示出的篇章語(yǔ)意的變化；讀到表示并列或遞進(jìn)的詞匯時(shí)，閱讀速度可以加快，甚至迅速掃過(guò)。二、解題技巧（二）重視標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的運(yùn)用有些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后面的信息是為了更進(jìn)一步地解釋說(shuō)明標(biāo)點(diǎn)前面詞匯或語(yǔ)句而出現(xiàn)，如破折號(hào)、小括號(hào)、冒號(hào)等?？芍攸c(diǎn)關(guān)注這些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)前面的信息，后面的信息快速讀過(guò)，從而加快把握文章段落主旨的速度。二、解題技巧（三）重視特殊信息點(diǎn)的運(yùn)用“特殊信息點(diǎn)”是指那些在文章中很容易識(shí)別的詞匯，如時(shí)間、數(shù)字、大寫(xiě)字母等形式的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)。信息點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)的一般都是文章的瑣碎信息，此閱讀時(shí)可以忽略。但是，對(duì)查找和定位題干十分有利。如果題干涉及了這些信息，考生能夠根據(jù)它們迅速定位。二、解題技巧（四）略讀、尋讀是一種跳躍式閱讀方法，閱讀速度為每分鐘100個(gè)單詞。通過(guò)有選擇地閱讀文中的實(shí)質(zhì)性信息，跳過(guò)細(xì)微信息，可快速了解文章內(nèi)容，把握文章主旨。也稱查讀，是一種根據(jù)某些細(xì)節(jié)在文章中查找與該細(xì)節(jié)有關(guān)的具體信息的閱讀方法。尋讀時(shí)首先要快速掃描文章，確定要查詢的特殊信息。在文章中較為顯眼，容易找到。然后根據(jù)這些特殊信息點(diǎn)確定閱讀范圍。略讀尋讀三、真題解析Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.三、真題解析2021年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試真題There’saStressGapBetweenMenandWomen[A]“Iusedtoworkveryhard.Ilovetocreatethings,growthemandsolveproblems,”saidMengLi,asuccessfulappdeveloperinSanFrancisco.“Ididn’treallycareaboutmymindandmybodyuntiltheydecidedtogoonstrike.”[B]Ms.Lisaidherstressledtosleeplessness.Whenshedidsleep,sheexperienced“problem-solvingdreams”,whichleftherfeelingunrestedwhenshewokeup.“AfterIbecameafirst-timemother,IquicklyrealizedIwassobusycaringforotherpeopleandworkthatIfeltlikeI’dlostmyself,”shesaid.三、真題解析[C]It’sacommonstory—onewefrequentlyridiculeandreadilydismiss,forexample,byclaimingthatwomentendtocomplainmorethanmen,despitethegrowingsumofresearchthatunderlinestheproblem.Womenaretwiceaslikelytosufferfromseverestressandanxietyasmen,accordingtoa2016studypublishedinTheJournalofBrain&Behavior.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationreportsagendergapyearafteryearshowingthatwomenconsistentlyreporthigherstresslevels.Clearly,astressgapexists.[D]“Thedifferenceisnotreallynewstome,asaclinicalpsychologist,”saidErinJoyce,awomenandcouplestherapistinLosAngeles.“It’sbeenwelldocumentedinextensiveresearchovertheyearsthatprevalenceratesforthemajorityoftheanxietydisordersarehigherinwomenthanmen.”Somepeoplemayarguethatthisismerelyreporteddata,andtheysaymanymenfeelthesamepressuresaswomenintermsoffulfillingresponsibilitiesatworkandhome.Inotherwords,we’reallreally,reallystressed.三、真題解析[E]“Thedifference,however,isinthenatureandscopeoftheseresponsibilitiesinthehomeenvironmentinparticular,”Dr.Joycesaid.Forexample,theUnitedNationsreportedthatwomendonearlythreetimesasmuchunpaiddomesticworkasmen.Theproblemis,houseworkisoftenoverlookedaswork,eventhoughitisoftenaslaborious(orinsomecases,moreso)asanypaidjob.AsthescholarSilviaFedericiputitin1975,theunpaidnatureofdomesticworkreinforcestheassumptionthat“houseworkisnotwork,thuspreventingwomenfromstrugglingagainstit.”[F]It’snotjustinsidethehome,though.ResearchfromNovaSoutheasternUniversityfoundthatfemalemanagersweremorelikelythanmalemanagerstodisplay“surfaceacting”,orforcingemotionsthatarenotwhollyfelt.“Theyexpressedoptimism,calmnessandempathyevenwhenthesewerenottheemotionsthattheywereactuallyfeeling,”thestudysaid.三、真題解析[G]Surfaceactingisaprimeexampleof“emotionallabor”,aconceptthatthewriterJessZimmermanmadefamiliarina2015essay.TheessaysparkedamassivethreadontheinternetcommunityblogMetaFilter.Hundredsofwomenspokeupabouttheirownexperiencewithemotionallabor:thedutiesthatareexpectedofthem,butgounnoticed.Theseinvisibledutiesbecomeapparentonlywhenyoudon’tdothem.Likedomesticlabor,emotionallaborisgenerallydismissedandnotlabeledwork.Butresearchshowsitcanbejustasexhaustingaspaidwork.Emotionallaborcanleadtodifficultyinsleepingandfamilyconflict.Sure,circumstantialstress,likelosingajob,mayleadtothesesameissues.Butemotionallaborisnotcircumstantial.It’sanenduringresponsibilitybasedonthesocializedgenderroleofwomen.三、真題解析[H]LikeMs.Li,manywomentrytomanagetheaddedstresstoreachwhatDr.Joycesaidwasanunattainableideal.“Someprofessionalwomenaimtodoitall.Theywanttoreachthetopofthecorporateladderandflylikesupermom,”shesaid.Whenwomendon’treachthisideal,theyfeelguilty;andevenmorestressed.Afterherownstrugglewiththis,Ms.LitookastepbackandusedherexperiencetobuildSanity&Self,aself-careappandplatformforoverworkedwomen.“TherealizationsIhadinthatprocesshelpedmegaininsightsandultimatelygotmereadytointegrateself-careintomydailylife,”shesaid.三、真題解析[I]Thestressproblemextendsbeyondmentalhealthwhenyouconsiderthelinkbetweenstress,anxietyandhearthealth.Worse,mostofwhatweknowaboutheartdiseasecomesfromstudiesinvolvingmen.However,“therearemanyreasonstothinkthatit’sdifferentinwomen,”HarvardMedicalSchoolreported.Forexample,womenaremorelikelytoexperiencedisturbedsleep,anxietyandunusualfatiguebeforeaheartattack.Stressissonormalizedthatitiseasyforwomentoshrugoffthosesymptomsassimplytheconsequencesofstress.Manywomenalsodonotexperiencechestpainbeforeaheartattackthewaymendo,whichleadstofewerwomendiscoveringproblematicheartissues.Harvardreportsthatwomenare“muchmorelikelythanmentodiewithinayearofhavingaheartattack”and“manywomensaytheirphysicianssometimesdon’tevenrecognizethesymptoms”.三、真題解析[J]Thegoodnewsis,womenaremorelikelythanmentotakechargeoftheirstressandmanageit,theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationreports.Theconceptofself-care,atitscore,isquitesimple.“Thebasicsofadequatesleep,healthydietandexerciseareagoodplacetostart,”Dr.Joycesaid.“Supportfromtrustedrelationshipisvital.Thisincludesprofessionalsupportfromvarioushealthandwellnessprovidersifstressisbecomingincreasinglyoverwhelming.”[K]Disconnectingfromworkandhomeresponsibilitiesisalsoobviouslyimportant.Butit’smucheasiersaidthandone.Itisimportanttounderstandwhatcausesyourstressinthefirstplace.“Getreallyspecificwithwhat’sstressingyouout,”Ms.Lisaid.“Weoftenchalkupourstresstobroadexperienceslikework.Butworkstresscantakemanydifferentforms.Isacolleaguebeingdisrespectfulofyourtime?Isabossunderminingyourday-to-daycontroloverdecisionmaking?Thesearedifferentcausesofstressandcanbenefitfromdifferentkindsofself-care.”三、真題解析[L]Ideally,yourspouseorpartnerwillbe