英美報刊選讀課件

CourseInformation

課程名稱MassMediaReading學(xué)時34學(xué)分2開課學(xué)期第1學(xué)期(共1學(xué)期）課程類別選修第1頁/共53頁CourseInformation

課程名稱MassM1AimsofthecourseGiveasystematicunderstandingofthefeaturesofnewsEnglishreading.Offeraninsightintothelatestinternationalnewsfocus.第2頁/共53頁Aimsofthecourse第2頁/共53頁2TestingandEvaluation序號項目分值評分

標準1平時作業(yè)+學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度100分缺勤一次扣5分，缺勤三次取消選修分（課堂進行不定時點名）3期中測試100分課堂測試（約第9周）4期末考試100分課堂測試（（約第16周）總

評成績100分平時（60%）+期中測試（20%）+期末測試（20%）第3頁/共53頁TestingandEvaluation序號項目3Hardnews/softnews按照事件的性質(zhì)分類，新聞可分為“硬新聞（hardnews）和“軟新聞”（softnews）兩大類;硬新聞也就是“純新聞消息報道”，指題材嚴肅，具有一定時效性的客觀事實報道；軟新聞是指情感味濃，寫作方法詼諧，輕松幽默的社會新聞，不注重時效性。新聞英語中常見的體裁主要有三大類：消息（news）、特寫（features）和新聞評論（commentariesandcolumns）。第4頁/共53頁Hardnews/softnews按照事件的性質(zhì)分類4新聞寫作由于記者寫作風(fēng)格不同，文體結(jié)構(gòu)無定格。但大體上說新聞文體的主體結(jié)構(gòu)是由標題、導(dǎo)語、正文三部分組成。標題（headline）：濃縮概括全文的中心實質(zhì)問題。導(dǎo)語（1ead）：通常為文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要話題和最主要的事實。正文（body）：在導(dǎo)語的基礎(chǔ)上，引入更多的與主題相關(guān)的事實，使之更加詳實、具體，并展開評論，進而得出結(jié)論。第5頁/共53頁新聞寫作由于記者寫作風(fēng)格不同，文體結(jié)構(gòu)無定格。但大體上說新聞5NewsLead第6頁/共53頁NewsLead第6頁/共53頁6Introduction

Newsstoryisaimedattransmittingthelatestinformationwith

rapidlyandaccuracy.Itsstructureisquitedifferentfromthatofliteraryworks.Newsreportersorganizenewsstoriesexactlyoppositefromthewayfictionwritersorganizeshortstories.第7頁/共53頁IntroductionNewsstoryisaim7Introduction

Ashortstorywriterwilltypicallytellhistaleinamannersimilartohowitactuallyoccurred.Hewillprobablyorganizethestoryinthesamewaythatithappenedintime,frombeginningtoendorclimax.Hewilllikelybeginwiththeminorfactsandbuildhisstorytotheclimax.Hereisadiagramoftheorganizationofthetypicalshortstory.第8頁/共53頁IntroductionAshortstorywri8Introduction

IntroductionFactsClimax

ShortstoryStructure第9頁/共53頁IntroductionIntroductionFacts9Introduction

LeadorClimaxImportantFactsUnimportantFactsShortstoryStructureofInvertedpyramid第10頁/共53頁IntroductionLeadorClimaxImp10Introduction

LeadorClimaxImportantFactsUnimportantFactsShortstoryStructureofInvertedpyramid第11頁/共53頁IntroductionLeadorClimaxImp11美國的新聞學(xué)大師MelvinMencher把導(dǎo)語分成兩種基本類型：直接式導(dǎo)語與延遲式導(dǎo)語。直接式導(dǎo)語在文章開頭直接告訴讀者最重要的信息，通常用于突發(fā)新聞的寫作。延遲式導(dǎo)語通過暗示的手法吸引受眾閱讀正文，通常用于特稿的寫作。他還認為，在內(nèi)容上，導(dǎo)語需要滿足兩個要求，一是抓住基本事實，二是吸引讀者在此文停留片刻；在形式上，好的導(dǎo)語通常只包含一個中心意思，只包含一個主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，并且不超過35個單詞。導(dǎo)語寫作不超過35個單詞的要求可能也只適用于消息寫作，新聞導(dǎo)語的寫作在本質(zhì)上強調(diào)直入主題，但這并非說所有的導(dǎo)語都只能是千篇一律的“開門見山”。美英報刊所載文章的導(dǎo)語的確演繹了多樣的精彩，或許對我們的導(dǎo)語寫作有所助益。第12頁/共53頁美國的新聞學(xué)大師MelvinMencher把導(dǎo)語分成兩種12新聞導(dǎo)語(newslead)位于第一段或第一、二段。通過它點出新聞的主題，這是消息類新聞文體區(qū)別于其它文體的一個重要特征。新聞的開頭，用最簡明扼要的文字，寫出消息中最重要、最新鮮、最吸引人的事實，或是新聞事實中最主要的思想及意義，以便讀者迅速了解主要內(nèi)容，并吸引他們進一步讀完全篇。

第13頁/共53頁新聞導(dǎo)語(newslead)位于第一段或第一、二段。通過13牽引主題的作用，使讀者看了導(dǎo)語就知道這條消息的大體信息，從而引出主題以及闡述這個主題的主體。逗引讀者的閱讀興趣，使讀者在閱讀導(dǎo)語的過程中，產(chǎn)生閱讀興趣，情不自禁地把新聞讀下去。

Function第14頁/共53頁牽引主題的作用，使讀者看了導(dǎo)語就知道這條消息的大體信息，從而14Classification從新聞內(nèi)容的展開方式上分類:直接式導(dǎo)語(directlead)

--概括性導(dǎo)語（summarylead）

--主要事實導(dǎo)語（main-factlead）延緩式導(dǎo)語(delayedlead)--描寫式導(dǎo)語(descriptivelead)---detail--引語式導(dǎo)語(quotelead)---like“…..”saidsb.--懸念式導(dǎo)語(suspenselead)–giveananswerlater--人稱式導(dǎo)語（personallead）or直呼式導(dǎo)語（Direct-addresslead）–use“you”or“I”--問句式導(dǎo)語（Questionlead)--對比式導(dǎo)語（Contrastlead）

--軼事式導(dǎo)語(anecdotallead)第15頁/共53頁Classification從新聞內(nèi)容的展開方式上分類:第115FeaturesofNewsLeadNewsleadsrefertothebeginningparagraphsofanewsreport,deliveringthemostimportantorrelevantinformationofanewsevent.Theleadisthemostdistinctivefeatureofnewsdiscourse.第16頁/共53頁FeaturesofNewsLead第16頁/共53頁16Newsleadoftenincludessixelementsofjournalism,whicharewhat,when,who,where,whyandhow(time,location,participants,eventoractionandcircumstances).第17頁/共53頁第17頁/共53頁17

ElevenpeoplewerekilledandfourmissingyesterdayafterTyphoonChanchupummelledGuangdongandFujianProvinces.（ChinaDaily,May19,2006）☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★①Who——（elevenpeople…andfour…)②Why——(TyphoonChanchu)③When——(yesterday)④Where——(GuangdongandFujianProvinces)⑤How——（elevenpeoplewerekilledandfourmissing）第18頁/共53頁Elevenpeoplewerekilleda18Aleadisthekeytoanysuccessfulstory.Itisaninvitationanditalsomustbeappropriateforthenewsandcleartoreaders.Leadmightcontainonlyonesentenceortwoormore.Aleadshouldbeaseconomicalaspossibleinwordingwhileprovidinginformationasrichaspossible.第19頁/共53頁Aleadisthekeytoanysucce19ClassificationofNewsLead1.Directleadwhichtellsthemostimportantelementsofnewsdirectlytothereaders.2.Delayedleadfreelyappliesliterarymethodstoarousetheinterestofreadersratherthanthetimelinessofanevent.第20頁/共53頁ClassificationofNewsLead第2020DirectLead

Directleadwhichisoftenusedinhardnews,alsocalledsummarylead,revealsimmediatelywhatthestoryisabout.Itisthesummaryorstatementofthemostimportantfactscontainedinthestory.Itistheclimax,theresultoftheinvestigation,thetheme.第21頁/共53頁DirectLead第21頁/共53頁21

Itusuallycontainsonesentence,butsometimestwo.Itanswersimmediately,inalmostthirty-fivewordsorless,themainquestionsofwho,what,when,where.Itisusedatthetopofmoststories.Thebestdirectleadsstartwithacompellingnounandastrongverb,notwithaprepositionalphrase.第22頁/共53頁Itusuallycontainsonesent22Directlead

——thesimplestandmostcommonstyleItshould:-asingleparagraphofasinglesentence-nomorethan30words-Summarizemostnewsworthyinfo.-

i.e.“what”,“where”and“when”ofthenews(sometimesalso“why”and“how”,onlyifthere’sroom)e.g.:FiredestroyedahouseonMainStreetearlyMondaymorning.wwhat:Firedestroyedahousewwhere:onMainStreetwwhen:earlyMondaymorning第23頁/共53頁Directlead

——thesimplesta23Ifthereismorespace…Theleadshouldsummarizethe“why”and“how”(also“who”ifitisinvolvedinthestory)E.g.:AnelderlymandiedearlyMondaymorningwhenfiresparkedbyfaultywiringragedthroughhisMainStreethome.who:Anelderlymanwhy:…fire…ragedthroughhisMainStreethomehow:…sparkedbyfaultywiring…第24頁/共53頁Ifthereismorespace…第24頁/共524E.gPresidentObamaarrivedinOsloonThursdaymorningtoformallyaccepttheNobelPeacePrizeandtoattendadaylongseriesofeventstocommemoratetheaward.who:PresidentObamawhat:arrived(inOslo)when:onThursdaymorningwhere:inOslowhy:toformallyaccepttheNobelPeacePrizeandtoattendadaylongseriesofeventstocommemoratetheaward第25頁/共53頁E.gPresidentObamaarrived25

E,gAstheleadersof34nationswrappedupnegotiationsforanAll-Americasfreetradezoneyesterday,policebracedformoreprotestsandthestreetsremainedlitteredwithdebris（垃圾）frompreviousclashes.昨天，34國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人致力于全美洲自由貿(mào)易圈的各項談判之時，警察卻窮于應(yīng)付越來越多的示威者。街道由于之前的沖突而一片狼藉。這是一個典型的直接式導(dǎo)語，它將時間、人物、事件、結(jié)果四個最重要的要素作了直接交待，地點和原因卻沒有當(dāng)成重點放在導(dǎo)語里。第26頁/共53頁E,gAstheleadersof3426E.g.LISBON,Dec29(AFP)–ThreearmedmenwearingwigsheldupaPortuguesebankyesterdayandmadeoffwithanundisclosedsuminEuros,thecounty’sfirstsuchrobbery,thedaily24hourssaidonSaturday.第27頁/共53頁E.g.LISBON,Dec29(AFP)–Thr272）DelayedLeadItusuallysetsasceneorevokesamoodwithanincident,anecdoteorexample.Thewritermayforeshadow（預(yù)示）eventstocomeorcreateasenseofforeboding（預(yù)感的）oranticipatedsurprise.Essentialinformationistemporarilywithheld（隱瞞）.第28頁/共53頁2）DelayedLead第28頁/共53頁28Delayedlead延緩式導(dǎo)語又被稱為間接式導(dǎo)語，它最為突出的特點是將新聞中最關(guān)鍵的信息并不直接告訴給讀者，而是用情節(jié)、細節(jié)、故事的精彩片段，激發(fā)讀者的興趣、好奇心、探知欲，借此引領(lǐng)讀者進入新聞事件的核心所在。故而這種導(dǎo)語主要用于故事性、趣味性強的新聞、新聞特稿及各類軟新聞的寫作。第29頁/共53頁Delayedlead延緩式導(dǎo)語又被稱為間接式導(dǎo)語，它最為29OscarstatuettesstolenfromCalif.loadingdockLOSANGELES,March17(Reuters)—ItsoundsliketheplotofaHollywoodthrillerbutit’strue:Justninedaysbeforethisyear’sAcademyAwards,Oscarhasdisappeared,theFBIishuntingforhimandarewardof＄50,000hasbeenofferedforhisreturn.什么被偷了？英王皇冠上的珠寶？比爾·蓋茨的財產(chǎn)？都不是。被盜的是對洛杉磯市民來說要重要得多的東西：奧斯卡金像獎不見了！第30頁/共53頁OscarstatuettesstolenfromC30

Delayedleadisoftenusedinsoftnews,canbeshort,perhapstwosentences,oritcanbelonger,uptofourparagraphs.Itstillmustfulfillthetworolesofthelead:itmustcapturetheessenceofthewholenewsstoryanddosoinawaythatencouragesthereadertocontinue.Likethedirectlead,itleadsthereaderstraighttotheheartofthestory.Goodleadsarelikegoodheadlines:theyshineaflashlightdownintothestory.第31頁/共53頁Delayedleadisoftenused31E.gIt’sabalmyeveningascouplesstrolltheNileRiver,claspingeachotheratthewaist,youngloverswhispersweetnothingintotheirpartner’searsandsometimesevensneakkisses.Directleadordelayedlead?第32頁/共53頁E.gIt’sabalmyeveningascou32E.g.RudolphAlmaraz’spatientscamefromKentucky,Connecticut,SouthCarolinaandmanyotherstates,seekingthebestpossiblecareforthebreastcancerthatthreatenedtheirlives.NowthehundredsofwomenhetreatedarecallingTheJohnsHospitaleachdaytofindoutifthemanwhoperformedbreastsurgeryonthemmighthavegiventhemAIDS.第33頁/共53頁E.g.RudolphAlmaraz’spatient33

PrinciplesofNewsLeadAgoodnewsstory,unlikethenovelorplay,isbasedononemainidea.Itgivesthereaderasenseofcompleteness.Theleadfunctionsasabaitedhookthatluresthereaderintothestory.Itshouldcapturetheessenceofthewholenewsstoryanddosoinawaythatencouragesthereadertocontinue.第34頁/共53頁PrinciplesofNewsLead第34頁/共34Inanotherword,itisthejournalist’spromisetothereaderofwhatistocome.Afterreadingthelead,thereadermakesacriticaldecisiononwhetherheorsheshouldreadon.AccordingtoDonaldMurray,authorofWritingforReaders,“Threesecondsandthereaderdecidestoreadormoveontothenextstory.”(JimHall,2007)Thatisallthetimetheleadhastocatchthereader’sglanceandholdit;allthetimetheleadhastoentice（吸引）andinformreaders.Itsimportanceisself-evident.第35頁/共53頁Inanotherword,itisthejou351)SuccinctTofulfillitsfunctions,theleadtriestotellthemainpointsandoutlinethestoryinthemosteconomicalway.Somejournalistsevenmaximizeitintoasinglesentence;somenewsagencieslimitthenumberofwordsinthelead第36頁/共53頁1)Succinct第36頁/共53頁362)InformativeTheleadshouldtellthereaderstheessenceoftheevent.Infactthemainfactors,thatare,the“fiveW’sandH(who,what,when,where,whyandhow)”areusuallybeingtoldintheleadparagraph.Thesewordsconveywhatwecall“newsvalues”,whichguideustoputthemostnewsworthyelementsatthebeginningnottheendoftheparagraph.第37頁/共53頁2)Informative第37頁/共53頁373)Intriguing

Leadisalsocalled“grabber”,whichcomesfromthefunctionofthefirstparagraphofournewsstory.Howtoachievethepurposeofluringorattractingisaproblemdeservingtostudy.Stereotypedleadisthebiggestenemyforajournalisttoavoid.第38頁/共53頁3)Intriguing第38頁/共53頁384.LanguagefeaturesofNewsLeadWriterJohnMcPheeoncesaid,“Aleadshouldnotbecheap,flashy（華而不實的）,blaringagreatfanfareoftrumpets（大吹喇叭）,andthenamousecomesoutofitshole.”Sothewordsselectedinanewsleadmustbehonesttothefact,andtheleadshouldneverpromisewhatdoesnotfollowthestory.第39頁/共53頁4.LanguagefeaturesofNewsL39

plainandcommon-usedwordstoreplaceorconciselyexplainspecialtermsthataredifficultforcommonreaderstounderstand.Inanageofinformationexplosion,journalists,infaceofincreasingspecializationandcomplextechnology,arecalledupontowriteaboutmanyhighlyspecializedsubjects,andtheywriteforreaderswhoaremostlygeneralists（興趣廣泛的人）,notspecialists.第40頁/共53頁plainandcommon-usedwords40

Itisheldinwesternjournalismthatifnewspapersaretoholdthereaders,newsstoriesmustbeclearandeasytounderstand.Houghonceremarked,“Newspaperseekstoappealtothelargestpossibleaudience.Newsstoriesmustbewrittenclearly,explainfactsprecisely,definetermscarefully.第41頁/共53頁Itisheldinwesternjourna41Beijing,Jan.23AsiaPulse---Siemens,theGermancompanywhichsliced20%oftheChinesetelecommunicationsmarketlastyear,expectstocontinuebeingbullishabouttheworld’sbiggestmarket.《亞洲動態(tài)》1月23日北京訊——去年在中國電信市場已經(jīng)占有20%市場份額的西門子公司，目前仍然看好這個世界上最大的市場。第42頁/共53頁Beijing,Jan.23AsiaPulse---Si42E.g.TheClintonadministrationproposedtodaytoreducethegovernment’sroleastrafficcopfortheInternet,amediumbornasaresearchtoolthathasgrownintoafreewheelingmeansofmasscommunication.今天克林頓政府建議減少政府在因特網(wǎng)上充當(dāng)交通警察的作用;這一媒體本來作為研究工具而誕生，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為隨心所欲的大眾傳播手段。第43頁/共53頁E.g.TheClintonadministratio43WASGING(Reuters)---TheUnitedStateshasdroppeddrugsanctionsagainstColumbiabutstoppedshortofcertifying（承認）thecocaine-producingcountryasafullyallyinthewaragainsttrafficking.路透社華盛頓訊——美國已取消對哥倫比亞的制裁，但不承認這個可卡因生產(chǎn)國在反毒走私斗爭中具備全面合作的伙伴資格。第44頁/共53頁WASGING(Reuters)---TheUnite441.Suspenselead先在導(dǎo)語中給讀者以某些驚人的或戲劇性的細節(jié),作為“引子”,調(diào)動讀者思維,驅(qū)使他們迫不及待地一口氣看完整篇報道。

ItsoundsliketheplotofaHollywoodthrillerbutit’strue:Justninedaysbeforethisyear’sAcademyAwards,Oscarhasdisappeared,theFBIishuntingforhimandarewardof50,000hasbeenofferedforhisreturn.

一切就好像是好萊塢編造出來的驚險故事一樣，但一切又都是真真切切發(fā)生的事實：就在離舉行奧斯卡儀式還剩9天時，奧斯卡金像突然不翼而飛。為了偵破這起神秘的盜竊案，聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局被請來了，懸賞破案的賞金是5萬美元。導(dǎo)語中只交待了“事件”這一個新聞要素，時間要素雖然交待了，但也是間接交待的“離舉行奧斯卡儀式還剩90”，其余要素根本就沒交待了。而其語言卻極富文學(xué)色彩，讀者的胃口被吊了起來，讓人欲罷不能。第45頁/共53頁1.Suspenselead先在導(dǎo)語中給讀者以某些驚人的或452.Questionlead這是修辭中設(shè)問方法的移用,即先簡短直率地提出人們廣為關(guān)心的問題,以引起讀者思考,然后用事實去回答。這種寫法能適應(yīng)和調(diào)動讀者急欲了解答案的急迫心情,使之有興趣讀下去。WhateverhappenedtotheEastAsianCrisis?AfterThailanddevaluedthebahtonJuly2,1997,capitalrushedoutoftheregion’seconomies,andinrapidsuccessionmostofthemcollapsed….TheEconomist2002東亞金融危機究竟出現(xiàn)了什么情況?1997年7月2日泰銖貶值后,資金從該地區(qū)迅速流失,大多數(shù)國家的經(jīng)濟接連崩潰?！?6頁/共53頁2.Questionlead這是修辭中設(shè)問方法的移用,即先46QuestionleadWhatdocorruptofficialsdowhentheyendupbehindbars?Maybewritebooksiftheconditionsareright.Quiteanumberofthemhavehadtheirbookspublishedevenwhileservingtheirterms.(Source:Beingknowledgeable≠being,ChinaDailyDec.9,2009)第47頁/共53頁QuestionleadWhatdocorrupto47Quotelead-allowsapersonalitytoenterthestage,completewithenthusiasms,opinions,andotherinfluencesthatyoucouldn'tallowinstraightnewslead.-therearepeopleandnotjustideasinthisstory.引用消息中主要人物關(guān)鍵性或有針對性、有代表性或有新意的談話,以增強消息的真實性、可信性與權(quán)威性。第48頁/共53頁Quotelead-allowsapersonali48Quotelead“NowwewereinaClashofCivilizations,with‘rationalIslam’replacingfascismandSovietcommunismasthewest’sglobalenemy”(Source:GlobalPoliticsintheDecadeofRadicalism,theGuardianOct.17,2009)第49頁/共53頁Quotelead“NowwewereinaCl49Direct-addr