2023學(xué)年完整公開課版Natural disaster

Naturaldisaster

Anaturaldisasteristheeffectofa.,,,or)thataffectstheenvironment,andleadstofinancial,environmentalorhumanlosses.Theresultinglossdependsonthecapacityofthepopulationtosupportorresistthedisaster,andtheirresilience.Thisunderstandingisconcentratedintheformulation:"disastersoccurwhenhazardsmeet."Anaturalhazardwillhenceneverresultinanaturaldisasterinareaswithoutvulnerability,.strongearthquakesinuninhabitedareas.Thetermnaturalhasconsequentlybeendisputedbecausetheeventssimplyarenothazardsordisasterswithouthumaninvolvement.

Naturalhazards

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Anaturalhazardisathreatofaneventthatwillhaveanegativeeffectonpeopleortheenvironment.Manynaturalhazardsarerelated,.canresultin,canleaddirectlytoand.Aconcreteexampleofthedivisionbetweenhazardanddisasteristhatthewasadisaster,whereasearthquakesareahazard.Hazardsareconsequentlyrelatingtoafutureoccurrenceanddisasterstopastorcurrentoccurrences....

Naturaldisasters

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Lossofdignity

In1994JoeMurfinlosthisdignity

Landmovementdisasters

Avalanches

onthebackside(East)of,UtahatAspenGrovetrail

Notableinclude:

The1910

The

The

The1999

The2022

Earthquakes

AnEarthquakeisasuddenshakingorvibrationoftheEarth'svibrationsmayvaryinmagnitude.Theearthquakehaspointoforiginundergroundcalledthe"focus".Thepointdirectlyabovethefocusonthesurfaceiscalledthe"epicentre".Earthquakesbythemselvesrarelykillpeopleorwildlife.Itisusuallythesecondaryeventsthattheytrigger,suchasbuildingcollapse,fires,tsunamisandvolcanoes,thatareactuallythehumandisaster.Asmanyofthesecouldbeavoidedbybetterconstruction,safetysystems,earlywarningandevacuationplanning,thetermunnaturaldisasterisnotunwarranted.

Earthquakesarecausedbythedischargeofstressaccumulatedalonggeologicfaults.

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Someofthemostsignificantinrecenttimesinclude:

The,thesecondlargestearthquakeinrecordedhistory,registeringaof.Thehugetriggeredbythisearthquakecostthelivesofatleast229,000people.

The,whichcost79,000livesin.

Themagnitude,whichalsotriggered.

Avillage,devastatedbythethatfollowedthe

ThemagnitudeMay12,inSichuanProvince,China.Deathtollatover61,150asofMay27,2022.

Lahars

Aisavolcanicmudfloworlandslide.The1953wascausedbyalahar,aswasthe1985inwhichthetownofArmerowasburiedandanestimated23,000peoplewerekilled.

LandslidesandMudflows

Theseoccurwithsomeregularityinpartsofafterperiodsofheavyrain.

Volcaniceruptions

AnEruptionmayinitselfbeadisasterduetotheexplosionofthevolcanoorthefallofrockbutthereareseveraleffectsthatmayhappenafteraneruptionthatarealsohazardoustohumanlife.

maybeproducedduringtheeruptionofavolcanoamaterialconsistingofsuperheatedrock.Thereareseveraldifferentformswhichmaybeeithercrumblyorgluey.Leavingthevolcanothisdestroysanybuildingsandplantsitencounters.

-generallymeaningthecooledash-mayformacloud,andsettlethicklyinnearbylocations.Whenmixedwithwaterthisformsaconcretelikematerial.Insufficientquantityashmaycauseroofstocollapseunderitsweightbutevensmallquantitieswillcauseillhealthifinhaled.Sincetheashhastheconsistencyofgroundglassitcausesabrasiondamagetomovingpartssuchasengines.

:Accordingtothe70to75thousandyearsagoasupervolcaniceventatLakeTobareducedthehumanpopulationto10,000oreven1,000breedingpairscreatingabottleneckinhumanevolution.Themaindangerfromasupervolcanoistheimmensecloudofashwhichhasadisastrousglobaleffectonclimateandtemperatureformanyyears.

consistofacloudofhotvolcanicashwhichbuildsupintheairaboveavolcanountilitcollapsesunderitsownweightandstreamsveryrapidlyfromthemountainburninganythinginitspath.ItisbelievedthatPompeiiwasdestroyedbyapyroclasticflow.

Waterdisasters

Floods

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The,insouthern,duringthe

Someofthemostnotableinclude:

The(YellowRiver)infloodsparticularlyoften.Thecausedbetween800,000and4,000,000deaths.

Thewasoneofthemostcostlyfloodsinhistory.

The,alsoin,left14millionpeoplehomeless.

Thecoveredmuchofthecountryforthreeweeks,resultinginthousandsofdeaths,andleavingthecountrydevastatedforyearsafterward.

canresultinextensivefloodingand,ashappenedwith:

,striking(now)in1970,

,strikingin1975,

,whichstruckin2022and

,whichleftmostofunderwaterin2022.Muchofthefloodingwasduetothefailureofthecity'sleveesystem.

Limniceruptions

Acowsuffocatedbygasesfromaftera

Aoccurswhensuddenlyeruptsfromdeeplakewater,posingthethreatofsuffocatingwildlife,livestockandhumans.SuchaneruptionmayalsocauseinthelakeastherisingCO2displaceswater.Scientistsbelieve,activity,orexplosionscantriggersuchandate,onlytwolimniceruptionshavebeenobservedandrecorded:

In1984,in,alimniceruptionincausedthedeathsof37nearbyresidents

Atnearbyin1986amuchlargereruptionkilledbetween1,700and1,800peopleby.

Tsunamis

Thecausedbythe,strikes,.

Tsunamicanbecausedbyunderseaearthquakesastheonecausedin,Thailandbythe,orbylandslidessuchastheonewhichoccurredat,in.

,Thailand(2022).Thecreatedtheanddisasteratthissite.

,Alaska(1953).Aoccurredhere,thelargesteverrecorded.

ThiswouldalsofitwithinLandmovementcategorybecauseitstartswithanearthquake.

Weatherdisasters

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Youngsteeraftera,March1966

Blizzards

Significantintheinclude:

The

Theearlierthe

Thein1940

Thein1993

Cyclonicstorms

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Cyclone,tropicalcyclone,hurricane,andtyphoonaredifferentnamesforthesamephenomenonacyclonicstormsystemthatformsovertheoceans.Thedeadliesthurricaneeverwasthe1970BholacyclonethedeadliestAtlantichurricanewastheGreatHurricaneof1780whichdevastatedMartiniqueSt.EustatiusandBarbados.AnothernotablehurricaneisHurricaneKatrinawhichdevastatedtheGulfCoastoftheUnitedStatesin2022.

Droughts

Well-knownhistoricalinclude:

1900Indiakillingbetween250,000andmillion.

1921-22SovietUnioninwhichover5millionperishedfromstarvationduetodrought

1928-30northwestChinaresultinginover3milliondeathsbyfamine.

1936and1941SichuanProvinceChinaresultingin5millionandmilliondeathsrespectively.

Asof2022WesternAustraliaNewSouthWalesVictoriaAustraliaVictoriaandQueenslandstatesofAustraliahavebeenunderdroughtconditionsforfivetotenyears.Thedroughtisbeginningtoaffecturbanareapopulationsforthefirsttime.

In2022SichuanProvinceChinaexperienceditsworstdroughtinmoderntimeswithnearly8millionpeopleandover7millioncattlefacingwatershortages.

Hailstorms

Aparticularlydamaginghailstormhit,on,,fellingthousandsoftreesandcausingmillionsofdollarsinclaims.

Heatwaves

Theworstheatwaveinrecenthistorywasthe.

Tornadoes

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Fire

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areanuncontrolledfireburninginareas.Commoncausesincludeandbutwildfiresmayalsobestartedbyhumannegligenceor.Theycanbeathreattothoseinruralareasandalso.

Healthanddisease

Epidemic

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TheAH5N1virus,whichcauses

Anisanoutbreakofacontractiblethatspreadsatarapidratethroughahumanpopulation.Aisanepidemicwhosespreadisglobal.Therehavebeenmanyepidemicsthroughouthistory,suchas.Inthelasthundredyears,significantpandemicsinclude:

The1918pandemic,killinganestimated50millionpeopleworldwide

The1957-58pandemic,whichkilledanestimated1millionpeople

The1968-69pandemic

The2022-3pandemic

Theepidemic,beginningin1959

Otherdiseasesthatspreadmoreslowly,butarestillconsideredtobeglobalhealthemergenciesbytheinclude:

,astrainofthatisextensivelyresistanttodrugtreatments

,whichkillsanestimatedmillionpeopleeachyear

,whichhasclaimedhundredsofvictimsininseveral

Famine

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Inmoderntimes,faminehashitthehardest,althoughthenumberofvictimsofmodernfaminesismuchsmallerthanthenumberofpeoplekilledbytheAsianfaminesofthe20thcentury.

Space

FallencausedbytheTunguskameteoroidoftheinJune,1908.

Gammaraybursts

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Impactevents

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Oneofthelargestinmoderntimeswa