《管理會計》英文版課后習(xí)題答案2

第二章產(chǎn)品成本計算

Exercises

2-1(指教材上的第2章練習(xí)第1題，下同)

1.Part#72APart#172C

Steel*$12.00$18.00

Setupcost**6.006.00

Total$18.00$24.00

*($1.00?12;$1.00?18)

**($60,000/10,000)

Steelcostisassignedbycalculatingacostperounceandthenmultiplyingthisbytheounces

usedbyeachpart:

Costperounce=$3,000,000/3,000,000ounces

=$1.00perounce

Setupcostisassignedbycalculatingthecostpersetupandthendividingthisbythenumber

ofunitsineachbatch(thereare20setupsperyear):

Costpersetup=$1,200,000/20

=$60,000

2.Thecostofsteelisassignedthroughthedrivertracingusingthenumberofouncesofsteel,

andthecostofthesetupsisassignedthroughdrivertracingalsousingnumberofsetupsasthe

driver.

3.Theassumptionunderlyingnumberofsetupsasthedriveristhateachpartusesanequal

amountofsetuptime.SincePart#72AusesdoublethesetuptimeofPart#172C,itmakessenseto

assignsetupcostsbasedonsetuptimeinsteadofnumberofsetups.Thisillustratestheimportance

ofidentifyingdriversthatreflectthetrueunderlyingconsumptionpattern.Usingsetuphours[(40?

10)+(20?10)],wegetthefollowingrateperhour:

Costpersetuphour=$1,200,000/600

=$2,000perhour

Thecostperunitisobtainedbydividingeachpart'stotalsetupcostsbythenumberofunits:

Part#72A=($2,000?400)/100,000=$8.00

Part#172C=($2,000?200)/100,000=$4.00

Thus,Part#72Ahasitsunitcostincreasedby$2.00,whilePart#172Chasitsunitcost

decreasedby$2.00.

problems

2-5

1.Nursinghoursrequiredperyear:4?24hours?364days*=34,944

*Note:364days=7days?52weeks

Numberofnurses=34,944hrs./2,000hrs.pernurse=17.472

Annualnursingcost=(17?$45,000)+$22,500

=$787,500

Costperpatientday=$787,500/10,000days

=$78.75perday(foreithertypeofpatient)

2.Nursinghoursactasthedriver.Ifintensivecareuseshalfofthehoursandnormalcarethe

otherhalf,then50percentofthecostisassignedtoeachpatientcategory.Thus,thecostper

patientdaybypatientcategoryisasfollows:

Intensivecare=$393,750*/2,000days

=$196.88perday

Normalcare=$393,750/8,000days

=$49.22perday

*$525,000/2=$262,500

Thecostassignmentreflectstheactualusageofthenursingresourceand,thus,shouldbe

moreaccurate.Patientdayswouldbeaccurateonlyifintensivecarepatientsusedthesame

nursinghoursperdayasnormalcarepatients.

3.Thesalaryofthenurseassignedonlytointensivecareisadirectlytraceablecost.Toassign

theothernursingcosts,thehoursofadditionalusagewouldneedtobemeasured.Thus,both

directtracinganddrivertracingwouldbeusedtoassignnursingcostsforthisnewsetting.

2-6

1.BellaObraCompany

StatementofCostofServicesSold

FortheYearEndedJune30,2006

Directmaterials:

Beginninginventory$300,000

Add:Purchases600,000

Materialsavailable$900,000

Less:Endinginventory450,000*

Directmaterialsused$450,000

Directlabor12,000,000

Overhead1,500,000

Totalservicecostsadded13,950,000

Add:Beginningworkinprocess900,000

Totalproductioncosts$14,850,000

Less:Endingworkinprocess1,500,000

Costofservicessold$13,350,000

*Materialsavailablelessmaterialsused

2.Thedominantcostisdirectlabor(presumablythesalariesofthe100professionals).Although

laboristhemajorcostofprovidingmanyservices,itisnotalwaysthecase.Forexample,the

dominantcostforsomemedicalservicesmaybeoverhead(e.g.,CATscans).Insomeservices,the

dominantcostmaybematerials(e.g.,funeralservices).

3.BellaObraCompany

IncomeStatement

FortheYearEndedJune30,2006

Sales$21,000,000

Costofservicessold13,350,000

Grossmargin$7,650,000

Lessoperatingexpenses:

Sellingexpenses$900,000

Administrativeexpenses750,0001,650,000

Incomebeforeincometaxes$6,000,000

4.Serviceshavefourattributesthatarenotpossessedbytangibleproducts:(1)intangibility,(2)

perishability,(3)inseparability,and(4)heterogeneity.Intangibilitymeansthatthebuyersof

servicescannotsee,feel,hear,ortasteaservicebeforeitisbought.Perishabilitymeansthat

servicescannotbestored.ThispropertyaffectsthecomputationinRequirement1.Inabilityto

storeservicesmeansthattherewillneverbeanyfinishedgoodsinventories,thusmakingthecost

ofservicesproducedequivalenttocostofservicessold.Inseparabilitysimplymeansthat

providersandbuyersofservicesmustbeindirectcontactforanexchangetotakeplace.

Heterogeneityreferstothegreaterchanceforvariationintheperformanceofservicesthaninthe

productionoftangibleproducts.

2-7

1.Directmaterials:

Magazine(5,000?$0.40)$2,000

Brochure(10,000?$0.08)800$2,800

Directlabor:

Magazine[(5,000/20)?$10]$2,500

Brochure[(10,000/100)?$10]1,0003,500

Manufacturingoverhead:

Rent$1,400

Depreciation[($40,000/20,000)?350*]700

Setups600

Insurance140

Power3503,190

Costofgoodsmanufactured$9,490

*Productionis20unitsperprintinghourformagazinesand100unitsperprintinghourfor

brochures,yieldingmonthlymachinehoursof350[(5,000/20)+(10,000/100)].Thisisalso

monthlylaborhours,asmachinelaboronlyoperatesthepresses.

2.Directmaterials$2,800

Directlabor3,500

Totalprimecosts$6,300

Magazine:

Directmaterials$2,000

Directlabor2,500

Totalprimecosts$4,500

Brochure:

Directmaterials$800

Directlabor1,000

Totalprimecosts$1,800

Directtracingwasusedtoassignprimecoststothetwoproducts.

3.Totalmonthlyconversioncost:

Directlabor$3,500

Overhead3,190

Total$6,690

Magazine:

Directlabor$2,500

Overhead:

Power($1?250)$250

Depreciation($2?250)500

Setups(2/3?$600)400

Rentandinsurance($4.40?250DLH)*1,1002,250

Total$4,750

Brochure:

Directlabor$1,000

Overhead:

Power($1?100)$100

Depreciation($2?100)200

Setups(1/3?$600)200

Rentandinsurance($4.40?100DLH)*440940

Total$1,940

*Rentandinsurancecannotbetracedtoeachproductsothecostsareassignedusingdirect

laborhours:$1,540/350DLH=$4.40perdirectlaborhour.Theotheroverheadcostsaretraced

accordingtotheirusage.Depreciationandpowerareassignedbyusingmachinehours(250for

magazinesand100forbrochures):$350/350=$1.00permachinehourforpowerand

$40,000/20,000=$2.00permachinehourfordepreciation.Setupsareassignedaccordingtothe

timerequired.Sincemagazinesusetwiceasmuchtime,theyreceivetwicethecost:LettingX=

thepro?portionofsetuptimeusedforbrochures,2X+X=1impliesacostassignmentratioof

2/3formagazinesand1/3forbrochures.

Exercises

3-1

1.ResourceTotalCostUnitCost

Plastid$10,800$0,027

Directlaborand

variableoverhead28,0000.020

Moldsets320,0000.050

Otherfacilitycosts410,0000.025

Total$48,800$0,122

10.90?$0,03?400,000=$10,800;$10,800/400,000=$0,027

2$0.02?400,000=$8,000;$8,000/400,000=$0.02

3$5,000?4quarters=$20,000;$20,000/400,000=$0.05

4$10,000;$10,000/400,000二$0,025

2.Plastic,directlabor,andvariableoverheadareflexibleresources;moldsandotherfacility

costsarecommittedresources.Thecostofplastic,directlabor,andvariableoverheadarestrictly

variable.Thecostofthemoldsisfixedfortheparticularactionfigurebeingproduced;itisastep

costfortheproductionofactionfiguresingeneral.Otherfacilitycostsarestrictlyfixed.

3-3

High(1,400,$7,950);Low(700,$5,150)

V=($7,950-$5,150)/(1,400-700)

=$2,800/700=$4peroilchange

F=$5,150-$4(700)

=$5,150-$2,800=$2,350

Cost=$2,350+$4(oilchanges)

PredictedcostforJanuary=$2,350+$4(1,000)=$6,350

problems

3-6

1.High(l,700,$21,000);Low(700,$15,000)

V=(Y2-Y1)/(X2-X1)

=($21,000-$15,000)/(1,700-700)=$6perreceivingorder

F=Y2-VX2

=$21,000-($6)(1,700)=$10,800

Y=$10,800+$6X

2.Outputofspreadsheetregressionroutinewithnumberofreceivingordersastheindependent

variable:

Constant4512.98701298698

Std.Err.ofYEst.3456.24317476605

RSquared0.633710482694768

No.ofObservations10

DegreesofFreedom8

XCoefficient(s)13.3766233766234

Std.Err.ofCoef.3.59557461331427

V=$13.38perreceivingorder(rounded)

F=$4,513(rounded)

Y=$4,513+$13.38X

R2=0.634,or63.4%

Receivingordersexplainabout63.4percentofthevariabilityinreceivingcost,providing

evidencethatTracy'schoiceofacostdriverisreasonable.However,otherdriversmayneedtobe

consideredbecause63.4percentmaynotbestrongenoughtojustifytheuseofonlyreceiving

orders.

3.Regressionwithpoundsofmaterialastheindependentvariable:

Constant5632.28109733183

Std.Err.ofYEst.2390.10628259277

RSquared0.824833789433823

No.ofObservations10

DegreesofFreedom8

XCoefficient(s)0.0449642991356633

Std.Err.ofCoef.0.0073259640055344

V=$0,045perpoundofmaterialdelivered(rounded)

F=$5,632(rounded)

Y=$5,632+S0.045X

R2=0.825,or82.5%

Poundsofmaterialdeliveredexplainsabout82.5percentofthevariabilityinreceivingcost.

ThisisabetterresultthanthatofthereceivingordersandshouldconvinceTracytotrymultiple

regression.

4.Regressionroutinewithpoundsofmaterialandnumberofreceivingordersasthe

independentvariables:

Constant752.104072925631

Std.Err.ofYEst.1350.46286973443

RSquared0.951068418023306

No.ofObservations10

DegreesofFreedom7

XCoefficient(s)0.03338831510969157.14702865269395

Std.Err.ofCoef.0.004955248411983681.68182916088492

V1=$0,033perpoundofmaterialdelivered(rounded)

V2=$7,147perreceivingorder(rounded)

F=$752(rounded)

Y=$752+$0.033a+$7.147b

R2=0.95,or95%

Multipleregressionwithbothvariablesexplains95percentofthevariabilityinreceivingcost.

Thisisthebestresult.

5-2

1.Job#57Job#58Job#59

Balance,7/1$22,450$0$0

Directmaterials12,9009,90035,350

Directlabor20,0006,50013,000

Appliedoverhead:

Power7506003,600

Materialhandling1,5003006,000

Purchasing2501,000250

Totalcost$57,850$18,300$58,200

2.EndingbalanceinWorkinProcess=Job#58=$18,300

3.EndingbalanceinFinishedGoods=Job#59=$58,200

4.CostofGoodsSold=Job#57=$57,850

problems

5-3

1.Overheadrate=$180/$900=0.20or20%ofdirectlabordollars.

(ThisratewascalculatedusinginformationfromtheLadanjob;however,theMyronandCoe

jobswouldgivethesameanswer.)

2.LadanMyronCoeWalkerWillis

BeginningWIP$1,730$1,180$2,500$0$0

Directmaterials400150260800760

Directlabor800900650350900

Appliedoverhead16018013070180

Total$3,090$2,410$3,540$1,220$1,840

Note:Thisisjustonewayofsettingupthejob-ordercostsheets.Youmightprefertokeep

thedetailonthematerials,labor,andoverheadinbeginninginventorycosts.

3.SincetheLadanandMyronjobswerecompleted,theothersmuststillbeinprocess.

Therefore,theendingbalanceinWorkinProcessisthesumofthecostsoftheCoe,Walker,and

Willisjobs.

Coe$3,540

Walker1,220

Willis1,840

EndingWorkinProcess$6,600

CostofGoodsSold=Ladanjob+Myronjob=$3,090+$2,410=$5,500

4.NamanCompany

IncomeStatement

FortheMonthEndedJune30,20XX

Sales(1.5?$5,500)$8,250

Costofgoodssold5,500

Grossmargin$2,750

Marketingandadministrativeexpenses1,200

Operatingincome$1,550

5-20

1.Overheadrate=$470,000/50,000=$9.40perMHr

2.DepartmentA:$250,000/40,000=$6.25perMHr

DepartmentB:$220,000/10,000=$22.00perMHr

3.Job#73Job#74

Plantwide:

70?$9.40=$65870?$9.40=$658

Departmental:

20?$6.25$125.0050?$6.25$312.50

50?$221,100.0020?$22440.00

$1,225.00$752.50

DepartmentBappearstobemoreoverheadintensive,sojobsspendingmoretimein

DepartmentBoughttoreceivemoreoverhead.Thus,departmentalratesprovidemoreaccuracy.

4.Plantwiderate:$250,000/40,000=$6.25

DepartmentB:$62,500/10,000=$6.25

Job#73Job#74

Plantwide:

70?$6,25=$437.5070?$6.25=$437.50

Departmental:

20?$6.25$125.0050?$6.25$312.50

50?$6.25312.5020?$6.25125.00

$437.50$437.50

Assumingthatmachinehoursisagoodcostdriver,thedepartmentalratesrevealthat

overheadconsumptionisthesameineachdepartment.Inthiscase,thereisnoneedfor

departmentalrates,andaplantwiderateissufficient.

5-4

1.Overheadrate=$470,000/50,000=$9.40perMHr

2.DepartmentA:$250,000/40,000=$6.25perMHr

DepartmentB:$220,000/10,000=$22.00perMHr

3.Job#73Job#74

Plantwide:

70?$9.40=$65870?$9.40=$658

Departmental:

20?$6.25$125.0050?$6.25$312.50

50?$221,100.0020?$22440.00

$1,225.00$752.50

DepartmentBappearstobemoreoverheadintensive,sojobsspendingmoretimein

DepartmentBoughttoreceivemoreoverhead.Thus,departmentalratesprovidemoreaccuracy.

4.Plantwiderate:$250,000/40,000=$6.25

DepartmentB:$62,500/10,000=$6.25

Job#73Job#74

Plantwide:

70?$6.25=$437.5070?$6.25=$437.50

Departmental:

20?$6.25$125.0050?$6.25$312.50

50?$6.25312.5020?$6.25125.00

$437.50437.50

Assumingthatmachinehoursisagoodcostdriver,thedepartmentalratesrevealthat

overheadconsumptionisthesameineachdepartment.Inthiscase,thereisnoneedfor

departmentalrates,andaplantwiderateissufficient.

5-5

1.Lastyear'sunit-basedoverheadrate=$50,000/10,000=$5

Thisyear'sunit-basedoverheadrate=$100,000/10,000=$10

LastYearThisYear

Bikecost:

2?$20$40$

3?$123636

Overhead:

5?$5

5?$10

Total$101$126

Pricelastyear=$101?1.40=$141,40/day

Pricethisyear=$126?1.40=$176.40/day

Thisisa$35increaseoverlastyear,nearlya25percentincrease.NodoubttheCarsonsare

notpleasedandwouldconsiderlookingaroundforotherrecreationalpossibilities.

2.Purchasingrate=$30,000/10,000=$3perpurchaseorder

Powerrate=$20,000/50,000=$0.40perkilowatthour

Maintenancerate=$6,000/600=$10permaintenancehour

Otherrate=$44,000/22,000=$2perDLH

B汰eRentalPicnicCatering

Purchasing

$3?7,000$21,000

$3?3,000$9,000

Power

$0.40?5,0002,000

$0.40?45,00018,000

Maintenance

$1075005,000

$10?1001,000

Other

$2?11,00022,00022,000

Totaloverhead$50,000$50,000

3.Thisyear'sbikerentaloverheadrate=$50,000/10,000=$5

Carsonrentalcost=(2?$20)+(3?$12)+(5?$5)=$101

Price=1.4?$101=$141.40/day

4.Cateringrate=$50,000/11,000=$4.55*perDLH

CostofEstesjob:

Bikerentalrate(2?$7,50)$15.00

Bikeconversioncost(2?$5.00)10.00

Cateringmaterials12.00

Cateringconversion(1?$4.55)4.55

Totalcost$41.55

*Rounded

5.TheuseofABCgivesMountainViewRentalsabetterideaofthetypesandcostsofactivities

thatareusedintheirbusiness.AddingLevel4bikeswillincreasetheuseofthemostexpensive

activities,meaningthattherentalratewillnolongerbeanaverageof$5perrentalday.Mountain

ViewRentalsmightneedtosetaLevel4pricebasedontheincreasedcostofboththebikeand

conversioncost.

分步成本法

6-1

CuttingSewingPackaging

DepartmentDepartmentDepartment

Directmaterials$5,400$900$225

Directlabor1501,800900

Appliedoverhead7503,600900

Transferred-incost:

Fromcutting6,300

Fromsewing12,600

Totalmanufacturingcost$6,300$12,600$14,625

2.a.WorkinProcess—Sewing6,300

WorkinProcess-Cutting6,300

b.WorkinProcess—Packaging12,600

WorkinProcess—Sewing12,600

c.FinishedGoods14,625

WorkinProcess—Packaging14,625

3.Unitcost=$14,625/600=$24.38*perpair

6-2

1.Unitstransferredout:27,000+33,000-16,200=43,800

2.Unitsstartedandcompleted:43,800-27,00()=16,800

3.Physicalflowschedule:

Unitsinbeginningworkinprocess27,000

Unitsstartedduringtheperiod33,000

Totalunitstoaccountfor60,000

Unitsstartedandcompleted16,800

Unitscompletedfrombeginningworkinprocess27,000

Unitsinendingworkinprocess16,200

Totalunitsaccountedfor60,000

4.Equivalentunitsofproduction:

MaterialsConversion

Unitscompleted43,80043,800

Add:Unitsinendingworkinprocess:

(16,200?100%)16,200

(16,200725%)4,050

Equivalentunitsofoutput60,00047,850

6-3

1.Physicalflowschedule:

Unitstoaccountfor:

Unitsinbeginningworkinprocess80,000

Unitsstartedduringtheperiod160,000

Totalunitstoaccountfor240,000

Unitsaccountedfbr:

Unitscompletedandtransferredout:

Startedandcompleted120,000

Frombeginningworkinprocess80,000200,00()

Unitsinendingworkinprocess40,000

Totalunitsaccountedfor240,000

2.Unitscompleted200,000

Add:UnitsinendingWIP?Fractioncomplete

(40,000?20%)8,000

Equivalentunitsofoutput208,000

3.Unitcost=($374,400+$1,258,400)/208,000=$7.85

4.Costtransferredout=200,000?$7.85=$1,570,000

CostofendingWIP=8,000?$7.85=$62,800

5.Coststoaccountfor:

Beginningworkinprocess$374,400

IncurredduringJune1,258,400

Totalcoststoaccountfor$1,632,800

Costsaccountedfor:

Goodstransferredout$1,570,000

Goodsinendingworkinprocess62,800

Totalcostsaccountedfor$1,632,800

6-3

1、

UnitstOaccountfor:

Unitsinbeginningworkinprocess(25%completed)10000

Unitsstartedduringtheperiod70000

Totalunitstoaccountfor80000

Unitsaccountedfor

Unitscompletedandtransferredout

Startedandcompleted50000

Frombeginningworkinprocess1000060000

Unitsinendingworkinprocess(60%completed)20000

Totalunitsaccountedfor80000

2、

60000+20000X60%=72000(units)

3、

Unitcostformaterials:

($/unit)

Unitcostforconvension:

($/unit)

Totalunitcost:

5+1.13=6.13($/unit)

4、

Thecostofunitsoftransferredout:

60000x6.13=367800($)

Thecostofunitsofendingworkinprocess:

20000x5+20000x20%x1.13=113560($)

作業(yè)成本法

4-2

1.Predeterminedrates:

DrillingDepartment:Rate=$600,000/280,000=$2.14*perMHr

AssemblyDepartment:Rate=$392,000/200,000

=$1.96perDLH

"Rounded

2.Appliedoverhead:

DrillingDepartment:$2.147288,000=$616,320

AssemblyDepartment:$1.96?196,000=$384,160

Overheadvariances:

DrillingAssemblyTotal

Actualoverhead$602,000$412,000$1,014,000

Appliedoverhead616,320384,1601,000,480

Overheadvariance$(14,320)over$27,840under$13,520

3.Unitoverheadcost=[($2.14?4,000)+($1.96?1,600)]/8,000

=$11,696/8,000

=$1.46*

*Rounded

4-3

1.Yes.Sincedirectmaterialsanddirectlaboraredirectlytraceabletoeachproduct,theircost

assignmentshouldbeaccurate.

2.Elegant:(1.75?$9,000)/3,000=$5.25perbriefcase

Fina:(1.75?$3,000)/3,000=$1.75perbriefcase

Note:Overheadrate=$21,000/$12,000=$1.75perdirectlabordollar(or175percentof

directlaborcost).

TherearemoremachineandsetupcostsassignedtoElegantthanFina.Thisisclearlya

distortionbecausetheproductionofFinaisautomatedandusesthemachineresourcesmuchmore

thanthehandcraftedElegant.Infact,theconsumptionratioformachiningis0.10and0.90(using

machinehoursasthemeasureofusage).Thus,Finausesninetimesthemachiningresourcesas

Elegant.Setupcostsaresimilarlydistorted.Theproductsuseanequalnumberofsetupshours.Yet,

ifdirectlabordollarsareused,thentheElegantbriefcasereceivesthreetimesmoremachining

coststhantheFinabriefcase.

3.Overheadrate=$21,000/5,000

=$4.20perMHr

Elegant:($4.20?500)/3,000=$0.70perbriefcase

Fina:($4.20?4,500)/3,000=$6.30perbriefcase

Thiscostassignmentappearsmorereasonablegiventherelativedemandseachproduct

placesonmachineresources.However,onceafirmmovestoamultiproductsetting,usingonly

oneactivitydrivertoassigncostswilllikelyproduceproductcostdistortions.Productstendto

makedifferentdemandsonoverheadactivities,andthisshouldbereflectedinoverheadcost

assignments.Usually,thismeanstheuseofbothunit-andnonunit-levelactivitydrivers.Inthis

example,thereisaunit-levelactivity(machining)andanonunit-levelactivity(settingup

equipment).Theconsumptionratiosforeach(usingmachinehoursandsetuphoursastheactivity

drivers)areasfollows:

ElegantFina

Machining0.100.90(500/5,000and4,500/5,000)

Setups0.500.50(100/200and100/200)

Setupcostsarenotassignedaccurately.Twoactivityratesareneeded—onebasedon

machinehoursandtheotheronsetuphours:

Machinerate:$18,000/5,000=$3.60perMHr

Setuprate:$3,000/200=$15persetuphour

Costsassignedtoeachproduct:

Machining:ElegantFina

$3.60?500$1,800

$3.60?4,500$16,200

Setups:

$15?1001,5001,500

Total$3,300$17,700

Units3,000(3,000

Unitoverheadcost$1.10$5.90

4：ElegantUnitoverheadcost：[9000+3000+18000*500/5000+3000/2]/3000=$5.1

FinaUnitoverheadcost：[3000+3000+18000*4500/5000+3000/2]/3000=$7.9

4-5

1.DeluxePercentRegularPercent

Price$900100%$750100%

Cost5766460080

Unitgrossprofit$32436%$15020%

Totalgrossprofit:

($324?100,000)$32,400,000

($150?800,000)$120,000,000

2.Calculationofunitoverheadcosts:

Deluxegular

Unit-level:

Machining:

$200?100,000$20,000,000

$200?300,000$60,000,000

Batch-level:

Setups:

$3,000?300900,000

$3,000?200600,000

Packing:

$20?100,0002,000,000

$20?400,0008,000,000

Product-level:

Engineering:

$40?50,0002,000,000

$40?100,0004,000,000

Facility-level:

Providingspace:

$1?200,000200,000

$1?800,000800,000

Totaloverhead$25,100,000$73,400,000

Units4-100,000+800,000

Overheadperunit$251$91.75

DeluxePercentRegularPercent

Price$900100%$750.00100%

Cost780*87***574.50**77***

Unitgrossprofit$12013%***$175.5023%***