大學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)SECTION-B-The-Development-of-the-English-Vocabulary

SECTIONBTheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary英語(yǔ)詞匯的發(fā)展Objectives:

IntroducethehistoryandthegeneralcharacteristicsofEnglish;LetstudentsknowthegrowthofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularyandthemodesofvocabularydevelopmentTeachingfocus:theIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilythreephasesofthehistoricaldevelopmentgeneralcharacteristicsofEnglishthreesourcesofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularymodesofvocabularydevelopment2.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguagefamilyTheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.TheclassificationofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily:Accordingtovariousdegreesofsimilarityandtheir

geographicaldistribution,thesurvivinglanguagesofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyfallinto10principalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternsetandWesternset.theNearEast歐洲人指亞洲西南部和非洲東北部地區(qū),但伊朗、阿富汗除外。近東通常指地中海東部沿岸地區(qū)。包括非洲東北部和亞洲西南部，有時(shí)還包括巴爾干半島。TheEasternset:Balto-Slavic波羅的斯拉夫語(yǔ)族(thebiggestone)Prussian普魯士語(yǔ)Lithuanian立陶宛語(yǔ)Polish波蘭語(yǔ)Czech捷克語(yǔ)Bulgarian保加利亞語(yǔ)Slovenian斯洛文尼亞語(yǔ)Russian俄羅斯語(yǔ)Indo-Iranian印伊語(yǔ)族Persian波斯語(yǔ)Bengali孟加拉語(yǔ)Hindi北印度語(yǔ)Romany吉普賽語(yǔ)Armenian亞美尼亞語(yǔ)族ArmenianAlbanian阿爾巴尼語(yǔ)族Albanian

TheWesternSetHellenic希臘語(yǔ)族GreekCeltic凱爾特語(yǔ)族Scotish蘇格蘭語(yǔ)Irish愛爾蘭語(yǔ)Welsh威爾士Breton布列塔尼語(yǔ)Pictish皮克特語(yǔ)Hittite希泰語(yǔ)族Tocharian吐火羅語(yǔ)族Italic意大利語(yǔ)族（5romancelanguages）Portuguese葡萄牙語(yǔ)Spanish西班牙語(yǔ)French法語(yǔ)Italian意大利語(yǔ)Rumanian羅馬尼亞語(yǔ)Germanic日耳曼族English英語(yǔ)German德語(yǔ)Dutch荷蘭語(yǔ)Flemish弗來(lái)芒語(yǔ)ScandinavianlanguagesNorwegian挪威語(yǔ)Icelandic冰島語(yǔ)Danish丹麥語(yǔ)Swedish瑞典語(yǔ)2.2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment

Foreachphaseofthedevelopment,thefollowingpointsmustbemadeclear:TimerangeFeaturesofEnglishSocialandhistoricaleventsthatinfluencedEnglishgreatlyOldEnglish(450-1150)Fourquestionsfordiscussion:WhoweretheearliestinhabitantsontheBritishIsles?WhatareincludedinGermanictribes?WhatdoesEnglandmeanandwhywasthecountrycalledEnglandandthelanguageEnglish?WhatisthefeatureofOldEnglish?ThefirstpeoplesknowntoinhabitthelandwereCelts.TheGermanictribesincludeAngles,Saxons,andJutes.TheywerefirstalliesofCeltstofightagainstPictsandScots,butthentheybecamenewconquerors.Angles,SaxonsandJutesallhavetheirdialects.TheSaxonswerenumericallysuperiortotheAngles,thelatterwereinfluentialenoughtoimposetheirnameonthewhole.OldEnglisharealmostmonogeneousandentirelyGermanicwithonlyafewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavian.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage,ofwhichnouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,andadverbshadcomplexsystemsofendingsorvowelchangesorboth.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)TheNormanConquestanditsinfluenceonEnglandAnewandlargercontinentalculturewasbroughttoEngland.ItforcedonEngland“Thenationalidea”.Thesituationofthesimultaneousexistenceofthreelanguages:English----French-----Latin-----adespisedlanguageusedbyboorsandserfsThoseinpower,includingthosewhoheldpoliticalorsocialpowerandthoseinpowerfulChurchpositions.ThosewhowanttomakealivingasascribeandthoseinchurchesFeatures:Aperiodofgreatchanges,changesmoreextensiveandfundamentalthanthosethathadtakenplaceatanytimebeforeandsince.SteadyerosionoftheOldEnglishinflectionalsystems:endingsofnounsandadjectivesmarkingdistinctionofnumberandcaseandoftenofgenderlosttheirdistinctiveforms.ModernEnglish(1500uptothepresent)ModernEnglishBeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEnglandTheRenaissance:morethan25%ofModernEnglishcamefromLatinandGreekTheIndustrialRevolution&Colonization:absorbingwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworldAfterWWII:NewwordsmultipliedinallwalksoflifeEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage(OldEnglish)tothepresentanalyticlanguageAcomparisonofthreephasesOldEnglishAperiodoffullendingsMiddleEnglishAperiodofleveledendingsModernEnglishAperiodoflostendings2.3GeneralCharacteristicsReceptivity,adaptabilityandheterogeneityVariety,heterogeneousnesswithforeignelementsSimplicityofinflection:OldEnglishisasyntheticlanguageModernEnglishisaanalyticlanguageRelativelyfixedword-ordersyntheticlanguagesyntheticlanguage,inlinguistictypology,isalanguagewithahighmorpheme-per-wordratio,asopposedtoalowmorpheme-per-wordratioinwhatisdescribedasanisolatinglanguage.Thislinguisticclassificationislargelyindependentofmorpheme-usageclassifications(suchasfusional,agglutinative,etc.),althoughthereisacommontendencyforagglutinativelanguagestoexhibitsyntheticproperties.Syntheticlanguagesarenumerousandwell-attested,themostcommonlycitedbeingIndo-EuropeanlanguagessuchasSanskrit,Spanish,Persian,Greek,Latin,Lithuanian,German,Italian,French,Romanian,Russian,Ukrainian,PolishandCzech,aswellasmanylanguagesoftheAmericas,includingNavajo,Nahuatl,MohawkandQuechua.Inderivationalsynthesis,morphemesofdifferenttypes(nouns,verbs,affixes,etc.)arejoinedtocreatenewwords.Forexample:反對(duì)解散國(guó)教主義English:antidisestablishmentarianism=>"against-ending-institutionalize-condition-advocate-ideology"meaning"themovementtopreventrevokingtheChurchofEngland'sstatusastheofficialchurch"(ofEngland,Ireland,andWales).Isolatinglanguageoranalyticlanguageisalinguistictypologycategorythatdefinesalanguagewithalowmorpheme-per-wordratio–intheextremecaseofisolatinglanguageoranalyticlanguagewordsarecomposedofasinglemorpheme.Sincewordsarenotmarkedbymorphologyshowingtheirroleinthesentence,wordordertendstocarryalotofimportanceinisolatinglanguages.Forexample,Chinesemakesuseofwordordertoshowsubject–objectrelationships.MandarinChinese(ofallvarieties)isperhapsthebest-knownanalyticlanguage.Thetermanalytic,referringtoamorphologicaltype,issynonymouswiththetermisolatinginmostcontexts.However,itispossibletodefineanalyticasreferringtotheexpressionofsyntacticinformationviaseparategrammaticalwordsinsteadofviamorphology(withboundmorphemes).Obviously,usingseparatewordstoexpresssyntacticrelationshipswouldleadtoamoreisolatingtendencywhileusinginflectionalmorphologywouldleadtothelanguagehavingamoresynthetictendency..2.4ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabularyThemajorcontributorstoEnglishareLatin,Greek,FrenchandScandinavian.2.5GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabularyThreemainsourcesofnewwords:Rapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceand