城市經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)week 15形成

TheCensusBureauhascategorizedurbanareasbasedongeographicsizeandpopula>ondensityMetropolitanSta-s-calArea.—ACoreBasedSta>s>calAreaassociatedwithatleastoneurbanizedareathathasapopula>onofatleast50,000.TheMetropolitanSta>s>calAreacomprisesthecentralcountyorcoun>escontainingthecore,plusadjacentoutlyingcoun>eshavingahighdegreeofsocialandeconomicintegra>onwiththecentralcountyasmeasuredthroughcommu>ng.MicropolitanSta-s-calArea.—ACoreBasedSta>s>calAreaassociatedwithatleastoneurbanclusterthathasapopula>onofatleast10,000,butlessthan50,000.TheMicropolitanSta>s>calAreacomprisesthecentralcountyorcoun>escontainingthecore,plusadjacentoutlyingcoun>eshavingahighdegreeofsocialandeconomicintegra>onwiththecentralcountyasmeasuredthroughcommu>ng.PrincipalCity.—ThelargestcityofaCoreBasedSta>s>calArea,plusaddi>onalthatmeetspeci?edsta>s>calStandardde?ni>onsofmetropolitanareaswere?rstissuedin1949bythethenBureauoftheBudget(predecessorofO?ceofManagementandBudgetorOMB),underthedesigna>on"standardmetropolitanarea"(SMA).Thetermwaschangedto"standardmetropolitansta>s>calarea"(SMSA)in1959,andto"metropolitansta>s>calarea"(MSA)in1983.Theterm"metropolitanarea"(MA)wasadoptedin1990andreferredcollec>velytometropolitansta>s>calareas,consolidatedmetropolitansta>s>calareas,andprimarymetropolitansta>s>calMetropolitanandMicropolitanMetropolitanandMicropolitanStatisticalAreasoftheUnitedStatesandPuertoRicoFebruaryCountyorNumberofUnitedStates381metroPuertoRico7metro5micro 100 100

Note:MetropolitanandmicropolitanstatisticalareasdelineatedbytheOfficeofManagementandBudgetasofFebruary 50Source:U.S.CensusWhycitiesUrbanizedAreasAUAisacon>nuouslybuilt---upareawithapopula>onof50,000ormore.Itcomprisesoneormoreplaces—centralplace(s)—andtheadjacentdenselyseVledsurroundingarea—urbanfringe—consis>ngofotherplacesandnonplaceUrbanPlacesOutsideofOutsideofUAs,anurbanplaceisanyincorporatedplaceorcensusdesignatedplace(CDP)withatleast2,500inhabitants.RuralPlacesandTerritory,popula>on,andhousingunitsthattheCensusBureaunotclassifyasurbanareclassi?edasrural.Forinstance,aruralplaceisanyincorporatedplaceorCDPwithfewerthan2,500inhabitantsthatislocatedoutsideofaUA. 經(jīng)濟(jì)：集聚的同時(shí)還帶來的廠商成本的降低。Typesofagglomera>onagglomera>oneconomiesthatexistamong?rmsinthesame規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。agglomera>oneconomiesthatexistamong?rmsindi?erentinternaltotheexternaltotheEconomiesofscaleLocaliza>onEconomiesofscope(lateralintegra>on)Urbaniza>onEconomiesofcomplexity(ver>calintegra>on)Ac>vity---complexWhydo?rms

internaltotheEconomiesofscaleEconomiesofscope(lateralEconomiesofcomplexity(ver>calintegra>on)

externaltothe?rmLocaliza>oneconomiesAc>vity---complexClusteringalsoentailscostsassociatedwiththelossofanexclusivemarketThus,thebene?tsto?rmsassociatedwithclusteringmustbecomparedtothecostsdeterminewhetherclusteringisadvantageousfromthe?rm’sSharingalaborAmodelofdressesandlocalsharingofnewideasandinnova'ons.Evidencesuggeststhatthesespilloversarehighlylocalized.Example:SiliconValleylaborLocaliza'oneconomiesleadtothedevelopmentoflargehomogeneousci'es,whereasurbaniza>oneconomiesleadtothedevelopmentoflargediverseUrbaniza>onTheproduc>oncostofanindividual?rmdecreasesasthetotaloutputoftheurban

internaltotheEconomiesofscaleEconomiesofscope(lateralEconomiesofcomplexity(ver>calintegra>on)

externaltothe?rmLocaliza>oneconomiesUrbaniza>oneconomies范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)（Economiesof關(guān)聯(lián)經(jīng)濟(jì)：企業(yè)縱向一體化(verticalintegration)/縱向兼并(verticalmerge)（把上下關(guān)聯(lián)的多個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程集中在一個(gè)生產(chǎn)Determinantsofurbaniza'on中間投入品生產(chǎn)的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)IntermediateinputsharingFirmsindi?erentindustriesmaysharethesameintermediateinputsExample:banking,accoun>ng,andotherbusinessservicesLaborWorkersmaymovefromunsuccessfulindustriestosuccessfulindustrieswhentheproduc>onofindividualindustriesexhibitsboomandbustperiods勞動力匹配LaborSincesomeskillrequirementsarecommontomul>pleindustries,thebene?tsoflabormatchingcrossindustryboundariesExample:FirmsinmanyindustriesrequirecomputerThebene?tsofknowledgesharingobencrossindustryLo