電動(dòng)汽車充電控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、外文翻譯

PAGEPAGE9電動(dòng)汽車充電控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

電動(dòng)汽車是目前世界上唯一能達(dá)到零排放的機(jī)動(dòng)車。由于環(huán)保的要求，加之新材料和新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，電動(dòng)汽車進(jìn)入了發(fā)展高潮。電動(dòng)汽車作為綠色交通工具，將在21

世紀(jì)給人類社會(huì)帶來巨大的變化。順應(yīng)當(dāng)前國際科技發(fā)展的大趨勢，將電動(dòng)汽車作為中國進(jìn)入21

世紀(jì)汽車工業(yè)的切人點(diǎn)，不僅是實(shí)現(xiàn)中國汽車工業(yè)技術(shù)跨越式發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略抉擇，同時(shí)也是實(shí)現(xiàn)中國汽車工業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要選擇。

目前我國電動(dòng)汽車研究已取得階段性成果，已經(jīng)完成了電動(dòng)轎車、電動(dòng)中型客車和電動(dòng)大型客車的開發(fā)工作。在我國大中城市都普遍存在著十分嚴(yán)重的交通問題和汽車尾氣排放污染問題，電動(dòng)汽車是一種非常理想的中速和短途的日常公共交通工具，因此在我國有著得天獨(dú)厚的發(fā)展條件和廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。根據(jù)歐美和日本等先進(jìn)國家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在進(jìn)行電動(dòng)汽車的開發(fā)和制造的同時(shí)，必須開發(fā)電動(dòng)汽車公共充電站和進(jìn)行電動(dòng)汽車示范工程建設(shè)，為電動(dòng)汽車的推廣使用積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在城市繁忙地段開辟電動(dòng)汽車交通線，進(jìn)行電動(dòng)汽車的推廣示范是一項(xiàng)很有意義的工作，為了作好這項(xiàng)工作，就必須進(jìn)行電動(dòng)汽車充電機(jī)及其充電管理系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)。

隨著電動(dòng)汽車研究的深入，對于電動(dòng)汽車用電池充電器有了一定的需求，因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)比較新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，開發(fā)者主要集中在一些科研單位或大學(xué)中。國內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)單位主要是面向電瓶車、電動(dòng)游覽車、蓄電池維護(hù)等應(yīng)用場合，因此充電機(jī)功率范圍有限。從上面的分析可以看出，研制電動(dòng)汽車大功率智能充電機(jī)具有重要意義。外、與交流電網(wǎng)連接，為電動(dòng)汽車動(dòng)力電池提供小功率直流電源的供電裝置，直流充電樁具有充電機(jī)功能，可以實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)視并控制被充電電池狀態(tài)，同時(shí)，直流充電樁可以對充電電量進(jìn)行計(jì)量。

根據(jù)充電方法不同，電動(dòng)汽車的充電技術(shù)可分為：常規(guī)充電方式、快速充電方式、無線充電方式、更換電池充電方式等。

1．常規(guī)充電方式

該充電方式根據(jù)相應(yīng)電池的充電曲線，采用恒流、恒壓的傳統(tǒng)充電方式對電動(dòng)車進(jìn)行充電，使整個(gè)充電過程更接近電池的固有特性，有效避免了電池被過充和欠充的問題。這種方式以比較低的充電電流為蓄電池充電,相關(guān)技術(shù)成熟可靠，所以相應(yīng)的充電機(jī)的工作和安裝成本也比較低。電動(dòng)汽車家用充電設(shè)施(

車載充電機(jī))

和小型充電站多采用這種充電方式。典型的充電時(shí)間為8～10h

(SOC可達(dá)到95%以上)。對電池和電動(dòng)汽車來說，這種方式是最安全可靠的充電方式，它對電網(wǎng)沒有特殊要求。

2．快速充電方式

快速充電方式是指在短時(shí)間內(nèi)使蓄電池達(dá)到或接近充滿狀態(tài)的一種方法。該充電方式以1-3C的大充電電流在短時(shí)間內(nèi)為蓄電池充電。充電功率很大，能達(dá)到上百千瓦。該充電方式的充電時(shí)間與燃油車的加油時(shí)間接近。其典型的充電時(shí)間是可達(dá)到20～30min，但這種充電方式對電池壽命有很大的影響。此外，該充電方式對電網(wǎng)也有較高的要求,

要建設(shè)專用電網(wǎng)，一般應(yīng)靠近10kV

變電站附近或服務(wù)中心中使用，還需采取較為復(fù)雜的諧波抑制措施，與前者相比安裝成本相對較高，只適合大型充電站使用。

3．更換電池的充電方式

該方式要求車輛電池組設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，易于更換。車輛運(yùn)營中需要及時(shí)的更換電池，同時(shí)充電站可以對電池進(jìn)行專業(yè)化管理，但由于電池組快速更換專業(yè)化要求高，只適用于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的充電站，這種電池更換系統(tǒng)要求昂貴的機(jī)械裝置和大量的蓄電池，同時(shí),存放大量未充電和已充電的蓄電池需要很多空間,修建一個(gè)蓄電池更換站所需空間遠(yuǎn)大于修建一個(gè)正常充電站或快速充電站所需的空間，因此這種電池更換系統(tǒng)的初始成本很高，而且，目前車載動(dòng)力電池的電氣和尺寸參數(shù)還沒統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，市場應(yīng)用還需等待時(shí)日。

4．非接觸式充電方式

電動(dòng)汽車非接觸充電方式的研究目前主要集中在感應(yīng)式充電方式，不需要接觸即可實(shí)現(xiàn)充電，目前，日產(chǎn)和三菱都有相關(guān)產(chǎn)品推出，其原理是采用了可在供電線圈和受電線圈之間提供電力的電磁感應(yīng)方式，即將一個(gè)受電線圈裝置安裝在汽車的底盤上，將另一個(gè)供電線圈裝置安裝在地面，當(dāng)電動(dòng)汽車駛到供電線圈裝置上，受電線圈即可接受到供電線圈的電流，從而對電池進(jìn)行充電。

目前，這套裝置的額定輸出功率為10kW，一般的小型電動(dòng)汽車可在7-8小時(shí)內(nèi)完成充電，這種方式的成本較高，還處于實(shí)驗(yàn)室研發(fā)階段，其功能還有待時(shí)間驗(yàn)證。此外，非接觸式充電方式的原理還包括磁共振和微波等，技術(shù)都被日本廠商壟斷。

綜上所述，電動(dòng)汽車的充電還是采用普通充電為主、快速補(bǔ)充充電為輔的充電方式。對于電動(dòng)公交車而言，充電站設(shè)在公交車總站內(nèi)。在晚間下班后利用低谷充電，時(shí)間5～6小時(shí)。全天運(yùn)行的車輛，續(xù)駛里程不夠時(shí)，可利用中間休息待班時(shí)間進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充充電。充電器的數(shù)量和容量根據(jù)車隊(duì)的規(guī)模而定，充電站由車隊(duì)管理。1C～3C的快速充電模式，已經(jīng)在探討應(yīng)用，但應(yīng)確保在電池的安全和使用壽命的前提下進(jìn)行，一般說來，電動(dòng)汽車充電間是由配電站、監(jiān)控室、充電機(jī)、充電平臺(tái)、維護(hù)車間、更換區(qū)等部分組成。其中充電機(jī)是其核心設(shè)備。從相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看，地方政府和各能源集團(tuán)對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定比較熱心，深圳、上海、江蘇等地紛紛制定了各自充電站的地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；今年7月份，北京市政府也出臺(tái)了北京首部電動(dòng)汽車充電站標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。國家電網(wǎng)和南方電網(wǎng)根據(jù)各自實(shí)際情況制6定了電動(dòng)汽車充電方面的相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面，2010年1月，國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)發(fā)布了《電動(dòng)汽車充電站的通用要求》，目前，國家電網(wǎng)制定的充電站標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有望升級(jí)為國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。ThedesignofcontrolsystemofchargingelectriccarAssoonasofAviationTechnologyLiuxinYaintroducedaconcurrentengineering,agilemanufacturingandsophistifcatedproduction,andotheradvancedmanufacturingtechnologyandthecharacteristicsofthedevelopmentomachinetoolsintheportfolioofapplications,howtodeepenandextendtheapplicationofspecificmeasures.Inthemachinetoolindustry,withthesocialdemandsofthecontinuousimprovementofproducts,alongwiththegrowingcompetitioninthemarkettomeetuserrequirements,includingtheimprovementofproductquality,shortenproductioncycles,reducecosts,improveserviceandwinmarkethasbecomeabreakthrough.Inordertoachievethisgoalandwinmarket,itshouldbetheintroductionofmodernandadvancedmanufacturingtechnology:concurrentengineering,agilemanufacturingandsophisticatedproduction,inordertopromotethedevelopmentofcombinationmachine.ConcurrentEngineeringisalsoknownasconcurrentengineering,integrated,paralleltooptimizeproductdesignanditsrelatedprocesses(includingmanufacturingandsupport)systemapproach,whichguidetheproductdevelopmentstaffbegantoconsideraproductfromconcepttodesigntothedemiseofthroughoutthelifecycleofallthefactors,includingquality,cost,programminganduserneeds.ConcurrentEngineeringisthefirsttoshortenproductdevelopmentcyclesasameanstodevelop.Productswillbecharacterizedbythedevelopment,productionengineeringinvolvedintheactsbrokendownintoaseriesoftasks,suchasmarketanalysis,design,processdesign,productionplansandequipmentpurchases,processing,qualityassurance,testingandaftersalesservice.Thesesub-tasksasfaraspossibleandconsidersynchronousparalleltoachieveimproveddesigntoshortenthecycleandimprovequality,reducecosts,optimizethedesignpurpose.Itstressedthatintegrated,coordinatedandparallel,namely:(1)management,design,production,andserviceofallproject-relatedpersonnelandproductinformationintegrationasawhole,andstressedthatallrelevantdepartmentsandtheinterestsoftheoverallgoalline(2)totheestablishmentofacompetentandreasonablechargeoftheprojectpersonnelstructureoftheworkinggroupcoordinatedmanagementmodel,bytheWorkingGroupintheministriesresponsibleforprojectelements,andthepromotionofthecoordinationoftasks,(3)parallelprocessingstagesofthework.Accordingtotheprojectinthedifferenttasksofthelinkagesbetweenthedifferentministriesmandateoftheelementsoftheworkprocesscanbecompletelyoverlaporduplication.Inaccordancewiththeseprinciples,formulateareasonable,andoptimizetheworkplan,andthelocationinwhichthenecessarysettingsassessment,theWorkingGroupbytheprojectimplementationsothatallsub-tasksinparallel,tomoveforwardinanorderlymanner,soastoensurethesmoothimplementationofthewholeproject.Accordingtothetraditionalmethodsofwork,theworkofthevariousstagesinarowserial.Insuchaproductdevelopmentapproach,divorcedfromeachotheratvariousstages,arenotrelated,resultinginincreaseddesignerror,anddifficulttodiscoversuchadesignrework,tolengthenthedevelopmentcycle,addingtothecosts.Parallelworkingmethodsused,theprocesswillbeintegratedwithparallelconsideration,theworkcanbecarriedoutduplication.Problemscanbepromptlycoordinatethechangessothatthefollow-upstagelefttoincreasethedifficultyofcorrection

Andcosts.Thus,theapplicationofconcurrentengineeringcansignificantlyshortentheproductdevelopmentcycle,reducecosts,itissuitableforthedevelopmentofprofessionalportfoliomachine.Concurrentengineeringmethodswillbeappliedtoproductdevelopment,theeffectwasverysignificant.March1997,BeijingInstituteofAviationTechnologywithamotorcycledesignandmanufacturingplantstosignthe6-crankmachineprojectcontractfordeliveryendoftheyear,andtherequirementsofmachinetoolsinthepastquitedifferent.Intheprojectusingaconcurrentengineeringapproach,inparallel,cross-operation,greatlyreducingthedesign,manufactureperiod,thesuccessfulcompletionofthetasks.Paralleldevelopmentofthecombinationofmachinespecificmethodsare:(1)theestablishmentofamulti-composedofprofessionalstodevelopworkinggroups.BytheWorkingGroupofthespecificpartoftheimplementationoftheproject,membersoftheWorkingGroupincollaborationdivisionofduties,timelyandcoordinatedinordertoachieveoptimizationofthedesign.Suchasamachinetooldemandintheclampingfixturepartstotheprocessoffloating,ifseparateconsiderationfromthemechanicalstructuretomeetthisrequirementmoredifficult,complexstructureofthefixture.Later,withthehydraulicdesignofelectricalcontrolandcoordinate,controlproceduresproposedamendmentstochangetheorderclampingaction,adjustingthehydraulicpressureofsolutionstomeettherequirementsoftheclamping.(2)intheformulationofprogrammes,thesigningofthecontractstage,onthepreliminaryidentifiedanumberofstandardcomponents.(3)MultipleMulti-accreditationprogramme.MachineToolTechnologyindeterminingtheoverallprogramme,keycomponentsintheoveralldesignprocess,manytimesbytheSolidworkscommitteetoreviewthedesignplan,andputintoproductionbeforetheuserinthedesignplanjointtrials.Thus,fromthedesigntotakeintoaccountthebeginningofaprocessdesign,toolingdesign,manufacturing,assemblyandotherdownstreamvariousstagesofdebuggingproblemsthatmayarise,thusgreatlyreducingthenumberofdesignchangesRatedmeetuserrequirements,toachievedesignbest.(4)adesignpre-releasemethod.Machineoverallplansinaformaldrawingago,hasbeenreleasedinstagessetbythemainstructureandthemajorcomponentsofdata,processdesign,toolingdesigncanbecarriedoutaheadofschedule.Inthedesignofthemachinetooltodeterminesomecomponentssuchasfixtures,toolssuchasthecoordinationofsize,andatthesametimebegantodesignandtoolfixture,and,alsoidentifiedslider,mobileworkstationsandothercomponents,thesecomponentshavethechoiceasfaraspossibleStandardcomponents,inthedesignofitsoperationwillbecompleted.Andtheoveralldesignofthevariouscomponentssuchasfixtures,andtimelycoordinationbetweenthetool,linkedtochangesinthesizeofeachothertimelycoordinationsothatthesizeofotherrelevantdrawingsarepromptlycorrected.(5)componentsinthedesignoftheprocessingcyclecanbelongspecificpartssuchasfolders,suchascastingstereotypesassoonaspossibletoadvancingtheprocessdesign,production.(6)completionofthevariouscomponentsofadesign,processdesignandreadytoentertheproductionstage.Therefore,thevariouscomponentsofthepartsisintheworkshop,parallelprocessing.Adoptthisapproach,theWorkingGroup4wereusedonlyfourweekstimeonthepartofgenericcomponentssuchastheslider,mobileplatformsandpowerfirstwentintooperationatthesametime,thecompletionofthemechanicaldesignofthemachineandoutsourcingoforders.Machinetoolproductionprocess,thevariouscomponentsintheBeijingInstituteofAviationTechnologyAssociation,andseveralmanufacturersatthesametime.Inthemachine,installationanddebugging,butalsoseveralmachineatthesametime,throughthesework,andmachinetoolsforthetimelydeliveryofvaluabletime.AgilemanufacturingintheUnitedStatesoftheCaspianSea,"the21stcenturymanufacturingstrategy"inthereportofanewmanufacturingparadigm.Afterdevelopment,theUnitedStateslacoccaInstitutewillbedefinedas:"acompanythatisagileinthemarketfortheunpredictablechangesinthecompetitiveenvironmentinthedevelopmentandprosperityofacapability,thatisrapidlychangingglobalmarketarapidresponsecapability,withthecompanycomputernetworkandtheglobalproductionsystem,themarket,competitorstolinkupinthehigh-quality,high-performance,low-cost,customerproductconfigurationsettings,suchasuserdemand-drivenmarketsituationdemonstratedacapability."Characterizedbytheflexibleproductiontechnology,flexibleorganizationmanagementandprofessionalskillsofthestaffhaveintegratedintoacoordinated,interconnectedsystems,inordertoachievethestrategicgoalofreunification,thesameindustryindifferententerprisesthroughjointinfrastructurelinks,pastlife-and-deathcompetitionwillbecomefriendlyandcooperativecompetition,therebychangingmarketfasterresponse.Therefore,thistechnologyissuitableforthedevelopmentofprofessionalportfoliomachine.(1)promotetheAgilefirstmodularproducts,reflectedinthecompositionofthemachineisinthemachinetoolcomponentsandthestandardizationofserialization.CrankshaftMachineToolinthedevelopmentanddesign,cangreatlyshortenthedesigncycle,theapplicationofconcurrentengineeringisafactor,largenumberofstandardcomponents,theapplicationofcommoncomponentsisakeyelement.(2)IntheAgileManufacturing,mustreflectthepeopleandorganizationsisthemostvaluableasset.Intheproductionoflargequantities,peoplearealwaysSolidworkssolutionasmanufactureandsaleofthecruxoftheproblem,andinAgileManufacturing,thebestuseofpeopleisthekeytosolvetheproblem,technologyisonlyamethodormeans.Therefore,theneedfortheProjectWorkingGrouporganizationalmodeladvocatedhardworking,givefullplaytotheirinitiative.SophisticatedproductionistheUnitedStatesinthe1990s,Japan'sToyotaMotorCorporationsummedupproductionmanagementmethodsonthebasisofsummingupbytheproduction.Itstressedthatbyimprovingtheproductionofenterprisesinthemanagementoftheactivities,includingtheefficiencyofvariousactivitiesandcostaccounting,toachievethefastestspeedofresponsetothemarket,thelowestcostofproduction,theoptimalproductdesigntodesignandManufacturingofproductsneededbythemarket.Itsfeaturesareuser-God,apeople-centred,asameanstostreamline,tozerodefectgoal.Canbeseenfromtheaboveanalysis,andadvancedmanufacturingtechnologyintheBeijingInstituteofAviationTechnologyPortfoliomachinehasbeendevelopedinanumberofapplications,butstillneedtofurtherdeepenandextendtheapplication.Inlaterwork,Shouldpayattentiontothefollowingaspects:(1)WorkingGrouponthefurtherimplementationoftheprojectmodel,aresponsibilitytothepeople,bytheuseofconcurrentengineeringgroupresponsibleforthecompletionofthewayfromthemachinetooltechnologyprogrammetodesign,manufacture,testinganddeliveryoftheworkofthestaffatthesametimestrengthentheknowledgeandskillstraining,keeptrackmachinetoolindustryathomeandabroadcombinationofthelatestdevelopments.(2)marketchangesandthedevelopmentofpre-studyplanatthesametimemaintainclosetieswithusers,userswhoregularlyvisitprovidesitsuserswithqualityafter-salesservice,andequipmentoperationandunderstandingofuserneeds,inordertoimprovethedesign.(3)high-qualityproductstowincustomers.MachineToolinthedevelopmentportfolio,inadditiontoenhancingthesenseofquality,thenewtechnology,theapplicationofnewtechnologyinthemarketisalsoanimportantmeans.Nowusersgenerallyrequiremachineefficiency,flexibility,andadapttosmallquantitiesandvarietyofprocessing.PortfolioTooltoenhancetheefficiencyofproductionandincreaseinthedesignshouldbecuttingspeed,theuseof