教學(xué)課件-《安全工程專業(yè)英語(第2版)》司鵠

安全工程專業(yè)英語UINTONE

SAFETYMANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS

句子分析Allmoderntheoriesarebasedonaccidentcausationmodelswhichtrytoexplainthesequenceofeventsthatfinallyproducetheloss.

Thestrategicmanagement,leadership,motivation,andthepersonnel’svisibleandhiddenvaluesaresomeissuesthatarenowunderintensivestudy.戰(zhàn)略管理，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力，動(dòng)力以及人員的可見和隱藏價(jià)值是目前正在深入研究的一些問題。所有現(xiàn)代理論都基于事故因果關(guān)系模型，試圖解釋最終產(chǎn)生損失的事件序1AccidentcausationmodelsThemostimportantaimofsafetymanagementistomaintainandpromoteworkers’healthandsafetyatwork.Understandingwhyandhowaccidentsandotherunwantedeventsdevelopisimportantwhenpreventiveactivitiesareplanned.Accidenttheoriesaimtoclarifytheaccidentphenomena,andtoexplainthemechanismsthatleadtoaccidents.Allmoderntheoriesarebasedonaccidentcausationmodelswhichtrytoexplainthesequenceofeventsthatfinallyproducetheloss.安全管理的最重要目標(biāo)是維護(hù)和促進(jìn)工人在工作時(shí)的健康和安全。在計(jì)劃預(yù)防性活動(dòng)時(shí)，了解事故和其他不良事件發(fā)生的原因和方式非常重要。事故理論旨在澄清事故現(xiàn)象，并解釋導(dǎo)致事故的機(jī)制。所有現(xiàn)代理論都基于事故因果關(guān)系模型，試圖解釋最終產(chǎn)生損失的事件序列。Inancienttimes,accidentswereseenasanactofGodandverylittlecouldbedonetopreventthem.Inthebeginningofthe20thcentury,itwasbelievedthatthepoorphysicalconditionsaretherootcausesofaccidents.在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代，事故被視為上帝的行為，并且很少有人能夠預(yù)防事故。在20世紀(jì)初，人們認(rèn)為不良的身體狀況是事故的根本原因。Safetypractitionersconcentratedonimprovingmachineguarding,housekeeping,andinspections.Inmostcasesanaccidentistheresultoftwothings:thehumanact,andtheconditionofthephysicalorsocialenvironment.安全從業(yè)人員專注于改善機(jī)器防護(hù)，內(nèi)務(wù)管理和檢查。在大多數(shù)情況下，事故是兩件事的結(jié)果：人類行為，以及身體或社會(huì)環(huán)境的狀況。

Petersenextendedthecausationtheoryfromtheindividualactsandlocalconditionstothemanagementsystem.Heconcludedthatunsafeacts,unsafeconditions,andaccidentsareallsymptomsofsomethingwrongintheorganizationalmanagementsystem.Furthermore,hestatedthatitisthetopmanagementwhoisresponsibleforbuildingupsuchasystemthatcaneffectivelycontrolthehazardsassociatedtotheorganization’soperation.彼得森將因果關(guān)系理論從個(gè)人行為和當(dāng)?shù)貤l件擴(kuò)展到管理系統(tǒng)。他的結(jié)論是，不安全行為，不安全狀況和事故都是組織管理系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)問題的癥狀。此外，他表示，最高管理層負(fù)責(zé)建立這樣一個(gè)能夠有效控制與組織運(yùn)作相關(guān)的危害的系統(tǒng)。

Theerrorsdonebyasinglepersoncanbeintentionalorunintentional.RasmussenandJensenhavepresentedathree-levelskill-rule-knowledgemodelfordescribingtheoriginsofthedifferenttypesofhumanerrors.Nowadays,thismodelisoneofthestandardmethodsintheexaminationofhumanerrorsatwork.單個(gè)人所犯的錯(cuò)誤可能是有意或無意的。拉斯穆森和詹森提出了一個(gè)三級(jí)技能規(guī)則-知識(shí)模型，用于描述不同類型的人為錯(cuò)誤的起源。如今，該模型是檢查工作中人為錯(cuò)誤的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法之一。2Safetymanagementasanorganizationalactivity

Safetymanagementisoneofthemanagementactivitiesofacompany.Differentcompanieshavedifferentmanagementpractices,andalsodifferentwaystocontrolhealthandsafetyhazards.Organizationalcultureisamajorcomponentaffectingorganizationalperformanceandbehavior.OnecomprehensivedefinitionforanorganizationalculturehasbeenpresentedbyScheinwhohassaidthatorganizationalcultureis“apatternofbasicassumptions–invented,discovered,ordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration–thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidand,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems”.Theconceptofsafetycultureistodayunderintensivestudyinindustrializedcountries.OnecomprehensivedefinitionforanorganizationalculturehasbeenpresentedbyScheinwhohassaidthatorganizationalcultureis“apatternofbasicassumptions–invented,discovered,ordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration–thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidand,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems”.Schein提出了組織文化的一個(gè)全面定義，他說組織文化是“一種基本假設(shè)的模式-由特定群體發(fā)明，發(fā)現(xiàn)或發(fā)展，因?yàn)樗鼘W(xué)會(huì)應(yīng)對(duì)外部適應(yīng)和內(nèi)部整合的問題。-這已經(jīng)足夠有效，被認(rèn)為是有效的，因此，被教導(dǎo)給新成員作為正確的方式來感知，思考和感受這些問題“。如今，安全文化的概念正在工業(yè)化國(guó)家進(jìn)行深入研究。Theseinclude:organizationalresponsibilityforsafety,managementattitudestowardssafety,managementactivityinrespondingtohealthandsafetyproblems,safetytrainingandpromotion,levelofriskattheworkplace,workers’involvementinsafety,andstatusofthesafetyofficerandthesafetycommittee.其中包括：組織安全責(zé)任，管理層對(duì)安全的態(tài)度，應(yīng)對(duì)健康和安全問題的管理活動(dòng)，安全培訓(xùn)和晉升，工作場(chǎng)所的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平，工人參與安全，安全官員的地位和安全委員會(huì)。安全術(shù)語安全管理事故致因不安全行為不安全狀態(tài)企業(yè)安全文化安全的工作環(huán)境科技文章的特點(diǎn)

大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)

Theearthrotatesonitsownaxis,whichcausesthechangefromdaytonight.

Therotationoftheearthonownaxis

causesthechangefromdaytonight.廣泛使用被動(dòng)句Thesafetypolicyshouldbeputintopracticethroughcarefulplanningofthesafetyactivities.非限定動(dòng)詞Organizationalcultureisamajorcomponentaffecting

organizationalperformanceandbehavior.后置定語Insmallandmedium-sizedcompanies,thesafetymanagerandthesafetyrepresentativeoftenhaveotherdutiesbesidestheirhealthandsafetytasks.Thesafetymanager’sroleistoactasanexpertwhoisawareofthehealthandsafetylegislationandotherobligationsconcerningthecompany.Theeffortsnecessarytoassurethatsufficientemphasisisplacedonsystemsafetyareoftenorganizedintoformalprograms.長(zhǎng)句OnecomprehensivedefinitionforanorganizationalculturehasbeenpresentedbyScheinwhohassaidthatorganizationalcultureis“apatternofbasicassumptions–invented,discovered,ordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration–thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidand,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems”.UNIT

TWO

SYSTEMSAFETYENGINEERING

Systemsafetyengineeringdrawsuponsystemsafetyconceptsandtheapproachesusedinsystemengineering.Itsobjectiveistosafelyintegrateallsystemcomponentsinamannerconsistentwithothersystemcriteria.系統(tǒng)安全工程利用系統(tǒng)安全概念和系統(tǒng)工程中使用的方法。其目標(biāo)是以符合其他系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方式安全地集成所有系統(tǒng)組件。Itinvolvestheapplicationofscientificandmanagementprinciplesforthetimelyrecognition,evaluation,andcontrolofhazards.Throughthelogicalprogrammingoftheseeffortsoverasystem’slifecycle,thedesiredlevelofsafetycanberealized.它涉及應(yīng)用科學(xué)和管理原則來及時(shí)識(shí)別，評(píng)估和控制危害。通過在系統(tǒng)的生命周期中對(duì)這些努力進(jìn)行邏輯編程，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)期望的安全級(jí)別。

Systemsafetyprogram

Thedegreeofsafetyachievedinasystemdependsontheimportanceitisgivenbysystemdesigners,managers,andoperators.Theeffortsnecessarytoassurethatsufficientemphasisisplacedonsystemsafetyareoftenorganizedintoformalprograms.系統(tǒng)中實(shí)現(xiàn)的安全程度取決于系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)人員，管理人員和操作員的重要性。確保充分強(qiáng)調(diào)系統(tǒng)安全所需的努力通常被組織成正式計(jì)劃。Theobjectivesofsuchprogramsaretorecognize,evaluate,andcontrolsystemhazardsasearlyinthelifecycleaspossible.Adequatesafetyinputduringtheinitialphasesisthekeytoproduceaninherentlysafesystem.Effectivesystemsafetyprogramsalsoeliminatethescheduledelaysandcostlychangesthatoftenresultinsystemsthatdidnothaveadequatesafetyplanning.此類計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)是盡可能早地識(shí)別，評(píng)估和控制系統(tǒng)危害。初始階段的足夠安全輸入是產(chǎn)生本質(zhì)安全系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵。有效的系統(tǒng)安全計(jì)劃還可以消除計(jì)劃延遲和代價(jià)高昂的變更，這些變更通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)沒有足夠的安全計(jì)劃。Theheartofasystemsafetyprogramisintheperformanceofhazardanalyses.Theseeffortsalsoinvolvemostofthedetailworkofsystemsafetyengineering.Analysesareconductedtoidentifyandevaluatehazardswithinasystem.Withthisinformation,responsibleofficialsmaydeterminethesafest,mostefficientmeansofcontrollingthehazardsidentified.系統(tǒng)安全規(guī)劃的核心是進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)源分析。這些還涉及系統(tǒng)安全工程的具體工作。分析有利于識(shí)別和評(píng)估系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的危險(xiǎn)源。有了這些信息，負(fù)責(zé)人可以確定最安全、最有效控制危險(xiǎn)的措施。Withitsaccidentsourceseliminated,theentiresystemalsobecomesmoreeffectiveinperformingitstask.Ingeneral,hazardanalysesareconductedasfollows:Gainanunderstandingofthesystem.Definethescopeandpurposeoftheanalysis.Selectandapplyananalysistechnique.Evaluatetheresults.Hazardanalysisisnotanintuitiveprocess.Forananalysistobemeaningful,itmustbelogical,accurate,descriptiveofthesystem,andbasedonvalidassumptions.Itssuccesslargelydependsontheskillandknowledgeofthoseconductingtheanalysis.Anyonewhohasathorough,workingknowledgeofboththesystemunderconsiderationandtheanalysistechniquetobeusedmayperformahazardanalysis.危險(xiǎn)分析不是一個(gè)直觀的過程。為使分析有意義，它必須是邏輯的，準(zhǔn)確的，系統(tǒng)的描述，并基于有效的假設(shè)。它的成功在很大程度上取決于進(jìn)行分析的人的技能和知識(shí)。任何對(duì)所考慮的系統(tǒng)和要使用的分析技術(shù)都具有全面的工作知識(shí)的人都可以進(jìn)行危害分析。Itinvolvestheapplicationofscientificandmanagementprinciplesforthetimelyrecognition,evaluation,andcontrolofhazards.

句子分析Thesecriterianormallyprovideforcompliancewithacceptedsafetystandardssuchasthosecontainedingovernmentregulations.

Equipmentspecifications,maintenanceplans,trainingplans,proposedsystemprocedures,andotherdesignmaterialsarereviewedandevaluatedduringthedesignphase.EquipmentHazardanalysesareupdatedtodeterminetheimpactofanysystemchanges,andactionistakentocontrolanyhazardsthatresultfromsuchchanges.Forananalysistobemeaningful,itmustbelogical,accurate,descriptiveofthesystem,andbasedonvalidassumptions.ForAnalysiswasneverintendedtoprovidethefinalanswertosystemsafetyproblems,butrathertoaidinmakingdecisionsforimprovingthesystem.安全術(shù)語危險(xiǎn)控制安全評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)安全工程危險(xiǎn)分析危險(xiǎn)辯識(shí)安全準(zhǔn)則翻譯技巧（一）詞義引申

詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯Likeanyprecisiondevice,themonitorofmethanerequirescarefultreatment.

Solarenergyseemstooffermorehopethan

anyothersourceofenergy.

詞義具體化Thepurposeofadrilleristoholes.

Asingle-pointcuttingtoolisusedtocut

threadsonenginelathes

詞義抽象化Themajorcontributors

incomponenttechnologyhavebeenthesemi-conductorcomponents

Therearethreestepswhichmustbetakenbeforewegraduatefrom

theintegratedcircuittechnology

詞的搭配Theironoreusedtomakesteel

comesfromopen-pitandundergroundmines.

Aninsulatoroffersavery

highresistance

tothepassagethroughwhichelectriccurrentgoes.UINT

THREE

THEERGONOMICSPROCESS

句子分析

Inaninformationprocessingtask,wemightredesigntheinterfacesoastoreducetheloadontheuser'smemory(e.g.shiftmoreofthememoryloadofthetaskontothecomputersystemorredesigntheinformationtomakeitmoredistinctiveandeasiertorecall).

在信息處理任務(wù)中，我們可能會(huì)重新設(shè)計(jì)界面，以減少用戶內(nèi)存的負(fù)擔(dān)（例如，將任務(wù)的更多內(nèi)存負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)移到計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)上或重新設(shè)計(jì)信息，使其更加獨(dú)特，更容易回憶）。Newtaskscanbemadeeasiertolearnandtoperformbydesigningthemsothattheyresembletasksorproceduresthatpeoplearealreadyfamiliarwith.Theimplementationofergonomicsinsystemdesignshouldmakethesystemworkbetterbyeliminatingaspectsofsystemfunctioningthatareundesirable,uncontrolledorunaccountedfor.通過設(shè)計(jì)新任務(wù)，可以使新任務(wù)更容易學(xué)習(xí)和執(zhí)行，使它們類似于人們已經(jīng)熟悉的任務(wù)或程序。在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中實(shí)施人機(jī)工程學(xué)應(yīng)該通過消除不受歡迎，不受控制或不計(jì)入的系統(tǒng)功能的各個(gè)方面，使系統(tǒng)更好地工作Inergonomics,absenteeism,injury,poorqualityandunacceptablyhighlevelsofhumanerrorareseenassystemproblemsratherthan'people'problems,andtheirsolutionisseentolieindesigningabettersystemofworkratherthaninbetter'manmanagement'orincentives,by'motivating'workersorbyintroducingsafetyslogansandotherpropaganda.在人機(jī)工程學(xué)方面，曠工，受傷，質(zhì)量差和人為錯(cuò)誤程度高得令人無法接受被視為系統(tǒng)問題而不是“人”問題，他們的解決方案被認(rèn)為是設(shè)計(jì)更好的工作系統(tǒng)而不是更好的“人員管理”。通過“激勵(lì)”工人或引入安全標(biāo)語和其他宣傳來激勵(lì)。Thedatabaseofmodernergonomicscontainsmuchinformationonthecapabilitiesandcharacteristicsofpeopleandoneofthemainpurposesofthisbookistointroducethereadertothisinformationandshowhowitcanbeusedinpractice.現(xiàn)代人體工程學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫包含有關(guān)人員能力和特征的大量信息，本書的主要目的之一是向讀者介紹這些信息，并說明如何在實(shí)踐中使用它。安全術(shù)語安全人機(jī)工程工作效率工作壓力傷害率人機(jī)過程職業(yè)傷殘翻譯技巧（二）詞量增減

詞量增加Matercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergyintomater.

Thebestconductorhastheleastresistanceandthepooresthasthegreatest.

Oxidationwillmakeironandsteelrusty.詞量減少Theworldofworkinjuryinsuranceis

complex.Anysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritisa

solid,a

liquid,ora

gas.In

theabsenceofforce,abodywilleitherremainatrest,orconitnuetomovewith

constantspeedinastraightline.Awirelengthenswhileit

isheated

Stainlesssteelspossess

goodhardnessandhighstrengh.Thecostofsuchapowerplantisarelativelysmallportionofthetotalcostofthedevelopment.

Theresistanceofthepipetotheflowofwaterthroughitdependsuponthelengthofthepipe,thediameterofthepipe,andthefeatureoftheinsidewalls(roughorsmooth).

Ingeneral,allthemetalsaregoodconductros,withsilverthebestandcopperthesecond.

UNIT

FOUR

HAZARD

IDENTIFICATION

句子分析Itisimportanttorememberthataworkermayperceivesomethingasahazard,wheninfactitmaynotbeatruehazard;theriskmaynotmatchtherankingthattheworkerplacedonit.

Identificationandcontrolofhazardsshouldincludeperiodicsitesafetyinspectionprogramsthatinvolvesupervisorsand,ifyouhavethem,jointlabormanagementcommittees.

重要的是要記住，工人可能會(huì)將某些東西視為危險(xiǎn)，而事實(shí)上它可能不是真正的危險(xiǎn);風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能與工人對(duì)其的排名不符。危險(xiǎn)的識(shí)別和控制應(yīng)包括涉及主管的定期現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全檢查計(jì)劃，如果有的話，還應(yīng)包括聯(lián)合勞動(dòng)管理委員會(huì)。Topreventindustrialaccidents,thepeople,machines,andotherfactorswhichcancauseaccidents,includingtheenergiesassociatedwiththem,mustbecontrolled.

Topreventindustrialaccidents,thepeople,machines,andotherfactorswhichcancauseaccidents,includingtheenergiesassociatedwiththem,mustbecontrolled.

為了防止工業(yè)事故，必須控制可能導(dǎo)致事故的人員，機(jī)器和其他因素，包括與之相關(guān)的能量。為了防止工業(yè)事故，必須控制可能導(dǎo)致事故的人員，機(jī)器和其他因素，包括與之相關(guān)的能量。Studytheworkenvironmentforwhatismovinginthevicinityoftheworker,whatisabouttomove,orwhatwillmoveasaresultofwhattheworkerdoes.

Anytypeofworkthatinvolvesmaterialsorequipmentthatmaybeharmfulwithoutforcefulcontactisasourceofcontact-withaccidents.

研究工作環(huán)境就是為分析由于工人的行為在工人附近移動(dòng)的東西，將要移動(dòng)的東西，或者將會(huì)移動(dòng)。任何涉及在沒有強(qiáng)力接觸的情況下可能有害的材料或設(shè)備的工作是與事故接觸的根源。Managementisnotasclosetotheactualworkbeingperformedasarethoseperformingthework.

Thishazardidentificationtechniqueworkswellwheremanagementisopenandgenuinelyconcernedaboutthesafetyandhealthofitsworkforce.

安全術(shù)語工傷保險(xiǎn)人因失誤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估人機(jī)系統(tǒng)工業(yè)事故事故類型翻譯技巧（三）詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換

轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動(dòng)詞Achangeof

statefromasolidtoaliquidformrequireshaetenergy.

Thetermlaserstandsforamplificationby

stimulatedemissionofradiation.Bothofthesubstancesarenotsoluble

inwater.Inthiscasethetemperatureinfurnaceis

up.轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞Suchmaterialsarecharacterized

bygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.Theresultofthisexperimentismuchbetterthanthose

ofpreviousones.Allstructuralmaterialsbehave

plastically

abovetheirelasticrange.Thecuttingtoolmustbestrong,tough,hard,andwearresistant.

轉(zhuǎn)移成漢語形容詞Thisman-machinesystemischieflycharacterized

byitssimplicityofoperationandtheeasewithwhichitcanbemaintained.

Itisdemonstatedthatdustisextremelyhazardous.

Theequationsbelowarederivedfromthose

above.Thisexperimentwasasuccess

轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語副詞Themechanicalautomatizationmakesfora

tremendous

riseinlaborproductivity.Ahelicopteris

free

togoalmostanywhere.Rapidevaporationattheheatingsurface

tends

tomakethesteamwet.UNIT

FIVE

WHATISANOHSMS

句子分析Findingagreementuponcriteriaforeffectiveness,ormethodsofmeasurementandevaluationisespeciallyhardwherebasicdisagreementexistsuponwhatanOHSMSis.

SystemstheorysuggeststhatthereshouldbefourgeneralrequirementsforanOHSMS,althoughhowtheserequirementsaremetinpracticeallowsforconsiderablediversity.

如果職業(yè)安全健康管理體系存在基本分歧，那么就有效性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或衡量和評(píng)估方法達(dá)成一致意見尤其困難。系統(tǒng)理論認(rèn)為OHSMS應(yīng)該有四個(gè)一般要求，盡管在實(shí)踐中如何滿足這些要求可以實(shí)現(xiàn)相當(dāng)大的多樣性。Incontrast,mandatorysystemshaveevolvedinanumberofEuropeancountrieswherelegislationrequiresadoptionofariskassessmentsystem.

相比之下，強(qiáng)制性制度已在許多歐洲國(guó)家發(fā)展，其中立法要求采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)。ThisapproachstemsfrommethodsofregulationfoundinEuropeaswellasAustralia,wherebusinesses,includingsmallerones,areencouragedorrequiredtocomplywithalessdemandingframeworkthan“managementsystems”.

First,itisgroundedintheliteraturethatdiscussesalternativeapproachestomanagingOHSanddifferentcontrolstrategies,anditreflectstheprincipaldebatesinthatliterature.

這種方法源于歐洲和澳大利亞的監(jiān)管方法，鼓勵(lì)或要求企業(yè)（包括較小的企業(yè)）遵守比“管理系統(tǒng)”要求更低的框架。首先，它以討論管理OHS和不同控制策略的替代方法的文獻(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)，并反映了該文獻(xiàn)中的主要爭(zhēng)論。TheideathattheremaybedifferentlevelsofOHSMhasbeeninterpretedanotherwayinAustraliawhereperformancelevelsinsomeprogramsareexplicitlydevelopmental(thebusinessgraduatingupanascendingladderasitdemonstratescompliancewiththerequirementsofeachsuccessivelevel).

可能存在不同級(jí)別的OHSM的想法在澳大利亞被另一種方式解釋，其中一些計(jì)劃的績(jī)效水平明確地發(fā)展（業(yè)務(wù)逐步上升，因?yàn)樗砻鞣厦總€(gè)連續(xù)水平的要求）。安全術(shù)語職業(yè)安全健康職業(yè)安全健康管理體系危險(xiǎn)源分析事故分析風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理職業(yè)傷害

翻譯技巧（四）句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換

謂語、表語、賓語、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語Gases

differfromliquidsinthattheformer

havegreatercompressibilitythanthelatter.Rubberisabetterdielectric

butapoorerinsulatorthanair.Waterhasadensityof62.4poundspercubicfoot

Aluminumisverylightin

wight,beingonlyonethirdasheavyasiron.Thesamesignsandsymbolsofmathematicsareusedthroughouttheworl

Sodiumisveryactive

chemically.主語、賓語、表語、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語Theprevention

ofmanytypesof

occupationaldiseasesisdistinctlywithintherealmofpossibility.

Alsopresent

insolidsarenumbersoffreeelectrons.Asemiconductorhasapoor

conductivityatroomtemperature,butitmaybecomeagoodconductorathightemperature.

狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語Thewideapplicationsofcomputersaffecttremendouslythedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.

主語、狀語、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語CMOSchipsinthecomputerworkathousandtimesmorerapidlythannervecellsinthehumanbrain

InBritain

thefirststand-bygas-turbineelectricitygeneratorwasinoperationinManchesterin1952.定語、謂語、主語、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語Itwasanamazingpieceofscientific

clairvoyance,comparableperhapstoCharlesBabbage’santicipationoftheprincipleofthecomputer.

Aftermoreexperiments,Galileosucceededinmakingamuchbettertelescope.

Theresultofhisrevolutionarydesign

isthattheengineismuchsmaller,worksmoresmoothly,andhasfewermovingparts.主語、狀語、謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語Themechanicalenergy

canbechangedbackintoelectricalenergybymeansofagenerator.Televisionhasbeensuccessfullysentbylaser.Thesunaffects

tremendouslyboththemindandbodyofaman.主語、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語AgreatcontributionofEdison

wasthecarbonmicrophone.Theproductionhadconsiderabledifficulty

gettingpatentprotectionifithadnopatentright

UNIT

SIX

INDUSTRIALHYGIENE

句子分析

Industrialhygienehasbeendefinedas"thatscienceorartdevotedtotheanticipation,recognition,evaluation,andcontrolofthoseenvironmentalfactorsorstresses,arisinginorfromtheworkplace,whichmaycausesickness,impairedhealthandwell-being,orsignificantdiscomfortandinefficiencyamongworkersoramongthecitizensofthecommunity."工業(yè)衛(wèi)生被定義為“致力于預(yù)期，識(shí)別，評(píng)估和控制工作場(chǎng)所內(nèi)外產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境因素或壓力的科學(xué)或藝術(shù)，可能導(dǎo)致疾病，健康和福祉受損，或顯著工人或社區(qū)公民之間的不適和低效。

Theindustrialhygienist,althoughbasicallytrainedinengineering,physics,chemistry,orbiology,hasacquiredbyundergraduateand/orpostgraduatestudyandexperience,aknowledgeoftheeffectsuponhealthofchemicalandphysicalagentsundervariouslevelsofexposure.

工業(yè)衛(wèi)生師雖然基本上接受過工程，物理，化學(xué)或生物學(xué)方面的培訓(xùn)，但已通過本科和/或研究生學(xué)習(xí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)獲得了各種暴露水平下化學(xué)和物理因素對(duì)健康影響的知識(shí)。

Noiseisaserioushazardwhenitresultsintemporaryorpermanenthearingloss,physicalormentaldisturbance,anyinterferencewithvoicecommunications,orthedisruptionofajob,rest,relaxation,orsleep.

Thechanceofdevelopingheatstressincreaseswithincreasedhumidity,hotenvironments,andtheuseofpersonalprotectiveequipment.

當(dāng)噪音導(dǎo)致暫時(shí)性或永久性聽力損失，身體或精神障礙，對(duì)語音通信的任何干擾，或工作中斷，休息，放松或睡眠時(shí)，噪音是一種嚴(yán)重危險(xiǎn)。隨著濕度增加，炎熱環(huán)境以及個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備的使用，產(chǎn)生熱應(yīng)激的可能性增加。

Ionizingradiationhastheabilitytochangeordestroytheatomic(chemical)structureofcells,non-ionizingradiationdoesnot.

Althoughnon-ionizingradiationisnotashazardousasionizing,thereareexposuresthatcancausesevereinjuries.

Itemssuchassanitationandhousekeepingitemsregardingpotablewater,removalofindustrialwasteandsewage,foodhandling,andpersonalcleanlinesshavethepotentialtoexacerbatethepotentialriskofbiologicalhazards.

電離輻射具有改變或破壞細(xì)胞原子（化學(xué)）結(jié)構(gòu)的能力，而非電離輻射則沒有。雖然非電離輻射不像電離那樣危險(xiǎn)，但是存在可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重傷害的暴露。關(guān)于飲用水，工業(yè)廢水和污水的清除，食品處理和個(gè)人清潔等衛(wèi)生和家政用品等項(xiàng)目有可能加劇生物危害的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

Themajorityoftheoccupationalhealthhazardsarisefrominhalingchemicalagentsintheformofvapors,gases,dusts,fumesandmists,orbyskincontactwiththesematerials.

Torecognizeoccupationalfactorsorstresses,ahealthandsafetyprofessionalmustfirstknowaboutthechemicalsusedasrawmaterialsandthenatureoftheproductsandbyproductsmanufactured.

大多數(shù)職業(yè)健康危害源于吸入蒸氣，氣體，灰塵，煙霧和霧氣形式的化學(xué)試劑，或通過皮膚接觸這些材料。為了識(shí)別職業(yè)因素或壓力，健康和安全專業(yè)人員必須首先了解用作原材料的化學(xué)品以及所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品和副產(chǎn)品的性質(zhì)。安全術(shù)語工業(yè)衛(wèi)生物理危害化學(xué)危害非電離輻射生物危害職業(yè)病

翻譯技巧（五）

常見多功能詞的譯法（I）

一、as的譯法

作為介詞的譯法

Fireprotectionengineersdefinethetermexplosion

as

an"effect"producedbyasuddenviolentexpansionofgases.Wetakesteelastheleadingengineeringmaterial.

作為關(guān)系代語的譯法As

knowntous,inertiaisanabsolutequalitypossessedbyallbodies.Firedealswith

such

ideasas

substance,temperature,explosionandcombustion.Theweightofanobjectonthemoonisnotthesameas

itsweightontheearth.

作為關(guān)系副詞的譯法Avectormultipliedbyascalarquantityisavectorinthesamedirectionastheoriginalvector.Theforceofgravitationalattractionbetweentwobodiesdecreaseas

thedistancebetweenthemincreases作為連詞的譯法

Asliquidsandgasesflow,theyarecalledfluids.

Thewheelturns

as

fast

as

stable.

Thedevelopmentstagelastsaslong

as

itneedsto.

Complicatedastheproblemis,itcanbeworkedoutinafewminutesbyacomputer.

Friction,

as

thetermisunderstoodinmechanics,istheresistancetorelativemotionbetweentwobodiesin.作無人稱主語

二、it的譯法

Wefound

it

necessarytousemoderncompositematerialsfortallbuildings.It

istoreduceaccidentsthatsafetyvalvesaredesigned.作人稱代詞的譯法Anewscience,safetybehavior,has

emerged,anditisverycloselyalliedtomanagementandpsychology.Thelightissloweddownas

it

goesthroughthelens.Isastructuresafewhenloaded?It

isaproblemtobestudied.UNIT

SEVEN

SAFETY

CULTURE

句子分析Inresponsetotherecognitionthatitsstructurehaslimitationsinprovidingthe`glue'thatholdsorganisationstogether,muchmanagementthinkingoverthelasttwodecadeshasfocusedontheconceptofcorporateculture.

為了反映人們認(rèn)識(shí)到其結(jié)構(gòu)在提供組織在一起的“粘合劑”方面存在局限性，過去二十年來的許多管理思想都集中在企業(yè)文化的概念上。Itisgenerallythoughtthatawell-developedandbusiness-specifccultureintowhichmanagersandemployeesarethoroughlysocialisedwillleadtostrongerorganisationalcommitment,moreefficientperformanceandgenerallyhigherproductivity.

Gaininginternationalcurrencyoverthelastdecade,itislooselyusedtodescribethecorporateatmosphereorcultureinwhichsafetyisunderstoodtobe,andisacceptedas,thenumberonepriority.人們通常認(rèn)為，管理者和員工完全社會(huì)化的良好發(fā)展和商業(yè)特定文化將導(dǎo)致更強(qiáng)的組織承諾，更高效的績(jī)效和更高的生產(chǎn)力。在過去十年中獲得國(guó)際貨幣，它被廣泛用于描述企業(yè)的氛圍或文化，在這種氛圍或文化中，安全被理解為并且被認(rèn)為是首要的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。Allthesedefinitionsarerelativelysimilarinthattheycanbecategorisedintoanormativebeliefsperspectiveinsofaraseachisfocusedtovaryingdegreesonthewaypeoplethinkand/orbehaveinrelationtosafety.

所有這些定義都相對(duì)相似，因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢员粴w類為規(guī)范性信念，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)定義都在不同程度上集中于人們?cè)诎踩矫娴乃伎己?或行為方式。

Giventhatthemaintenanceoforganisationalculturesaresupportedbyongoinganalysesoforganisationalsystems,goal-directedbehaviour,attitudesandperformanceoutcomes,thedefinitiongivenforthesafetyculture“product”'providesadependentvariablewithwhichtoassesssafetycultureimprovementinitiatives.

鑒于組織系統(tǒng)，目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向行為，態(tài)度和績(jī)效結(jié)果的持續(xù)分析支持組織文化的維護(hù)，安全文化“產(chǎn)品”的定義提供了一個(gè)因變量，用于評(píng)估安全文化改進(jìn)計(jì)劃。Despitenotionsthatculturecannoteasilybecreatedorengineered,inpractise,thecreationorenhancementofasafetycultureisdependentuponthedeliberatemanipulationofvariousorganisationalcharacteristicsthoughttoimpactuponsafetymanagementpractices.

盡管不能輕易地創(chuàng)造或設(shè)計(jì)文化，但在實(shí)踐中，安全文化的創(chuàng)建或增強(qiáng)取決于對(duì)被認(rèn)為影響安全管理實(shí)踐的各種組織特征的故意操縱。安全術(shù)語安全文化企業(yè)文化高危行業(yè)事故率應(yīng)急預(yù)案安全評(píng)審改進(jìn)措施翻譯技巧（六）

常見多功能詞的譯法（II）

作為限定詞三、that的譯法Upto

thattimewoodandstonewerestillthemainbuildingmaterials.作為指示代詞Plasticsarelightandstronganddonotrustatall.Thatiswhytheyfindsuchwideusesinindustry.Mildsteelhasahightensilestrength,thisbeing200timesthat

ofconcrete.作為關(guān)系代詞Poweristheratethat

mechanicalmoveisperformedat

Masteriscomposedofmoleculesthat

arecomposedofatoms.

Anelementisasimplesubstancethat

cannotbebrokenupintoanythingsimpler.作為連詞引出同位語從句Energytakesmanyforms,butalltheseformscanbereducedtothestatementthat

energyisthecapacitytodowork.Theideathat

energyisconservedisthefirstlawofthermodynamics.In1905Einsteinworkedoutatheorythat

matterandenergywerenotcompletelydifferentthings.引出表語從句

Oneoftheadvantagesofconcreteisthat

itcanbeeasilyshapedintoanydesiredform.Thelawofelectriccurrentisthat

anelectriccurrentvariesdirectlyasthevoltageandinverselyproportionaltotheresistance.

引出主語從句、賓語從句Itisgenerallybelievedthat

oilisderivedfrommarineplantandanimallife.引出主語從句、賓語從句Theclimateisveryhotanddry

that

muchevaporationtakesplace.Thepartsareofenoughstrengththat

theymaynotbreakinuse.作為連接代詞四、what的譯法

Whatislargeandwhat

issmallisonlyrelative.

Hydrogenandoxygenarewhat

makeupwater.作為關(guān)系代詞What

isworryingtheworldgreatlynowisapossibleshortageofcoal,oil,naturalgas,orothersourcesoffuelinthenottoodistantfuture.作為限定詞Oneoftheimportantproblemstobesolvediswhat

materialismostsuitab