托福閱讀AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpire課件

托福閱讀第三篇AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpire：奧斯曼帝國(guó)晚期農(nóng)業(yè)看標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是介紹當(dāng)時(shí)的農(nóng)業(yè)情況，說(shuō)明文托福閱讀第三篇AgricultureintheLat托福閱讀第三篇AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpireThroughoutitshistory,agriculturewastheeconomicmainstayoftheOttomanEmpire,whichdominatedNorthAfrica,theMiddleEast,Turkey,andsoutheasternEuropeforover600yearsuntiltheearlytwentiethcentury.（開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，奧斯曼帝國(guó)持續(xù)約600年，其中農(nóng)業(yè)是其經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)）Mostcultivatorspossessedsmalllandholdings,engaginginahostoftasks,withtheircropsandanimalproductsmainlydedicatedtoself-consumption.（遞進(jìn)，大部分農(nóng)民都擁有小土地，收割莊稼供自己食用）Butenormouschangesovertimeprevailedintheagrariansector.（轉(zhuǎn)折，但是有巨大的轉(zhuǎn)變）Beginninginthelateeighteenthcentury,agriculturebecamemoreandmorecommercialized,withincreasingamountsofproducegoingtosaletodomesticandinternationalconsumers.（遞進(jìn)，這種轉(zhuǎn)變是農(nóng)業(yè)變的越來(lái)越細(xì)化，出口到國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)外）第一段點(diǎn)名主題，介紹奧斯曼帝國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)，尤其是18世紀(jì)晚期開(kāi)始的農(nóng)業(yè)細(xì)化托福閱讀第三篇AgricultureintheLat托福閱讀第三篇Atleastthreemajorenginesincreasedthisagriculturalproductiondevotedtothemarket,thefirstbeingrisingdemand,bothinternationalanddomestic.（遞進(jìn)展開(kāi)：第一點(diǎn)原始是需求增加）Abroad,especiallyafter1840,thelivingstandardsandbuyingpowerofmanyEuropeansimprovedsubstantially,permittingthemtobuyawiderchoiceandquantityofgoods.（遞進(jìn)，這是因?yàn)?840年后歐洲的生活水準(zhǔn)和購(gòu)買力都提高了）Risingdomesticmarketswithintheempirewerealsoimportant,thankstoincreasedurbanizationaswellasmountingpersonalconsumption.（遞進(jìn)，國(guó)內(nèi)的消費(fèi)上升也是同樣重要）Inthelatenineteenthcentury,newlyopenedrailroaddistrictsbroughtaflowofdomesticwheatandothercerealstomajorcoastalcities.（遞進(jìn)，19世紀(jì)晚期，鐵路使得谷物等糧食可以運(yùn)送到海岸城市）Railroadsalsoattractedmarketgardenerswhonowcouldgrowandshipfruitsandvegetablestotheexpandingandnewlyaccessiblemarketsofthesecities.（遞進(jìn)，這些鐵路也吸引了園藝家在這些地區(qū)經(jīng)商，種植水果蔬菜）第二段，展開(kāi)講農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的第一個(gè)原因：需求增長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)濟(jì)變好和鐵路發(fā)展托福閱讀第三篇Atleastthreemajore托福閱讀第三篇Thesecondenginedrivingagriculturaloutputconcernscultivators'increasingpaymentoftheirtaxesincashratherthaninkind(thatis,inagriculturalorotherproducts).（并列上一段，第二點(diǎn)原因是人們更愿意用先進(jìn)而不是物品來(lái)付稅）Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductbothofamountingpercapitataxburdenandthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthaninkind.（遞進(jìn)，對(duì)于市場(chǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)的押金一方面是由于單位資產(chǎn)稅的提高，二是國(guó)家更喜歡現(xiàn)金）Inthisview,suchgovernmentdecisionsforcedcultivatorstogrowcropsforsaleinordertopaytheirtaxes.（遞進(jìn)，所以有些國(guó)家要求農(nóng)民種莊稼然后買掉來(lái)付稅）Thus,statepolicyisseenasthemostimportantfactorinfluencingthecultivators'shiftfromsubsistencefarmingtomarketagriculture.（總結(jié)，這樣看來(lái)，國(guó)家政策是導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民從糧食生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)變到市場(chǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)的）第三段，介紹農(nóng)業(yè)市場(chǎng)化的第二個(gè)原因，國(guó)家政策，更愿意接受現(xiàn)金托福閱讀第三篇Thesecondenginedriv托福閱讀第三篇However,cultivators'risinginvolvementinthemarketwasnotsimplyareactiveresponsetothestate'sdemandsforcashtaxes;otherfactorswereatwork.（承上啟下，講第三點(diǎn)）Therewasathirdenginedrivingincreasedagriculturalproduction,cultivators'owndesiresforconsumergoods.(遞進(jìn)，第三點(diǎn)是農(nóng)民對(duì)生活消費(fèi)品的需求)AmongOttomanconsumers,increasinglyfrequentchangesintaste,alongwiththerisingavailabilityofcheapimportedgoods,stimulatedarisingconsumptionofgoods.（遞進(jìn)，這是因?yàn)槠肺对诓粩嘧兓?，同時(shí)商品很便宜）Thispatternofrisingconsumptionbeganintheeighteenthcentury,asseenbytheurbanphenomenonoftheTulipPeriod(1718¨C1730)atimeofurbanrevivalandorientationtowardtheWestlandacceleratedsubsequently.（遞進(jìn)舉例，比如郁金香時(shí)期）Wantingmoreconsumergoods,cultivatorsneededmorecash.（遞進(jìn)，因?yàn)橄胍嗌唐?，所以他們需要現(xiàn)金）Thus,ruralfamiliesworkedharderthantheyhadpreviously,notmerelybecauseofcashtaxes.（遞進(jìn)，所以農(nóng)民更努力，不僅是因?yàn)榻欢悾㊣nsuchcircumstances,leisuretimediminished,cashincomesrose,andtheflowofconsumergoodsintothecountrysideaccelerated.（總結(jié)遞進(jìn)，這樣，休閑時(shí)間少了，收入高了）第四段講第三點(diǎn)要素，對(duì)生活用品的需求變高了，促進(jìn)了人民對(duì)現(xiàn)金的追求托福閱讀第三篇However,cultivators'托福閱讀第三篇Increasesinagriculturalproductionbothpromotedandaccompaniedavastexpansionoftheareaoflandundercultivation.（遞進(jìn)前一段，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的提高，促進(jìn)了土地的擴(kuò)大）Atthebeginningoftheeighteenthcenturyandindeeduntiltheendoftheempire,thereremainedvaststretchesofuncultivated,sometimesnearlyempty,landoneveryside.（對(duì)比開(kāi)始，帝國(guó)早期有很多荒廢的土地）Thesespacesbegantofillin,aprocessfinallycompletedonlyinthe1950sinmostareasoftheformerempire.（但隨后大部分土地都被利用了）Manyfactorswereinvolved.（承接，介紹原因）Inmanycases,familiesincreasedtheamountoftimeatwork,bringingintocultivationuncultivatedlandalreadyundertheircontrol.（遞進(jìn)，首先是農(nóng)民工作的時(shí)間變長(zhǎng)了）Theyalsoengagedinsharecroppingagreeingtoworkanother'slandandpayingthatpersonashareoftheoutput.（其次，他們會(huì)租別人的土地）Oftensuchacreagehadbeenpasturelandforanimalsbutnowwasgivenovertocropproduction.（遞進(jìn)，以前這些土地通常是放牧的，而不是種莊稼的）TheextraordinarilyfertilelandsofMoldaviaandWallachia(modernRomania),forexample,hadbeenamongtheleastpopulatedlandsoftheOttomanempireintheeighteenthcentury,butnowsawlargeamountsoflandbroughtundertheplow.（舉例，比如M和W兩地，在帝國(guó)早期是貧瘠之地，現(xiàn)在到處都有人開(kāi)墾）Significantconcentrationsofcommercialagriculturefirstformedinareaseasilyaccessiblebywater,suchastheDanubeRiverbasin.【A】（遞進(jìn)，這種農(nóng)業(yè)改革首先發(fā)生在水源附近，舉了一個(gè)例子）Duringthenineteenthcentury,expansioninsuchareascontinued,andinteriorregionsjoinedthelistaswell.【B】（遞進(jìn)，后來(lái)內(nèi)陸地區(qū)也開(kāi)始了）Therewerealsosomeincreasesinproductivity.（遞進(jìn)，生產(chǎn)率也提升了）【C】Irrigationprojects,oneformofintensiveagriculture,developedinsomeareas,andtheuseofmodernagriculturaltoolsincreased.【D】（遞進(jìn)，也用上了現(xiàn)代化的生產(chǎn)方式，灌溉等）Butmoreintensiveexploitationofexistingresourcesremainedcomparativelyunusual,andmostincreasesinproductionderivedfromplacingadditionallandundercultivation.（轉(zhuǎn)折，但是最大的提升還是來(lái)自有開(kāi)墾新地）第五段總結(jié)農(nóng)業(yè)改革的變化，土地面積的擴(kuò)大，耕種工具的變化等托福閱讀第三篇Increasesinagricultu托福閱讀第三篇1.Accordingtoparagraph1,inwhichofthefollowingwaysdidagriculturalproductionintheOttomanempirebegintochangeatendoftheeighteenthcenturyA.AgriculturalproductsnolongercontributedasmuchtotheOttomaneconomy.B.Agriculturalworkerslefttheirfarmstoworkincommercialindustriesinthecities.C.Farmerswithsmalllandholdingsbegantofocusonasingletaskratherthanonmanytasks.D.Farmproductsweresoldcommerciallyinsteadofbeingkeptforpersonaluse.increasingamountsofproducegoingtosaletodomesticandinternationalconsumers,這種變化主要是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品更加商業(yè)化，選D托福閱讀第三篇1.Accordingtoparagra托福閱讀第三篇2..ThewordsubstantiallyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA不受打擾B明顯的C快速的D意外的substantially是顯著的意思，選BA.withoutinterruptionB.significantlyC.rapidlyD.unexpectedly托福閱讀第三篇2..Thewordsubstantia托福閱讀第三篇3..ThewordaccessibleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA高利潤(rùn)的B競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的C創(chuàng)造D可達(dá)到的accessible表示課利用的，與D意思最接近，選DA.profitableB.competitiveC.createdD.reachable托福閱讀第三篇3..Thewordaccessible托福閱讀第三篇4.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingcontributedtoarisingdemandfortheagriculturalproductsoftheOttomanempireduringthenineteenthcenturyEXCEPTA.thesaleofdomesticwheatinplaceofothercerealsincoastalcitiesB.thedevelopmentofrailroadsystemsleadingtocoastalcitiesC.theriseinlivingstandardsandbuyingpoweramongEuropeansD.theemergenceofnewdomesticmarketsintheOttomanEmpireaflowofdomesticwheatandothercerealstomajorcoastalcitie，是小麥和其他谷物一起，不是小麥取代了其他谷物，A錯(cuò)，選A托福閱讀第三篇4.Accordingtoparagra托福閱讀第三篇5..WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagricultureallowedthegovernmenttoraisetaxesandhavethempaidincash.B.Thegovernmentraisedtaxesandrequiredtheybepaidincash,sofarmershadtousethecashtheyobtainedfromsellingtheirfarmproductsinthemarkettopaytheirtaxesC.Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductofthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthankind.D.Accordingtosomehistorians,thegrowthofmarketagriculturewastheresultofmountingtaxeswhichthegovernmentwantedindividualstopayincash.加黑句表示對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的重視是稅負(fù)的增加和對(duì)現(xiàn)金結(jié)算的偏好共同導(dǎo)致的，選D，C中沒(méi)有講到稅負(fù)Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductbothofamountingpercapitataxburdenandthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthaninkind托福閱讀第三篇5..Whichofthesenten托福閱讀第三篇6.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheexplanationforthechangeinagriculturalproductionmentionedinparagraph3A.Thestateallowedcultivatorstopaytheirtaxesincropsaswellasincash.B.Cultivatorsneededcropstheycouldselltopaytaxesincash.C.Statepoliciesbeganfavoringfarmerswhoshiftedtomarketagriculturebyloweringthosefarmers'taxes.D.Cultivatorshadmoremoneytoinvestincropsbecauseofalowertaxburden.governmentdecisionsforcedcultivatorstogrowcropsforsaleinordertopaytheirtaxes。政府要求農(nóng)民買糧食來(lái)交稅，選B托福閱讀第三篇6.Whichofthefollow托福閱讀第三篇7.ThewordstimulatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA鼓勵(lì)B跟隨C建議D演示，stimulate是鼓勵(lì)刺激的意思，選AA.encouragedB.followedC.suggestedD.demonstrated托福閱讀第三篇7.Thewordstimulated托福閱讀第三篇8.Accordingtoparagraph4,theincreasingdesireofOttomancultivatorstopurchaseconsumergoodsledtoallofthefollowingchangesEXCEPT:A.Cultivatorsworkedharderandforlongerhours.B.Cultivatorshadlesscashavailabletousefortaxpayments.C.Cultivatorssucceededinincreasingtheamountofcashincometheyearned.D.Moreconsumergoodsbecameavailableinruralareas.沒(méi)有提到農(nóng)民可以用來(lái)交稅的現(xiàn)金變少了，選B托福閱讀第三篇8.Accordingtoparagra托福閱讀第三篇9.ThewordengagedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA成功B相信C投資D參與engaged是參與的意思，選DA.succeededB.believedC.investedD.participated托福閱讀第三篇9.Thewordengagedin托福閱讀第三篇10.ThewordexploitationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA提高B利用C管理D調(diào)查exploitation是利用開(kāi)發(fā)的意思，選BA.improvementB.useC.managementD.investigation托福閱讀第三篇10.Thewordexploitat托福閱讀第三篇11.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingwastrueoftheprocessofbringingnewlandundercultivationA.Itbeganininteriorareasandquicklyspreadtoareasnearwater.B.Itwascompletedneartheendoftheeighteenthcentury.C.Itoccurredslowlybecausemostuncultivatedlandwasnotveryfertile.D.Itoftenoccurredasaresultoffarmingfamiliesworkinglongerhours.familiesincreasedtheamountoftimeatwork，農(nóng)民增加了工作時(shí)間來(lái)開(kāi)墾新徒弟，選D托福閱讀第三篇11.Accordingtoparag托福閱讀第三篇12.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutagriculturalproductionduringthenineteenthcenturyA．Irrigationandtheuseofmoderntoolscontributedlittletoincreasedproductionincomparisonwithotherfactors.B.Interiorregionsincreasedtheiragriculturalproductionmuchmorethanregionsnearriverbasinsdid.C.Agriculturalproductionwasaidedbyusingless-productivelandforanimalpastureinsteadofforgrowingcrops.D.Agriculturalproductionincreasedinsomeareasbutdecreasedinothersduringthenineteenthcentury.Oftensuchacreagehadbeenpasturelandforanimalsbutnowwasgivenovertocropproduction，以前放牧的地，現(xiàn)在拿來(lái)種莊稼了，選C托福閱讀第三篇12.Whatcanbeinferr托福閱讀第三篇13..Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.插入句表示，這種增長(zhǎng)是由于技術(shù)提高導(dǎo)致的，這種技術(shù)現(xiàn)在叫大范圍農(nóng)業(yè)。These告訴我們前文要講到increase，C前面講到了increase，選CTheseincreasesresultedfromusingtechnologytoimproveyieldsonexistingfarmland,asystemknownasintensiveagriculture.Wherewouldthesent