第一重點11月23日11 29 12 6老西口小范圍合集綜合寫作部分

brokenintopiecessticky，所以2datingbacktoXXX年以前，并且在中國，日本還有某個國家都有發(fā)現(xiàn)，然后發(fā)現(xiàn)某個溝壑還是海峽有可能就是那個坑speech說第一那些碎片的化學(xué)物質(zhì)沒有因為地殼運動受熱而改變，所以時間應(yīng)該很短，應(yīng)該沒有250-millionold這么老。第二碎片只ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidencetosupportthetheorythatthePermian–TriassicmassextinctionwastriggeredbyameteoriteimpactingEarth.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheorybypointingoutitsweaknesses.Thefirstevidenceistherecentdiscoveryofmeteoritefragmentscontainingmineralgrainswhichdatedto250millionyearsago,thesametimewhentheextinctionoccurred.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheoryasunconvincing,arguingthatanysubstancewouldbetransformedcompletelyafter250millionyearsofgradualchemicalprocess,sothemineralsnowpreservedinthefragmentsmusthavebeenformedquiterecently.ThesecondevidenceisthescatteredmeteoritefragmentsinChina,Indiaand[],indicatingthemagnitudeofadisastrousmeteoriteimpactthatcouldwipeoutalmosttheentirespeciesonEarth.Yetaccordingtothelecture,thefactthatthefragmentswereonlyfoundinthreecountries,andnotintherestoftheworldsuchasEurope,wasactuallyproofthatthemeteoritecollisionwasnotstrongenoughtocausesuchamassiveextinction.ThethirdevidenceisalargecraterfoundoffthecoastofAustralia.Itssizematchesthatofameteorite,indicatingthatitwasanimpactsiteforameteoritecollision.Nevertheless,thelecturerproposesadifferenttheory.HeexplainsthatthiscratermayhavebeencausedbyEarth’sinternalforcessuchasvolcanicactivities.3閱讀：GM 有好【12】可以耐干旱，在3aa缺乏。聽力部分認(rèn)為gm的好處被夸大了，因為：Thereadingpassageintroducestothereadersthebenefitsofgeneticallymodifiedcrops,whilethelecturetriestoconvinceusthatthesebenefitsareoverexaggerated.ThefirstbenefitisthatGMcropsaregoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheypossesspestresistantgeneswhichcanreducetheneedtousepesticide.However,thelecturerarguesthatiftheseresistancegenesspreadtowildcrops,theywillgrowoutofcontrolwhichmaybringmoredamagetotheenvironment.ThesecondbenefitisthatGMcropscanincreasefarmers’profitsbecauseGMcropscanproducegoodyieldsevenindryseasons.However,thelecturerpointstothefactthatfarmersofGMcropshavetopayaheavysumofmoneytoGMseedcompanies,andtheyhavetodoitannually.ThisbringsupthecostofgrowingGMcropssignificantly.ThethirdbenefitisthatGMplantcanaddimportantnutrientslikevitaminAtothedietofpeoplewholackthosenutrients.However,accordingtothelecture,thenutrientsintroducedthroughGMcropsarefarfromenough.Thecorrectandmoreeffectivewaytodealwithnutrientdeficiencyistoencouragepeopletoeatmorevegetableslikesweetpotatoes.4bee200millionyears1沒化石。沒花沒食物。化石結(jié)構(gòu)可能不是bee的。speaker反駁1，沒有化石是因為那時候沒樹，無法preservebeefeedonpinetreeThereadingpassageandthelecturepresentcontrastingviewsregardingthehypothesisthatbeesexistedpriorto200millionyearsago.Accordingtothereading,allfossilrecordsofbees,includingtheearliestonefoundinthestateofArizona,datetheexistenceofbeestonomorethan200millionyearsago.However,thelecturerexplainsthatthisisbecausetreesdidnotexistuntilaboutthattime,soonlyafterthenwasitpossiblefortreeresinstopreserveafossilizedbee.Clearly,thisdoesnotruleoutthepossibilitythatbeesmayhavepredatedtheexistenceoftree(andtreeresin)andsohaveanancestrylongerthan200millionyears.Furthermore,thereadingpresentsasimilarargument,sayingthatflowersandfloweringplantsdidnotexistuntil200millionyearsago,sopollen-dependentbeescouldnothaveexistedbeforethen.However,thelecturerarguesthattheearliestbeesdidnotnecessarilyfeedonflowers.Theycouldhavefedonnon-floweringplantssuchaspinetreesorferns,andonlygraduallyevolvedtodependonfloweringplants.Finally,thereadingcautionsthatthefossilnestmightnotbethatofbeesbecausethereisacruciallackofspiralingstructureinthebeechambersthatisprevalentinmodernbeenests.However,thelecturerpointstothesamewater-proofsubstancefoundinboththefossilizedchamberandmodernbeechambers,arguingthatthemakersofthefossilnestwereindeedbees.命中指數(shù)：4從protectcoralreeffishmarketlocalfish人工捕捉無法區(qū)分lionfish和其他魚，很多rare的魚也都在coralreef，會牽連其他魚種引進(jìn)市場會導(dǎo)致有人人工養(yǎng)殖。Lionfish如果從fishfarmescape，這就造成了更嚴(yán)重的invasive問題有些lionfish是有毒的，吃了以后會造成vomitingnumbnessarching，我們無法檢驗每一條魚，所以吃他們unsafe。[1].Lionfishareknownforeatinganythingtheycanfitintheirmouths,andseemtoeatnearlyconstantly.DuringastudyofinvasivelionfishintheBahamas,onelionfishwasobservedtoeattwentysmallfishinthespaceofthirtyminutesandreducethejuvenilefishpopulationsgreatly.Fast-growingandcapableofreproducingyear-round,lionfisharealsoout-competingnativespeciesandspreadingmorequicklythananyonepredicted.Withtheirindiscriminanteatinghabits,lionfisheatoutotherspeciesinarapidspeed,whichpreventalgalovergrowthonreefsandthereforeahealthierreefenvironment.TheCaribbeanlionfishinvasioncouldbecomethemostdisastrousmarineinvasioninhistorybydrasticallydecreasingtheabundanceofcoralreeffishesthroughouttheentireregion.Thus,theyshouldbecaughtforthereasonofprotectingthecoralreef.(weixin:laoxikou)[2].Onthesameline,sincelionfishdirectlyimpactpopulationsofnumerousfishandcrustaceanspecies,includingcommerciallyvaluablespecieslikesnappers,groupers,lobstersandsoon.Bycatchinglionfish,thereducednumberofthemwillallowotherfishes,especiallythefishforthelocalmarketpurposetorecoverandbouncebackinnumbers.[3].Lionfishmakefordelicious,delicate,economicalfilletsthatofferaperfectpopofproteinandlowfatmeat.Therearenocatchlimits,andtheycanbeprepareddozensofways.Oncestrippedofitsvenomousspines,cleanedandfilletedlikeanyotherfish,thelionfishbecomesdelectableseafoodfare.Thisisagreatsourceofnutrientsforthelocalpeople.[1].Whenhumancapturingthelionfish,they‘a(chǎn)lsocatchotherfishesatthesametime.Wherelionfishappears,therearemanyotherfishesaround.Besides,therearemanyrarefish,suchasspecieslikeparrotfish,whichcanpreventalgalovergrowthonreefsandorlobstersthatcatchstarfishforthewholesomenessofthereefenvironment.Thus,thismethodswillnotallowpeopletodistinguishwhichfishiswhichfishandwilleventuallyhurteverythinginthatarea.[2].Inthesecondplace,iflionfishisintroducedtothefishmarket,the"benefits"ofsellingsuchfishwillturnintotheprivatefishingfarmproblem.Inotherwords,fish-sellingpeoplewillartificiallypropagateorartificiallycultivatelionfish.Asweallknowthatfarmedfishmayescapethepen'snettingandthiswillcausemoreseriousinvasiveproblemtothelocalecosystem.[3].Thirdly,aftertestsofnearly200lionfishshowthatmorethanaquarterexceedfederallevelsforatoxinthatcannotonlycause-diarrhea,vomitingandfatigue-butalsoneurologicalproblemssuchaspainfullytinglinghandsandfeet,afeelingofhavinglooseteeth,and,oddestofall,areversedsenseoftemperature.Besides,wecannotexamineallthefishonebyone,sothisisnotasoundandsafeidea.Rhoneriverbust閱讀：passageleader因有三。（1）雕塑風(fēng)格（realism）是西澤時期引入的；雕塑特點和羅馬鑄幣上西澤相似（thehair是不respect。聽力：lecture完全反駁這個觀點，原因有三。Slimnoseandlongleg沒有用的雕塑都往河里扔，舉了一個叫Neptune的雕塑，是古羅馬的一個神。Thelectureandthereadingpassagebothtalkaboutalife-sizemarblebust,foundduringanarchaeologicalexcavationandretrievedfromthebedoftheriverRhone.WhiletheauthorofthepassageattributesthisbusttoJuliusCaesar,thelecturerrefuteseachoftheargumentspresentedinthereading.First,thestyleoftheportraitcouldnotbeusedasevidencetoshowthatthisbustwasthatofJuliusCaesar.AlthoughthebustwasmadeinastyleverypopularduringCaesar’stime,thisstylecontinuedtobepopularmanyyearsafterCaesardied.Therefore,thisbustcouldverywellhavebeenmadeinamuchlatertimeforsomeoneotherthanCaesar.Second,thesimilaritiesbetweenthebustandtheportraitofCaesaronsilvercoinswereratherlimitedtothehaironly.Inotherfeaturessuchastheneckandthenose,therearemanyobviousdifferences.IfthebustwasCaesar’s,thenitshouldhavelookedthesameinallfeaturestootherportraitsofCaesar.Finally,thelocationwherethebustwasfoundcouldnotproveanything.ArchaeologicalstudyalsoexcavatedotheritemsfromthesameplaceincludingasculpturefortheGodofNeptune.Thisindicatesthatpeoplecouldhavethrownthingsintotheriverbecausetheyhavebecomeuselessratherthanbecauseofpoliticalreasons,aswhatthereadingsuggests.閱讀ToBuildCrossingsforwildlifecrossings;theyarenottrainedtomakeuseofcrossings很浪費錢啊Financial而且theareasaffectedbyroadorbyotherhumandevelopmentthathavealreadydamagedtoomuch.Notlongtermstrategy.因棲息地都壞掉，不要(無法)crossings,這樣可以保護(hù)動物待在同一個區(qū)，雖然這樣也許會讓population下降。聽力:反對閱讀人都受傷了還是怎么的，說考慮到這些因素，建crossings能保護(hù)人類啊。Castingdoubtsontheissuewhetherornotwildlifecrossingsshouldbemadeforthegreatestbenefitsofhumanbeingsandwildlifecreatures,thespeakerholdsaperspectivecontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutwhethertheanimalscanusethecrossingsanditmeansthatifanimalsdonotknowhowtomakeuseofthecrossings,itisnotadvantageoustothebuildingplan;however,fromthelisteningpassage,itsaysthatanimalscanbetrainedtousetheman-madecrossings.Forexample,thebearandwolvescasesinthelisteningthattheycanmakeuseofthecrossingsaftercertaintime,suchasadecadeco-existingwiththecrossings.(weixin:laoxikou)Thereadingpassageneverthelessholdsthatthosewildlifeanimalscannotusethecrossingsandthebuildingplanwillbeinvalid.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,itisnotafinancialwasteforbuildingwildlifecrossings.Iftherearenocrossingsbuilt,thedamagecanbemadenotjusttoanimals,buttovehiclesandtohumans.Buildingwildlifecrossingsisconducivetomutualbenefits;thusitisnotwastingmoney.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthatbuildingwildlifecrossingsisatotalwasteofmoney;itwillnothelphumanstosavemoneyontheaccidents.Thirdly,thespeakerthinksthatbuildingwildlifecrossingscanactuallyhelpanimalsolvethefragmentationproblembycreatinglinksandbridgesthatovercomethemainbarrierssuchroadsandotherhumandevelopmentsothatanimalcanhavefullaccesstoalltheirterritories.Thiscanprovidethemmoreopportunitiestosurvive,thriveandgrowastheyhavemorechancestofindfoodandreproduce.Yet,thereadingindicatesitisbettertokeepwildlifeanimalsinreservedareaswheretheycanbetterbeprotected.Inshort,thepointsputforthaboutthewildlifecrossingsinthereadingandlisteningarecontradictory.hydroelectricdamReading:hydroelectricpowerplantsthreelowlowthewaterpathsprotectwildlifeaccountoftheresearchcostforselectinglocationandbuildingcost,thecostofhydroelectricplantsisnotlowhydroelectricplantsproducethesameamountofgreenhousegasesasfossilfuelplantwaterpathscannotprotectallfishes,anexampleinEngland,akindoffishcannotusethewaterpathassalmondo.Besuspiciousofwhetherhydroelectricpowerisadvantageoustouscomparedwithotherpower,thespeakerholdsaperspectivecontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutthecostanditmeansthatpriortoadamcanbebuilt,manystudieshavetoberesearchedandmadesureiftherockaroundthepotentialdamcansupporttheheavyandmassiveconstruction.（taobaoID:zhuxugame0725）Thedamscannotbebuiltjustanywherenearariversource.Inaddition,thecostofbuildingadamisenormous.Thisisnotcostcutting.However,thereadingthinksdamsarebuiltrightinthesourceanddonotneedextrafueltotransportthepower,soitismoreinexpensive.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,eventhoughtheoperationofsuchplantdoesnotgenerategreenhousegases,hydroelectricplantscratefloodedareasthatmakelargeamountsofplantmaterialtodecomposeanddecay.Thisis"thesource"ofproducinggreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxideandmethane.Fortropicalareaswherevegetationisdensest,thedamagetotheenvironmentisjustthesamecomparedtocoalplants.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthathydroelectricplantsdonotcauseharmfulgasestothesurroundings.Thethirdpointisregardingthewildlife.Itistruethatsalmoncanbesavedintheresearchbecausetheyarestrongandgetupstreamfromthedam.Thisisnotthecaseforotherkindsoffishinplantsstillcausenegativeejectswildlife.Thus,allpointsfromthereadingpassagearedifferentfromthosestatedinthelisteningcontent.stones沒有風(fēng)強(qiáng)到能吹到石頭，并且給了張照片，石頭陷在muddy里，按writer的理論，石頭不應(yīng)該 法搬動石頭（3）如果是人干的，那一定會留下痕跡，這種muddy里，沒有人能做到不留痕跡。Thereadingpassagetriestoexplainwhysomestonesindesertareasshowsignsofmovingslowlyacrossthesurface.However,allthethreetheoriesproposedinthereadingarerefutedbythelecturer.Thefirsttheoryisthatthestonesaremovedbytheforcesofwinds.Thisismadepossiblebypowerfulwindstormsinthevalleyandmuddyandslipperysurfacesonrainydays.However,theprofessorarguesthatwindsstrongenoughtomovearockhaveneverbeenrecordedonEarth.Furthermore,there’sevidenceshowingthatpartofthestonesisbeneaththemuddysurface,indicatingthatthestonesarenotslidingonthesurface.Thesecondtheoryisthattherocksmovebecauseofthefloatingicesheetsthatsurroundtherocks.However,thistheoryisalsonotpossiblebecause,asthespeakersays,thedesertareaisextremelydry,soitlackstheamountofwatertoformlargeicesheets.Eventhoughicecouldpossiblyformduringthenightwhenthetemperaturedrops,duringthedaytheicewouldmelt.Therefore,icesheetscouldnothavebeentheforcesatplay.Finally,thereisthepossibilitythathumanoranimalinterventionratherthannaturalforcesmadethishappen.However,ifthisweretrue,theprofessorsays,thentherewouldhavebeentracesleftofhumansoranimalsmovingtherocks,andthesetraceswouldnothavebeeneasilyremovedinsuchmuddyplaces.Yetthefactisthatneitherthetracesofhumansnorthoseofhorsesexistnearthemovingrocks.Sothehumaninterventiontheoryishighlyunlikely.congestionpricingcity中的某個區(qū)域收費，這樣就能緩解一improvetime主要就是說節(jié)省時間)improvethatarea's收的fee可以用于revenuethecity可以再修路，修橋等等lecture中，professor否定了這個觀在收費區(qū)里面環(huán)境可能會好點，但是周圍的車相對就會增多，noiseandairpollution就會多。所以不是整個city都能環(huán)境變好affordsubwaysubway，這樣一Thepolicyofcongestionpricingisenforcedinsomeurbanareasinordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion.Thereadingpassageexplainsthebenefitsofcongestionpricing,whilethelecturewarnsthatthispolicyhasanumberofnegativeeffects.Thereadingsuggeststhatcongestionpricingreducestrafficsodriverscanreachtheirdestinationinlesstime.However,thelecturercontendsthatnotallpeoplewillfindittime-saving.Somedriverswillgoroundthepricingzoneinordertoavoidcongestionsurcharges.Forexample,deliverydriverswilltakealongerroutetoavoidthisadditionalcost,sothedeliverytimeisThesecondbenefitmentionedinthereadingisthatcongestionpricingimprovesurbanenvironment.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthismaybetrueforareaswithinthechargingzonebecausethereislesstrafficthere.（taobaoID:zhuxugame0725）Butinthesurroundingareas,pollutionandnoisemaybecomeworseasaresultofincreasedleveloftrafficthatmovestothoseareas.Finally,accordingtothereading,congestionchargesareasourceofcityrevenuewhichcanbeusedbythegovernmenttoimprovepublicfacilitiessuchasroadsandbridges.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthispolicywillleadsomepeopletoswitchfromdrivingtousingpublictransportationsuchasthesubway.Thiswillentailanadditionalcostforsubwaymaintenance,whichmayevenexceedtherevenuefromcongestionpricing.Thereforethepolicywillnothelpimproveroadsand命中指數(shù)：3wounded啊；還有根本就沒那個時候最常被狩獵的動物—馴鹿，所以說動物主題和打獵不一定這個magicalpower在不同的文化中有不同的含義啊，insomecase，這是一種儀式，actuallythemagicalpowertheirancestorsbelieveinisthattheycancommunicatewiththeanimalslivingThereadingpassageexplainsthepurposeofprehistoricpaintingsfoundinLascauxCaveinFrance.Accordingtothereading,thesepaintingswerecreatedbythepainterswiththehopeoffindinggoodlucktoensuresuccessfulhunting.However,thelecturerdisagreeswiththisFirst,thereadingstatesthattherearelargeanimalsinsomepaintingsdepictedasbeingwoundedbyspearsandarrows,suggestingthattheseanimalswerehuntedbythepainters.（關(guān)聯(lián)視頻里對動物圖案有一定介紹）Howeverthelecturerpointsoutthatthereareotherpaintingsthatdepictsmallanimalssuchascatsandreindeers,whichprehistoricpeopledidnothunt.Moreover,someanimalsinthepaintingsdonotappeartohavebeenwounded.Sothesepaintingsmaynotberelatedwithhunting.Second,humanfigureswithanimalheadsmaynotbeproofthatthepaintingswererelatedwithhunting.Accordingtothelecturer,somehumanfiguresdonotappearinthepaintingtobestanding;someareevensleeping.Theywereclearlynothuntinginsuchahorizontalposition,soitisprobablynottruethatthehumansinthepaintingsarewearinganimalheadsasacamouflagewhilehunting.Thethirdtheoryinthereadingproposesthatthepainterscreatedthesepaintingsbecausetheybelievedthatthesepaintingsmighthavemagicalpowers.Butthelecturerarguesthatthismagicalpowermighthavenothingtodowithhunting.Thepaintersmighthavebelievedthattheycouldcommunicatewiththeirancestors’spiritsthroughthesepaintedanimals.候的人類沒有保存肉的方法，所以不太可能去hunt大動物；同時期小動物也死了不少。BeingskepticalaboutthetheoryoftherelationbetweenhumanhuntingandtheextinctionoflargemammalsinNorthAmerica,thelisteningpassageputsforthaperspectivetotallycontrarytothereasonsstatedinthereadingcontent.Tobeginwith,itisaboutthetiminghumanbeingscametotheplacewherelargemammalswerewipedout.Thelisteningpassagesaysthatthereisnoexactlythecauseandeffectrelationfortheextinctionofthoselargemammalswiththearrivalofhumanbeings.Thatistosay,theextinctionandthetimeofhumanarrivalarejustacoincidenceandsuchlargeextinctionmustbecausedbysomethingelse,suchasweatherabnormality.However,thereadingindicates,itishumanbeingsappearingtocertainareasthatlargeanimalswereextinctandtheywerehappenedatthesameperiodoftime.Secondly,thecontradictorypointregards-thebehavioroflargeanimals.Tobemoreconcise,largemammalsdidnothavepredatorsatthattime,sohumanhuntingwasnotadifficultjob.Fromthelisteninghowever,itsaysthathumanbeingsdidnotknowfoodpreservationskillstokeepmeatforalongtimeandtheyhuntedonlywhattheyneeded.So,thedecliningnumberoflargeanimalsshouldnotbesodrasticduetothisreason.Additionally,humanbeingsweremovingalotanditisnotconvincingatallwhatsoeverthatallthelargemammalswereextinct.Lastly,thelecturersuggeststhatnotjustlargemammalswereextinctatthattime,butweremanysmallerones,suchascertainkindsofbirds.Thereadingcontenthowevershowsthathumanbeingsonlyhuntedforlargemammals.Whatshallbetheexplanationwhysmalleranimalswerealsoextinctatthattime?Thus,thelisteningsupportsothertheoriesforsuchextinction,suchasextremeweatherconditionandtheforth.Toconclude,thelisteningcontentistotallyopposingtowhatthereadingsaysinthearticle.閱讀：小額貸款（microcredit）poorthepoorbusinessadministrativecostpoor的會減可以educatethem并舉了例子India,teachthemhowtofinancehowtobudget可以給asmallofgroup,insteadofeachperson，這樣的話cost也不會增加窮人從international機(jī)構(gòu)中獲得貸款之后，governmentsavemoney可以用于bridgesandroad。Inthelecture,thespeakermakesseveralpointsabouttheadvantagesofmicrocredit,awayusedtohelpthepoorforasuccessfulfuture;thismethodhoweverissupportedbythereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutifmicrocreditreallyhelpsthepoorinbusiness.Fromthereading,itsaysthatborrowerscanonlybenefitfromsuchloanswhentheyhavetheknowledgeoffinanceandbusinesssettingupexperience.（taobaoID:zhuxugame0725）However,thisisdifferentfromthelisteninginthatmanyfinancialagenciesprovidebasicfinancialeducationtocustomerswhentheyaskfortakingoutsuchloans,suchashowtobudgewisely,howtokeepcostsdownandtheforth.Moreover,fromthereadingpassage,microloansarenoteffectivebecausetheyarecostlytoprocess,addingupburdentothebank.However,theprofessorassertsthatmicrocreditbenefitsthepoor.Forinstance,banksdonotneedtorespondtotheentireindividualrequest.Inotherwords,fourorfivecustomerscantakeoutaloantogetherandsharetheadministrativecosts.Finally,theprofessorpointsoutthatmicrocreditcouldensurethegovernmenttobeinvestingthemoneysavedintootherfields.Forexample,governmentscanusethismoneytobuildinfrastructuresuchasroads,bridges,orpowerlines.Thosethingsareallhelpingthecitizens.However,thereadingsaysthatgovernmentcanpasstheresponsibilityofhelpingthepoorontothesideofbank.Inconclusion,microfinancingisnotagreatideatohelpthepoortogetridoftheirpovertyanddifficultyinlife.Thus,thereadingpassageandthelisteningcontentarecontradictoryonstandsheldtowardthisissue.說有個BASSmanhaten魚，應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)而去減少這種BASS魚。ThepopulationofthemenhadenintheChesapeakeBayhasbeendecliningduetooverfishing,sothegovernmenthascalledforabanonmenhadenfishinginthearea.Theauthorofthepassageisconcernedthatsuchabanmaynotbetherightsolutionwhilethelecturergivestheoppositeopinion,arguingthatthebanisnecessaryandjustified.First,thereadingpointstothefactthattherealcauseofthedeclineinthemenhadenpopulationisnotfishing,butthestripedbass,amajorpredatorofthemenhaden,soratherthanlimitingmenhadenfishing,weshouldreducethepopulationofthestripedbass.However,thelecturearguesthatthestripedbassserveasanimportantlinkintheeco-system,keepingthepopulationofmanyfishspeciesundercontrol.Weshouldavoiddisturbingthenaturalbalanceoftheecosystem,sothebestsolutionisstillabanonmenhadenfishing.Second,thereadingsuggeststhatthemenhadenareanimportantsourceofproteinforlivestockandpoultry.Placingabanonmenhadenfishingwouldnegativelyaffectnearbyfarms.Thelecturer,however,statesthatthemenhadencanbereplacedbysoybean,whichisalsoaveryeffectivesourceofproteinforlivestockandpoultry.Therefore,banningfishingintheChesapeakeBaywouldnotcreateanyshortageofproteinsnecessaryforfarmsinthenearbyareas.Finally,theauthorofthepassageisworriedthatlimitingmenhadenfishingwouldleadtothelossofjobopportunitiesforfishermen,dealersandintheprocessingindustries,whichwouldhamperthelocaleconomy.Fromthelecture,however,welearnthatthebanonmenhadenfishingisonlyatemporarypolicy.Oncethepopulationofthemenhadenreturnstonormal,thebanwillbeliftedandfishingandotherrelatedindustrieswillgrowhealthilyagain.Ontheotherhand,ifoverfishingisnotstopped,itwouldresultinatotalcollapseofthelocaleconomysoonerorlater.cigaretteunhealthyfood政府從這部份高稅收拿到更多的收入，可以用來投資，增加revenueofgovernment,可以benefiteveryone.高稅收不致于改變?nèi)说纳盍?xí)慣。而且煙有highandlowquality的差別，便宜的含有更多有害物圾食品貴了還買增加經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)(burden)unhealthyfood交高稅，但是跟富人比起來，窮人交的稅相對高，所以不公平。政府得到這筆錢不想失去，所以不會制定進(jìn)一步戒煙的policy,所以并沒有Thereadingpassageandthelecturepresentcontrastingviewsregardingwhetherthegovernmentshouldimposehighertaxationoncigaretteandunhealthyfood.First,thelecturearguesthatincreasedtaxationwillnotpreventpeoplefromconsumingcigarettesorjunkfoodasthereadingsuggestsbecauseconsumerswouldswitchtolessexpensivebrandstheycanafford.Theseareoftenoflowqualityandcontainmoreharmfulsubstances,whichmayproduceevenmorehealthriskstoconsumers.Second,accordingtothelecture,ahighertaxmeansthatthepoorpeoplewouldhavetopayahigherproportionoftheirincomethandothewealthypeopleonconsumptionofthesamecigarettesorfood,whichisfinanciallyunfair.Thisisindirectcontradictionwiththereading’sclaimthatitisjustifiableforsmokersandjunkfoodconsumerstopayahighertaxbecausetheyarethepeoplewhoaremorelikelytogetsickandneedthegovernment’smedicalservice,whichisfundedbytaxrevenues.Third,thelecturerwarnsusthatoncethegovernmenthasincreaseditsrevenuebecauseofhighertobaccoorjunk-foodtax,itwillbecomesodependentonthistaxthatitmustbereluctanttoformulatepoliciesonbanningsmoking(inpublicplaces)orunhealthyfoods.Thereading,ontheotherhand,presentsanoptimisticviewthatthegovernmentisgoingtousethismoneyontheconstructionofpublicfacilitiesthatcanbenefiteveryone.命中指數(shù)：2plant是很多，但是營養(yǎng)很少warmclimateisactuallyadisadvantage,becausetheyneededtocoolThelectureraisesobjectionstothethreereasonspresentedinthereadingpassageastowhy[animalname]hadagiantbody.First,thelecturersaysthatoxygencompositioncouldnothavebeenthereasonbecause...Second，thelecturerarguesthatalthoughthereweresufficientplantsfor[animalname]tofeedon，theydonotadequatelysupportthegrowthofalargebodybecausetheseplantswereactuallyverylowinnutrition.Finally，accordingtothelecture，thewarmclimatebackwhen[animalname]livedwasactuallyadisadvantagewhenitcomestocontrollingbodytemperature,[animalname]neededtocooloffconstantlyandalargebodysizeconstrainedtheireffortstodoso.(3)（訓(xùn)象人用摸耳朵的方式）Thereadingpassagepresentsthreeinterestingmythsthatpeopleoftenhaveaboutcertainabilitiesandbehaviorsofelephants.However，thelecturerdispelsthesemythsusingevidenceandfacts.Thefirstmythisthatanelephantseemstobeabletopredict(anticipate)itsdeathandthatitgoestospecialelephantgraveyardstodie，whichisoftennearthewater.However,thefactisthataselephantsgrowold,theirteetharegraduallyworndown，sooldelephantsusuallystartlookingaroundforsoftervegetationatthewater’sedge.Thisiswheremostelephantseventuallydie.Thesecondmythisthatelephantshavenaturaltalentsindrawing.Theycanholdabrushwiththeirtrunkanddrawpicturessuchasflowers.However,accordingtothelecture,thisabilityistrained.Trainersteachelephantshowtopaintandguidetheirpaintingbytouchingelephants’ears.Anelephantisnotreallypaintingapictureoutofitsmind,itissimplycreatingfixedpatternsoflines.Thethirdmythisthatelephantsfearmice.Inanexperiment,anelephantbackedoffwhenitsawamouse.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthisisnotfear.It’sananimal’snaturalinstincttobecautiouswhenitseessomethingunfamiliar.Elephantsthatliveinthezooarenotscaredofmiceatallbecausetheyarefamiliarwiththepresenceofmicethere.IF（ironfertilizationiron倒入海中，幫助一種phytoplankton生長，吸收更多的二氧化碳，從而減緩全球變暖。Thepassagedisagreeswiththiswayforthreereasons.實驗證明IF方式并不effective。過多的iron導(dǎo)致過多的phytoplankton，造成oceantoxin，對環(huán)境也不利。ecologicalsystemintheoceanareaphytoplankton太多了，我們就停止這種方法，phytoplankton就會因為養(yǎng)分不Thelecturerejectsviewspresentedinthereadingpassageregardingtheeffectivenessofironfertilization.Contrarytowhattheread