常減壓蒸餾裝置高級答案

2020年版第1頁共2頁常減壓蒸餾裝置操作工高級理論知識一、判斷題1.A2.A3.B4.B5.B6.A7.B8.A9.A10.A11.B12.A13.A14.B15.B16.B17.B18.B19.A20.A21.A22.B23.B24.A25.B26.A27.B28.A29.A30.A31.A32.A33.B34.A35.B36.B37.B38.A39.A40.B41.B42.B43.A44.A45.A46.B47.B48.A49.B50.B51.B52.A53.B54.A55.A56.A57.A58.A59.A60.A61.B62.B63.B64.B65.A66.A67.B68.A69.B70.A71.A72.B73.A74.B75.A76.A77.B78.A79.A80.B81.A82.A83.B84.B85.B86.A87.A88.B89.A90.A91.B92.A93.B94.A95.B96.B97.B98.A99.A100.B101.A102.A103.B104.A105.B106.B107.A108.B109.A110.B111.A112.B113.A114.B115.A116.A117.B118.B119.A120.A121.B122.B123.A124.B125.A126.B127.B128.B129.B130.A131.A132.A133.A134.B135.B136.A137.A138.A139.B140.B141.A142.A143.A144.B145.B146.A147.A148.B149.B150.A151.B152.B153.A154.A155.A156.A157.A158.A159.B160.B161.B162.B163.A164.B165.A166.A167.A168.A169.B170.B171.B172.A173.B174.A175.B176.A177.B178.B179.A180.A181.A182.B183.A184.B185.A186.A187.B188.A189.A190.B191.B192.B193.B194.A195.A196.A197.B198.B199.B200.A201.B202.A203.B204.B205.B206.A207.A208.B209.B210.A211.A212.A213.A214.A215.B216.A217.B218.A219.A220.B221.B222.A223.A224.A225.A226.A227.B228.A229.B230.B231.B232.A233.A234.A235.B236.A237.B238.B239.B240.B241.B242.B243.A244.B245.B246.A247.A248.A249.B250.B251.A252.B253.B254.B255.B256.B257.A258.A259.A260.B261.B262.A263.B264.A265.B266.A267.B268.A269.B270.A271.B272.A273.B274.B275.A276.A277.A278.A279.B280.B281.B282.A283.A284.B285.A286.A287.A288.A289.B290.A291.B292.A293.A294.B295.A296.B297.B298.B299.A300.B301.B302.A303.A304.B305.B306.B307.A308.B309.B310.B311.A312.A313.A314.B315.A316.B317.B318.A319.A320.B 二、單選題321.D322.C323.D324.C325.B326.A327.B328.B329.D330.A331.B332.D333.A334.D335.C336.D337.A338.D339.D340.C341.B342.A343.D344.B345.B346.A347.B348.B349.C350.A351.C352.A353.C354.B355.C356.C357.A358.D359.D360.D361.A362.D363.B364.B365.D366.A367.B368.C369.B370.A371.A372.A373.D374.A375.B376.A377.A378.D379.B380.C381.A382.B383.C384.A385.B386.A387.C388.A389.D390.D391.C392.A393.D394.B395.A396.C397.D398.C399.B400.C401.B402.A403.C404.B405.B406.D407.B408.A409.D410.B411.B412.A413.D414.D415.D416.A417.B418.A419.B420.C421.B422.B423.D424.A425.B426.C427.D428.B429.A430.B431.D432.A433.B434.A435.B436.C437.A438.C439.B440.A441.B442.A443.C444.C445.D446.C447.C448.A449.D450.C451.A452.B453.D454.C455.B456.A457.D458.D459.C460.B461.D462.D463.C464.D465.C466.D467.C468.D469.B470.D471.A472.A473.D474.D475.B476.C477.A478.D479.B480.B481.B482.B483.B484.C485.C486.C487.A488.A489.A490.C491.A492.B493.A494.D495.B496.B497.D498.D499.B500.A501.D502.A503.B504.B505.B506.D507.B508.B509.A510.A511.A512.A513.A514.B515.D516.B517.C518.A519.A520.A521.B522.B523.C524.A525.D526.D527.D528.C529.A530.C531.B532.D533.D534.C535.C536.B537.A538.D539.C540.B541.C542.C543.C544.C545.B546.C547.C548.B549.C550.B551.D552.C553.B554.D555.B556.D557.D558.B559.B560.C561.A562.D563.C564.A565.B566.A567.A568.D569.A570.A571.C572.A573.D574.C575.C576.D577.A578.B579.A580.A581.D582.C583.A584.D585.B586.A587.C588.D589.C590.B591.A592.A593.C594.A595.C596.D597.B598.C599.D600.D601.B602.B603.A604.C605.D606.A607.D608.A609.B610.C611.A612.B613.C614.A615.D616.B617.D618.B619.C620.B621.A622.B623.A624.D625.C626.A627.C628.A629.A630.D631.B632.A633.B634.A635.D636.D637.C638.A639.B640.A641.C642.C643.A644.A645.D646.B647.A648.B649.B650.D651.C652.B653.C654.C655.A656.B657.D658.B659.D660.B661.D662.A663.B664.C665.C666.B667.B668.A669.B670.D671.C672.D673.A674.C675.B676.D677.B678.C679.A680.D681.D682.A683.B684.A685.D686.C687.B688.A689.B690.C691.C692.A693.B694.C695.C696.C697.D698.D699.C700.C701.A702.A703.B704.B705.B706.C707.A708.C709.C710.C711.A712.C713.A714.C715.A716.C717.A718.D719.A720.A721.A722.B723.A724.D725.B726.A727.C728.C729.C730.A731.D732.B733.B734.C735.D736.D737.C738.A739.C740.A741.D742.A743.B744.B745.C746.D747.D748.A749.A750.C751.D752.A753.A754.A755.C756.B757.C758.A759.B760.C761.A762.C763.A764.C765.B766.D767.D768.B769.B770.D771.D772.A773.A774.A775.C776.D777.B778.C779.C780.B781.B782.C783.A784.A785.C786.D787.D788.A789.D790.A791.A792.A793.D794.C795.A 三、多選題796.ABC797.ACD798.ABCD799.ABCD800.BC801.ABD802.ABCD803.AB804.CD805.AC806.AB807.AC808.AC809.BCD810.AD811.AD812.BD813.ABCD814.ABD815.BC816.AB817.CD818.AC819.AC820.AB821.BD822.ACD823.AD824.CD825.ABCD826.ABC827.BC828.ABC829.ACD830.ABCD831.ABCD832.CD833.AB834.ABC835.BCD836.ABCD837.ABCD838.AB839.AB840.CD841.BC842.AD843.AB844.ABD845.ABD846.ABCD847.AB848.ACD849.BD850.AD851.ACD852.ABC853.AB854.CD855.ABC856.ABC857.ABC858.AC859.ACD860.AB861.ABD862.CD863.ABC864.AC865.ACD866.ACD867.BD868.ABD869.ABD870.ACD871.CD872.ABC873.ABD874.ABD875.ABD876.BC877.ABCD878.BD879.ABCD880.ABCD881.ACD882.ABCD883.ACD884.AD885.AD886.BCD887.ABC888.ABD889.ABCD890.ACD891.ABC892.ABC893.CD894.AD895.BD896.BCD897.CD898.ABCD899.AC900.ABC901.ABCD902.BCD903.AC904.ABCD905.BCD906.BC907.AD908.ABC909.BC910.ABC911.ABD912.AC913.BCD914.BD915.AB916.ABC917.BC918.ABCD919.BC920.ABC921.BD922.ABC923.AB924.AB925.BCD926.AB927.BC928.BD929.ABCD930.ABC931.AD932.CD933.BC934.ABC935.BCD936.AB937.AC938.BC939.ACD940.ACD941.AD942.ACD943.ABC944.ABD945.BD946.ABD947.ACD948.ABCD949.ABC950.BD951.ABCD952.BD953.AC954.ABCD955.ABCD956.AC957.ACD958.AC959.ABCD960.ABCD961.AB962.BCD963.AC964.BCD965.BCD966.ABC967.D968.AC969.ABD970.ABC971.AD972.AB973.BC974.ABCD975.ABD976.ABD977.ABD978.ABC979.ABC980.AC981.ABC982.ABCD983.ABD984.ABC985.AC986.AB987.ABCD988.ABC989.BC990.CD991.ABC992.ABCD993.ABCD994.ABD995.BCD996.BD997.AB998.ABC999.ABD1000.AD1001.ABC1002.BCD1003.ACD1004.ABC1005.BCD1006.AB1007.BC1008.ABD1009.ACD1010.AC1011.ACD1012.AD1013.BC1014.ABD1015.ACD1016.ACD1017.ACD1018.BCD1019.BCD1020.ABCD1021.BCD1022.ABD1023.ACD1024.CD1025.ABCD1026.ABC1027.BD1028.BC1029.AC1030.ABCD1031.AC1032.ABD1033.ABCD1034.BC1035.ABD1036.AD1037.ABD1038.BCD1039.ACD1040.ABC1041.AB1042.BD1043.BD1044.AC1045.BC1046.AB1047.AC1048.BC1049.BD1050.AD1051.AC1052.AC1053.AC1054.AD1055.BC1056.ABC1057.BC1058.ABCD1059.BD1060.BC1061.BC1062.BD1063.ACD1064.ABCD1065.BC1066.ABCD1067.ACD1068.AB1069.BC1070.AC1071.ABD1072.ACD1073.ABD1074.BC1075.ABC1076.CD1077.CD1078.BD1079.AC1080.BC1081.CD1082.AB1083.ABD1084.BD1085.BC1086.ACD1087.ABCD1088.ABCD1089.BCD1090.AC1091.ABCD1092.AC1093.ABCD1094.AB1095.ABD1096.ABCD1097.ABC1098.BCD1099.ABCD1100.BD1101.BCD1102.ABC1103.ABD1104.ABC1105.AC1106.ABCD1107.ABCD1108.AC1109.ABC1110.ABCD1111.AB1112.AB 四、簡答題1113.答：①烘爐可緩慢地除去爐墻在砌筑過程中積存的水分，使耐火膠泥得到充分脫水和燒結(jié)。(0.40)②進一步熟悉爐區(qū)儀表的性能，并考驗其是否符合生產(chǎn)要求。(0.20)③檢驗加熱爐爐體各零部件和爐管在熱狀態(tài)下的性能。(0.20)④考驗各火嘴的使用性能。(0.20)1114.答：原油電脫鹽，主要是加入破乳劑，破壞其乳化狀態(tài)，(0.4)在電場的作用下，使微小水滴聚結(jié)成大水滴，(0.4)使油水分離。鹽溶解在水中一起被沉降分離。1115.答：①裝置檢修中所有的法蘭、螺栓等都是在常溫常壓下緊好的。(0.30)②由于各種材料的熱膨脹系數(shù)不一樣，溫度升高以后，高溫部位的密封面有可能發(fā)生泄漏。(0.50)③因此在升溫開側(cè)線以前，必須對設備、管線進行詳細檢查，高溫部位須進行熱緊。(0.20)1116.答：①真空度指示(真空表)下降；(0.4)②減壓側(cè)線流量、回流量降低，嚴重時側(cè)線泵抽空、無量；(0.3)③塔底液面上升，渣油量增加，渣油性質(zhì)或瀝青質(zhì)量不合格。(0.3)1117.答：①其真空度波動或下降；(0.4)②真空瓦斯含氧量上升；(0.2)③減壓系統(tǒng)泄漏嚴重時，減壓塔會發(fā)生內(nèi)爆，炸毀塔盤或填料，甚至更嚴重。(0.4)1118.答：①換熱器內(nèi)漏。(0.15)②塔底液面過高，塔底吹汽量太大或帶水。(0.15)③汽液負荷過高，產(chǎn)生沖塔。(0.15)④側(cè)線抽出量過高。(0.15)⑤回流長時間中斷。(0.15)⑥常壓爐出口溫度過高。（0.15）⑦初頂出黑油，初側(cè)線不及時停下，污染到常壓側(cè)線。（0.1）1119.答：①減少或停塔底吹汽；（0.25）②加強排凝；（0.25）③提高蒸汽溫度；（0.25）④控制蒸汽發(fā)生器液位不要過高。（0.25）1120.答：①降低排煙溫度；(0.15)②降低加熱爐過?？諝庀禂?shù)；(0.2)③采用高效燃燒器；(0.15)④減少爐壁散熱損失；(0.15)⑤設置和改進控制系統(tǒng)(0.15)；⑥加強加熱爐級數(shù)管理，提高加熱爐操作水平(0.2)。1121.答：“一脫四注”工藝防腐蝕方法包括原油脫鹽(0.4)、注堿和塔頂揮發(fā)線注氨(0.3)、注水及注緩蝕劑。(0.3)1122.答：①穩(wěn)定各塔進料、出料流量(0.2)②穩(wěn)定各物料的溫度(0.2)③原油性質(zhì)變化時應先從初餾塔調(diào)整操作(0.2)④塔底液面穩(wěn)定、汽提蒸汽量穩(wěn)定是各塔穩(wěn)定操作的重要條件(0.1)⑤操作壓力發(fā)生變化時各線抽出溫度也要相應發(fā)生變化，應及時予以調(diào)整保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，減壓塔頂真空度對減壓塔的撥出率及餾分切割影響很大，應力求保持壓力穩(wěn)定(0.2)⑥原油含水量的變化對初餾塔影響很大，當含水量有較大變化時，應及時調(diào)整操作。(0.1)1123.答：①真空度；(0.2)②減壓爐出口溫度(0.1)，側(cè)線抽出量；(0.2)，③減底吹汽量；(0.2)④減壓塔進料流量變化；(0.2)⑤儀表失靈，塔底泵故障。(0.1)1124.答：①減壓爐出口溫度；(0.2)②減頂回流，各中段回流量；(0.2)③減底汽提吹汽量；(0.2)④減壓塔進料流量變化；(0.2)⑤各側(cè)線的操作情況；(0.1)⑥塔頂填料設施狀況。(0.1)1125.答：①采用窄點分析技術(shù)，優(yōu)化原油換熱程序；(0.25)②采用高效換熱器提高換熱效率；(0.25)③優(yōu)化常壓塔和減壓塔的操作，在保證各側(cè)線餾分質(zhì)量的前提下，盡可能增加高溫位的中段回流取熱比例；(0.25)④推廣使用阻垢技術(shù)。(0.25)1126.答：①關小泵出口調(diào)節(jié)上量，或切換至備用泵運行(0.4)；②若備用泵不能啟動，裝置停循環(huán)，加熱爐熄火(0.6)。1127.答：減壓塔泄漏查出漏點位置后(未發(fā)生內(nèi)爆)，作貼板焊死或包盒子處理即可(0.4)；若減壓塔泄漏嚴重，則按緊急停車處理(0.4)，緊急停車時要迅速破真空(0.2)。1128.答：①參照現(xiàn)場一次表指示，將風開閥改副線調(diào)節(jié)，風關閥用上游閥調(diào)節(jié)；(0.4)②引風機入口煙道擋板用手動控制開度，防止過荷跳閘；(0.1)③液面：參照浮球位置或玻璃板或液面計一次表，調(diào)節(jié)進料或抽出量；(0.1)④壓力：參照一次表指示調(diào)節(jié)流量；(0.1)⑤爐子溫度參照現(xiàn)場一次指示調(diào)節(jié)燃料量；(0.1)⑥原油降量，塔頂瓦斯放火炬，關去加熱爐手閥；(0.1)⑦處理停風事故時要分清主次，主要的是：爐子溫度控制閥、塔底液面、塔底液控、原油壓力、原油流控、風機擋板、渣油壓控其他為次。(0.1)1129.答：①原油降量，減壓爐降溫熄火，減壓塔破真空(關不凝氣閥)，停側(cè)線回流;(0.6)②使減壓塔微正壓后，漏氣處出現(xiàn)漏油、著火、冒瓦斯、蒸汽，即為漏點。(0.4)1130.答：①切斷進料；(0.25)②加大塔底抽出量；(0.25)③將受污染的側(cè)線油品改走污油線；(0.25)④聯(lián)系校對儀表。(0.25)1131.答：①減壓塔側(cè)線油色變深，說明重組分進入側(cè)線餾分中。(0.10)②要及時將該側(cè)線轉(zhuǎn)入不合格線；(0.70)③查出原因，進行處理，待油色正常，分析合格后再等恢復。(0.20)1132.答：通常采用的防腐蝕方法有：腐蝕介質(zhì)的處理(0.4)；正確選用金屬材料和合理設計金屬結(jié)構(gòu)(0.3)；電化學保護三種。(0.3) 五、計算題1133.解：三線量=減壓塔進料量-（減底渣油量+塔頂產(chǎn)品量+一線量+二線量+四線量）=253.5-（149+10+6+45+23.5）=20（t/h）答：三線量為20t/h。解:∑hf=∑hf吸+∑hf排=0.51+6.4=6.91(m)答：泵的揚程為44.1米。1135.解：常底重油量=常壓塔進料量-（塔頂產(chǎn)品量+一線量+二線量+三線量）=353-（12+15+40.5+32）=253.5（t/h）答：常底重油量為253.5t/h。1136.解：減底渣油量=減壓塔進料量-（塔頂產(chǎn)品量+一線量+二線量+三線量+四線量）=253.5-（10+6+45+20+23.5）=149（t/h）答：減底渣油量為149t/h。1137.解：塔頂產(chǎn)品量=減壓塔進料量-（減底渣油量+一線量+二線量+三線量+四線量）=253.5-（149+6+45+20+23.5）=10（t/h）答：塔頂產(chǎn)品量為10t/h。1138.解：以1升溶液為例溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量的物質(zhì)的量=1000X1.84X98%/98=18.4mol物質(zhì)的量濃度=18.4/1=18.4mol/L此硫酸的摩爾濃度是18.4mol/L。評分標準：①摩爾濃度計算公式正確(0.30)；②計算過程正確(0.40)；③計算結(jié)果正確(0.20)；④答案正確(0.10)。1139.解：根據(jù)題中條件可知，硝酸和氫氧化鉀恰好完全反應。則：

56

63

10125×56%

x

生成硝酸鉀=101×25×56%/56=25.25克這時溶液總質(zhì)量=25+25=50克

設降溫到0℃時有y克硝酸鉀晶體析出，剩余溶液應是0℃時的飽和溶液，根據(jù)溶解度的概念則：(50-y):(25.25-y)=113.3:13.3

y=21.96克答：有21.96克硝酸鉀晶體析出。評分標準：①反應方程式正確(0.30)；②計算過程正確(0.30)；③溶解度計算正確(0.30)；④答案正確(0.10)。1140.解：P入=P罐+ρgh=0.1+(750×10×6)/106=0.145MPa答：泵入口的壓力為0.145MPa。1141.解：三線量=常壓塔進料量-（常底重油量+塔頂產(chǎn)品量+一線量+二線量）=353-（253.5+12+15+40.5）=32（t/h）答：三