開(kāi)題報(bào)告撰寫(xiě)的方法

?開(kāi)題報(bào)告撰寫(xiě)的方法開(kāi)題報(bào)告的撰寫(xiě)主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面1.開(kāi)題報(bào)告名稱(chēng)開(kāi)題報(bào)告名稱(chēng)就是開(kāi)題報(bào)告名字。這看起來(lái)似乎是個(gè)小問(wèn)題，但實(shí)際上很多人寫(xiě)專(zhuān)題名稱(chēng)時(shí)，往往寫(xiě)得不準(zhǔn)確、不恰當(dāng)，從而影響整個(gè)開(kāi)題報(bào)告的形象與質(zhì)量。那么，如何給開(kāi)題報(bào)告起名稱(chēng)呢?(1)、名稱(chēng)要準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范。準(zhǔn)確就是開(kāi)題報(bào)告的名稱(chēng)要把開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究的問(wèn)題是什么，研究的對(duì)象是什么交待清楚。開(kāi)題報(bào)告的名稱(chēng)一定要和研究的內(nèi)容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要準(zhǔn)確的把研究的對(duì)象、問(wèn)題概括出來(lái)。規(guī)范就是所用的詞語(yǔ)、句型要規(guī)范、科學(xué)，似是而非的詞不能用，口號(hào)式、結(jié)論式的句型不要用。因?yàn)槲覀兪窃谶M(jìn)行科學(xué)研究，要用科學(xué)的、規(guī)范的語(yǔ)言去表述我們的思想和觀點(diǎn)。這里有一個(gè)專(zhuān)題名稱(chēng)叫“培養(yǎng)自主學(xué)習(xí)能力，提高課堂學(xué)習(xí)效率”，如果這個(gè)題目是一篇經(jīng)驗(yàn)性論文，或者是一個(gè)研究報(bào)告，還不錯(cuò)，但作為專(zhuān)題的名稱(chēng)，則不是很好的。因?yàn)閷?zhuān)題就是我們要解決的問(wèn)題，這個(gè)問(wèn)題正在探討，正開(kāi)始研究，不能有結(jié)論性的語(yǔ)氣。若改為“自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的培養(yǎng)對(duì)提高課堂學(xué)習(xí)效率的影響”則較為妥當(dāng)。(2)、名稱(chēng)要簡(jiǎn)潔，不能太長(zhǎng)。不管是論文或者開(kāi)題報(bào)告，名稱(chēng)都不能太長(zhǎng)，能不要的字就盡量不要，最長(zhǎng)一般不要超過(guò)20字。2.研究的目的、意義研究的目的、意義也就是為什么要研究、研究它有什么價(jià)值，研究背景是什么。這一般可以先從現(xiàn)實(shí)需要方面去論述，指出現(xiàn)實(shí)中存在這個(gè)問(wèn)題，需要去研究，去解決，本開(kāi)題報(bào)告的研究有什么實(shí)際作用。然后，再寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告的理論和學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值。這些都要寫(xiě)得具體一點(diǎn)，有針對(duì)性一點(diǎn)，不能漫無(wú)邊際地空喊口號(hào)。3.研究的指導(dǎo)思想開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究的指導(dǎo)思想就是在宏觀上應(yīng)堅(jiān)持什么方向，符合什么要求等。這個(gè)方向或要求可能是哲學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)、自然科學(xué)、政治理論，也可以是科學(xué)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，也可以是有關(guān)研究問(wèn)題的指導(dǎo)性意見(jiàn)等。4.研究的目標(biāo)和假設(shè)開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究的目標(biāo)和假設(shè)也就是課題最后要達(dá)到的具體目的，要解決哪些具體問(wèn)題。相對(duì)于目的和指導(dǎo)思想而言，研究目標(biāo)和假設(shè)是比較具體的，不能籠統(tǒng)地講，必須清楚地寫(xiě)出來(lái)。只有目標(biāo)明確、假設(shè)具體，才能明確工作的具體方向是什么，才能了解研究的重點(diǎn)是什么，思路就不會(huì)被各種因素所干擾。確定專(zhuān)題研究目標(biāo)和假設(shè)時(shí)，一方面要考慮專(zhuān)題本身的要求，另一方面還要考慮開(kāi)題報(bào)告組實(shí)際的工作條件與工作水平。5.研究的基本內(nèi)容我們有了開(kāi)題報(bào)告的研究目標(biāo)和假設(shè)，就要根據(jù)目標(biāo)和假設(shè)來(lái)確定我們這個(gè)開(kāi)題報(bào)告具體要研究的內(nèi)容。相對(duì)研究目標(biāo)和假設(shè)來(lái)說(shuō)，研究?jī)?nèi)容要更具體、更明確，并且一個(gè)目標(biāo)和假設(shè)可能要通過(guò)幾方面的研究?jī)?nèi)容來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，我們不一定是一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。大家在確定研究?jī)?nèi)容的時(shí)候，往往考慮的不是很具體，寫(xiě)出來(lái)的研究?jī)?nèi)容特別籠統(tǒng)、模糊，把研究的目的、意義當(dāng)作研究?jī)?nèi)容，這對(duì)我們整個(gè)專(zhuān)題研究十分不利。6.研究的步驟和進(jìn)度開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究的步驟和進(jìn)度，也就是開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究在時(shí)間和順序上的安排。研究的步驟和進(jìn)度要充分考慮研究?jī)?nèi)容的相互聯(lián)系和難易程度。一般情況下，都是從基礎(chǔ)問(wèn)題開(kāi)始，分階段進(jìn)行，每個(gè)階段從什么時(shí)間開(kāi)始，至什么時(shí)間結(jié)束都要有規(guī)定。7.研究方法和資料獲取途徑開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究的方法很多，包括歷史研究法、調(diào)查研究法、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究法、比較研究法、理論研究法等，但在研究性學(xué)習(xí)中的開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究方法用得最多的是社會(huì)調(diào)查法和受控對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)法。一個(gè)大的專(zhuān)題往往需要多種方法，小的專(zhuān)題可以主要采用一種方法，同時(shí)兼用其他方法。在應(yīng)用各種方法時(shí)，一定要嚴(yán)格按照方法的要求，不能只憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)、常識(shí)去做。比如，要通過(guò)調(diào)查了解情況，如何制定調(diào)查表，如何進(jìn)行分析，都不是隨隨便便發(fā)張表，列一些百分?jǐn)?shù)、平均數(shù)就行了。開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究資料的獲取途徑也很多，包括文獻(xiàn)調(diào)查、考察調(diào)查、問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、設(shè)計(jì)并進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)、科學(xué)觀測(cè)等。主要采用哪些資料獲取途徑，一定要經(jīng)過(guò)充分的研究。8.研究的成果形式開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究的成果形式包括報(bào)告、論文、發(fā)明、軟件、課件等多種形式。專(zhuān)題不同，研究成果的內(nèi)容、形式也不一樣。但不管形式是什么，專(zhuān)題研究必須有成果，否則，就是這個(gè)專(zhuān)題沒(méi)有完成。9.研究的組織機(jī)構(gòu)和人員分工在集體開(kāi)題報(bào)告研究方案中，要寫(xiě)出專(zhuān)題組組長(zhǎng)、副組長(zhǎng)，專(zhuān)題組成員以及分工。專(zhuān)題組組長(zhǎng)就是本專(zhuān)題的負(fù)責(zé)人。專(zhuān)題組的分工必須要分得明確合理，爭(zhēng)取讓每個(gè)人了解自己的工作和責(zé)任，不能吃大鍋飯，但是在分工的基礎(chǔ)上，也要注意全體人員的合作，大家共同研究，共同商討，克服研究過(guò)程中的各種困難和問(wèn)題。howtowritearesearchproposalwhenyouareapplyingforaresearchdegree,likethephd,youwillveryprobablyhavetowritearesearchproposalasapartofyourapplicationfile.aphdisawardedmainlyastheresultofyourmakingagenuinecontributiontothestateofknowledgeinafieldofyourchoice.eventhoughthisisnotthenobelprizeyet,gettingthedegreemeansyouhaveaddedsomethingtowhathaspreviouslybeenknownonthesubjectyouhaveresearched.butfirstyouhavetoproveyouarecapableofmakingsuchacontribution,andthereforewritearesearchproposalthatmeetscertainstandards.thegoalofaresearchproposal(rp)istopresentandjustifyaresearchideayouhaveandtopresentthepracticalwaysinwhichyouthinkthisresearchshouldbeconducted.whenyouarewritingarp,keepinmindthatitwillenteracompetition,beingreadinlinewithquiteafewotherrps.youhavetocomeupwithadocumentthathasanimpactuponthereaderwriteclearlyandwellstructuredsothatyourmessagegetsacrosseasily.basically,yourrphastoanswerthreebigquestionswhatresearchprojectwillyouundertake,whyisimportanttoknowthatthingandhowwillyouproceedtomakethatresearch.inordertodrawtheresearcher'sattentionuponyourpaper,writeanintroductionwithimpact,andthatleadstotheformulationofyourhypothesis.theresearchhypothesishastobespecific,concise(onephrase)andtoleadtotheadvancementoftheknowledgeinthefieldinsomeway.writingthehypothesisinaconcisemannerand,first,comingupwithagoodhypothesisisadifficultmission.thisisactuallythecoreofyourapplicationyou'paredtothis,therestoftheapplicationisbackgroundscenery.takeyourtimetothinkofit.whenyouhaveanidea,becarefulattheformulation.awell-writtenhypothesisissomethingofanessay'sthesisitprovidesastatementthatcanbetested(arguesaheadoneofthepossibleanswerstoaproblem),itisanidea,aconcept,andnotamerefact,andissummedupinonephrase.insomecases,youwillhavenoideawhatthepossibleanswertoaproblemworthbeingresearchedis,butyouwillbeabletothinkofawaytosolvethatproblem,andfindouttheanswerinthemeantime.it'sokinthiscase,toformulatearesearchquestion,ratherthanahypothesis.letthosecasesberare,inanyway.anotherpieceofadvicewhenwritingyourhypothesis,regardingthetrendyresearchfieldschancesaregreatthatthey'retrendybecausesomebodyhasalreadymadethatexcitingdiscovery,orwrotethatsplendidpaperthatawokeeverybody'sinterestinthefirstplace.ifyou'reinoneofthesefields,trytogetafreshpointofviewuponthesubject;makenewconnections,don'tbe100%mainstream.thiswillmaketheprojectevenmorestimulatingforthereader.imaginethatyouarewritingaboutthetrendiestsubject,withabsolutelynochangeinthepointofview,andyouaregiventhechancetomaketheresearch.trendscomeandgo,fast;whatarethechancesthat,infouryears'time,whenyourresearchisdoneandyouarereadytopublishyourresults,oneofthosewell-knownprofessorswhodisposeofhugeresearchgrantshasalreadysaidwhateveryouhadtosay?rememberhow,inastructuredessay,rightafterthethesisyouwouldpresenttheorganisationofyouressay,byenumeratingthemainargumentsyouweregoingtopresent?samethingshouldhappeninarp.afterstatingyourthesis,youshouldgiveashortaccountofyouranswerstothosethreequestionsmentionearlier.state,inafewphrases,whatwillbelearnedfromyourresearch,thatyourprojectwillmakeadifference,andwhyisthatimportanttobeknown.youwillhavetoelaborateonbothoftheselaterinthepaper.thenextstepinwritingyourproposalistoprovethatthatparticularpieceofresearchhasnotbeendoneyet.thissectionisusuallycalledliteraturereview.insideit,youhavetoenumerateandcriticallyanalyzeanimpressivelistofboringbibliography.theconclusionyoushouldobjectively!-reachisthatyourideaofresearchhasnotbeenundertakenyet.evenmore,youusethisopportunitytoprovesolidtheoreticalknowledgeinthefield,andbuildthetheoreticalbasesofyourproject.onetipdon'treviewallthearticlesandbooksinthefieldsevenifyoumentionthemintheibliographylist;payattentioninyouranalysistothoseyouwillbuildon.anotheroneavoidjargonwhenwritingyourrp.thechancesaregreatthattheperson(s)whowillreadyourandanother1000researchproposalsarenotspecialistsinthatveryfield-nicheyouareexamining.ifyouareapplyingforagrantwithorfoundationorsomethingsimilar,itmighthappenthatthosereadingyourpaperarenotevenprofessors,butrecruiters,donors,etc.andeveniftheyactuallyareprofessors,oneofthereasonsbusypeoplelikethemagreetoundertakeahuge,andsometimesvoluntary,work,isthedesiretomeetsomediversity,somechangefromtheirwork-somaybethey'llreadapplicationsforanotherspecialisation.thecapacitytogetyourmessageacrossinclear,easy-to-graspconceptsandphrasesisoneofthewinningpapers'mostimportantadvantages.sofar,youhaveprovenyouhavearesearchidea,thatyouarefamiliarwiththefield,andthatyourideaisnew.now,whyshouldyourprojectbeworthresearching?becauseitadvancesknowledge,ok.butisthisknowledgethatanybodywillneed?maybenobodyknowsforsurehowtheshoelaceswerebeingtiedinthexixthcentury,butwhocares,beyondtwolace-tyingspecialists?findargumentstoconvincethereaderthats/heshouldgiveyoumoneyforthatresearchpracticaluse,acceleratingthedevelopmentofknowledgeinyourorotherfields,openingnewresearchpossibilities,abetterunderstandingoffactsthatwillallowamoreappropriatecourseofactionarepossiblereasons.beclearandspecific.don'tpromisetosavetheworld,itmightbetoomuchtostartwith.evenjamesbondsucceedsthatonlytowardstheendofthemovie.weapproachnowoneofthemostdifficultpartsofwritingaresearchproposalthemethodology.inshort,whatactionsareyougoingtotakeinordertoanswerthequestion?whenwillyouknowwhetherthehypothesishasbeenprovenwrong,orhassurvivedenoughteststobeconsidered,fornow,valid?thosetestsandthewayyouaresupposedtohandlethemtogiverigortoyourresearchiswhatisunderstoodundermethods.methodsdivideinqualitative(interviews,questionnaires)andquantitative(statistics,stuffthatdealsintensivelywithnumbers).forsomeprojectsqualitativemethodsaremoreappropriate,forsomequantitative,whileformostamixtureofthetwoisadequate.youshouldpickyourmethodsandjustifyyourchoice.researchmethodology,however,istooacomplicatedthingtobeexplainedhere.andthisiswhyit'ssotoughnotmuchattentionisgiventoteachingitineasterneurope.try,beforewritingyourrp,toreadabitmoreaboutmethodology-ontheinternetyouwillfindforsuresomearticles-anddecidewhichmethodssuityourprojectbest.don'tforgetreadingtheoreticalpiecesofyourworkandprovidingacriticalanalysisofthoseisalsoakindofresearch.it'sfinetoprovidearoughsche