《論苔絲悲劇的成因》OnCausesofTesssTragedy范文

《論苔絲悲劇的成因》OnCausesofTess’sTragedy摘要：《德伯家的苔絲》被認(rèn)為是哈代的悲劇作品的代表作，這也是他的的最著名的悲劇小說。這部以副標(biāo)題為“一個(gè)純潔的小說于1899年出版，對于這部小說讀者的女人”的長篇反應(yīng)不一。這部小說講的是一個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村女孩苔絲的愛情故事，她是怎樣由一個(gè)單純的女孩變成一個(gè)殺人犯。愛情在苔絲的生活之中扮演十分重要的角色，雖然愛情使她幸福但同時(shí)也給她帶來災(zāi)難。一系列的不幸構(gòu)成了苔絲的生活且慢人性。苔絲家的馬的死去是她的依靠苔絲非常自責(zé)，苔絲對她的家庭的強(qiáng)烈的責(zé)任意識是這部小說的最重要的部分。自始至終苔絲都是慢地毀滅了她的首先的不幸，這意味著苔絲命運(yùn)的轉(zhuǎn)變。喪失了家庭的受害者，她的悲劇是由內(nèi)外因素造成的。她被動(dòng)，屈服，單純，缺少懷疑的精神，所以最容易成為環(huán)境，社會和男性唯心主義的俘虜。盡管她一生都在苦苦掙扎與命運(yùn)較量，但最終她還是被她的負(fù)罪的自我毀滅意識，對生命的否定意識和兩個(gè)殘忍的男人所擊垮。關(guān)鍵詞：哈代苔絲愛情悲劇純潔貧窮資本主義社會Abstract:TessoftheD?UrbervillesisgenerallyregardedasHardy?stragicmasterpiece,andcertainlyitishismostambitioustragicnovel.Thisnovel,subtitled?APureWoman?wasfirstpublishedin1891toamixedreception.ForHardyhimself,thehauntingandtragicfigureofTesswasthecharacterwhomeantthemosttohim.Thisnovelisbasicallythestoryofacountrygirl,Tesswhosefateistragicandintheendshebecomesa?tragicheroine?.ThebookrevealsTess?slife,howthefirst-presentedinnocentgirlturnsintoatragicheroine.LoveplaysanimportantroleinTess?slifebecauselovedoesnotmeanhappinesstoherbutitcauseshertragedy.Herlifeisaseriesofmisfortuneswhichslowlydestroysherpersonality.ThefirstmisfortuneisofTess?sfamilywhentheirhorsediesinafatalaccident.Thedeathofthehorsecanbeinterpretedasthesymbolof?change?,herlifechangesintoaseriesoftragedy.Tessblamesherselfforloosingthefamily?smeansoflivelihood.Tess?ssenseofresponsibilityforherfamilyisoneofthebook?smostimportantelements.TessDurbeyfieldisavictimofexternalanduncomprehendedforces.Passiveandyielding,unsuspiciousandfundamentallypure,shesuffersaweaknessofwillandreason,strugglingagainstafatethatistoostrongforher.Tessistheeasiestvictimofcircumstance,societyandmaleidealism,whofightsthehardestfightyetisdestroyedbyherravagingself-destructivesenseofguilt,lifedenialandthecrueltyoftwomen.KeyWords:HardyTesspoorcapitalistsocietyCONTENTSLoveTragedypureI.Introduction…………..1II.AnalysisoftheCausesofTess?sTragedy………...22.1CapitalistSociety……………………22.1.1EconomicPoverty………………22.1.2TheUnjustLawSystem….……...………………22.1.3TheHypocriticalReligionandSuperstition..……….…………..32.1.4TheHypocriticalMorality….………32.1.5TheCapitalistExploitation….……..……………32.2ThePoorFamily…………………...32.2.1TheDisintegrationofPeasantry………...………32.2.2TheOldWessex…………...…………………..42.3TessHerself………..42.3.1Tess?sBeauty……...……………..42.3.2Tess?sPurity………..42.3.3Tess?sonCharacter……...…………..52.3.4Tess?sOpinionLove………….....62.4OtherAlecPerson…………………….....72.4.1D?Urberville……………...72.4.2AngelClare……………..………..82.5Coincidents………..9III.Conclusion…………....................10《論苔絲悲劇的成因》OnCausesofTess?sTragedyIIntroductionThomasHardy(1840-1928)therepresentativeofcriticalrealismwasbornandbroughtupinDorset,anagriculturaldistrictinthesouthofEngland.Sonofanarchitect,hestartedouttofollowhisfather?sprofession.AfterstudyinginDorsetandtheninLondon,hereturnedtosettledowninhisnativeplace.Architecturedidnotreallyinteresthimsoheturnedtoliterature.WhenTessofthed?Urbervillesappearedin1891,ThomasHardywasoneofEngland?sleadingmenofletters.Hehadalreadyauthoredseveralwellknownnovels,includingTheReturnoftheNative,JudetheObscure,UndertheGreenwoodTree,TheMayorofCasterbridge,TheWoodlandersandnumerousshortstories.Despitethissuccess,thenovelwasoneofHardy?slast.Tessbroughthimnotoriety,itwasconsideredquitescandalous.Hewasdeeplywoundedbysomeoftheparticularlypersonalattackshereceivedfromreviewersofthebook.In1892,hewroteinoneofhisnotebooks,quotedinTheLaterYearsofThomasHardy,1892-1928,compiledbyFlorenceEmilyHardy,“Well,ifthissortofthingcontinuesnomorenovel-writingforme.Amanmustbeafooltodeliberatelystanduptobeshotat.”Inspiteofhisreputation,HardyhaddifficultyfindingaperiodicalwillingtopublishthebookwhenheoffereditforserializationtoLondon?sleadingreviews.ThesubjectmattersamilkmaidTess,whoisseducedbyAlecClare,marriedandrejectedbyAngelClareandeventuallymurderedthefirstone.Itwasconsideredunfitforpublicationswhichyoungpeoplemightread.Toappeasepotentialpublishers,Hardytookthenovelapart,re-wrotesomescenesandaddedothers.Induecourse,apublisherwassecured.Whenitcametimetopublishthenovelinbookform,Hardyreassembleditasitwasoriginallyconceived.HardyisaVictorianwriter,andwhiletheevilsoftheIndustrialRevolutionsurroundhim,sodothewondersofscienceandprogresssuchasthesteamengine.RatherthanhidefromEngland?snewindustrialsociety,theVictorians,andHardy,believedthattheillsofsocietycouldbefixedif,insteadofrunningaway,wefacedtheproblemsheadon.SuchashisdescriptionsoftheTalbothay?sDairy,itencompassesarounderperspective.Hardydoesnottalkaboutareturntochildhoodinnocence;hetalksaboutagirlgettingpregnantoutofwedlockwithababywhodiesshortlyafterbeingborn.Hardy?sNatureisidyllicinthatitisfreefromsocialconvention,butitisfilledwithlifeanddeath.Hardy?sNatureismorepracticalanduseful.HardydoesnotrunawaytoNaturetoescape;hesetsuphisNatureasamodeltoexploretheideathatmiddleclassVictorianvaluescausemanyoftheillsofsociety.Tessofthed?UrbervillesdealswithseveralsignificantcontemporarysubjectsforHardy,includingthestrugglesofreligiousbeliefthatoccurredduringHardy?slifetime.HardywaslargelyinfluencedbytheOxfordmovement,aspiritualmovementinvolvingextremelydevoutthinkingandactions.Hardy?sfamilymemberswereprimarilyorthodoxChristiansandHardyhimselfconsideredenteringtheclergy,asdidmanyofhisrelatives.YetHardyeventuallyabandonedhisdevoutfaithinGodbasedonthescientificadvancesofhiscontemporaries,includingmostprominentlyDarwin?sOntheOriginofSpecies.Hardy?sownreligiousexperiencescanthusbeseeninthecharacterofAngelClare,whoresiststheconservativereligiousbeliefsofhisparentstotakeamorereligiousandsecularviewofphilosophy.ThenovelalsoreflectsHardy?spreoccupationwithsocialclassthatcontinuesthroughhisnovels.Hardyhadconnectionstoboththeworkingandtheupperclass,butfeltthathebelongedtoneither.ThisisreflectedinthepessimismcontainedinTessofthed?UrbervillestowardthechancesforTesstoascendinsocietyandAngel?sprecariouspositionasneitheramemberoftheupperclassnoraworkingpersonequivalenttohisfellowmilkmenatTalbothays.Again,likeAngelClare,ThomasHardyfoundhimselftornbetweendifferentsocialsphereswithwhichhecouldnotfullyalignhimself.Tessofthed?UrbervillesreflectsthatThefactthatTess?sfatemovesthereaderssodirectlyandprofoundlysomehowobscuresthebeautyofthebook,itsaestheticdepthandsubtlety.DonaldDavidsononcewrote,“Action,notdescription,isalwaysforemost;theeventdominates,ratherthanmotive,orpsychology,orcomment.”Butthedescriptionandpsychologyareveryimportantinthenovel;fromthesewecouldknowwhatcausesTess?stragedy.AsEnsticepointsout,“twoopposingelementsstrugglefordominancewithTess:thelawofnatureandthelawofVictorianmorality”.HardyassertsinthesubtitlethatTessisafaithfullypresentedpurewomaninsteadofamorallyloosewomanasmanyVictoriancriticsbelieved.ThoughTessloosesherchastitysheispathetic.WeshouldknowTess?stragedyiscausedbysociety,family,twomen,herself.Amongthesesocietyisthesourceofhertragedy;Hardycriticizedthebourgeoissocietyrelentlessly.FromthisthesiswewillgetsomeknowledgeaboutthecausesofTess?stragedy,especiallythecapitalistsocietyinVictoriantimes.IIAnalysisoftheCausesofTess?sTragedy2.1CapitalistSocietyItisobviousthatHardytriedtoshowhowallthesupposedlycriminalorimmoralactionscommittedbyTess----fromherimproperrelationsonceandagainwithAlectoherfinalactofmurder----aretheconsequencesofeconomicconditionsaswellasthelegal,moralandthereligiousstandardsofbourgeoissociety,foronlytheutterpovertyofTess?sfamily,