對外漢語拼音教學（英文版）

PUTONGHUAPutonghuaisthecommonlanguageoftheHanethnicgroupinChina.It'sstandardChineselanguage.It'sMandarinandofficial.It'sbasedonBeijingphoneticsandthedialectofthenorthernChina.TheChineselanguageisdividedintosevenmajordialects.Speakersofdifferentdialectsinsomecasescannotunderstandeachother,butdialectsareunifiedbythefactthattheyshareacommonscript.ThesevenChinesedialectsareNortherndialect,Wudialect,Xiangdialect,Gandialect,Mindialect,Hakka(spokeninnorthernGuangdongandotherprovinces)andCantonese.Min,HakkaandCantonesearewidelyspokenamongoverseasChinesecommunities.InTaiwanaformofMindialectisused,thoughtheofficiallanguageisMandarin.MandarinisalsowidelyusedinSingapore,whereit'sknownasHuayu.CantoneseismainlyusedinHongkong,MacaoandGuangdongprovince.TherearetwosysteminwrittenChinese.Oneissimplified,theotheristraditional.ThesimplifiedisusedinMainland.ThetraditionalisusedbyH.k.Macao,TaiwanandoverseasChinesecommunities.Howdowelearnpinyinwell?Todaywewilllearnpinyin.Whatispinyin?PinyinisthemarkofphoneticnotationforChinesecharacters.It'smadeofthreeparts:initials,finalsandtones.Forexample,p?nyīn,n?hǎo,xièxiè,zaìjìan Afterlearnthreeparts,weshouldbeabletopronounceeverysingleword.Howdowelearnpinyin?Wedivideourpinyinclassinto10classes.Inthefirstorsecondclass,firstlyrecognizeall(threeparts).Secondly,practicegroupbygroup.Thirdly,dosomeexercises.Steps:=1\*GB3①帶讀=2\*GB3②解釋=3\*GB3③方法 =4\*GB3④放棄Mistakes：=1\*GB3①發(fā)音部位=2\*GB3②發(fā)音方法=3\*GB3③莫名其妙ü的讀法：i→üFirst,trytopronounce"i",andthenyourtonguestayshere,graduallypurseyourlips.Tryityourself.ü的標調(diào)方法：Whenyouseejqxyinitialgoeswithü,youcanseeu.INITIALSANDFINALSInitialSounds:(22)TheseinitiallettershavethesamepronunciationasinEnglish:(f,l,m,s,(w),(y))m--(asin"man")n--(asin"no")l--(asin"letter")f--(asin"from")s--(asin"student")w--(asin"woman")Thefollowinginitiallettershaveslightdifferencesasnotedbelow.Ifthecommentcallsforastrongpuffofbreath,oldyouropenhandseveralinchesfromyourmouthandmakecertainthatyoucanactually"feel"thebreathasyoupronouncetheletter.p--(asin"pun"or"pop")note:useastrongpuffofbreathk--(asin"cop")note:useastrongpuffofbreatht--(asin"top")note:useastrongpuffofbreathb--(asin"bum")note:nopuffofbreathd--(asin"dung")note:nopuffofbreathg--(asin"good")note:nopuffofbreathh--(asin"hot")note:slightlymoreaspiratedthaninEnglishThefollowinginitiallettersarethemoredifficultforEnglishspeakers: z--(asin"friends") c--(asin"bits")s--(almostthesameasthepronounceof"s'inEnglish)zh--(asin"judge")ch--(asin"church",butwithastrongpuffofbreath)sh--(asin"shirt")r--(asin"run")j--(asin"jeep")q--(likethe"ch"in"cheese")x--(likethe"sh"in"sheep")Final(Ending)Sounds:(39)ThefinalsconnectwiththeIntitialsoundstocreatetheonesyllablewordsthatarethebasisoftheChineselanguage.AlthoughallChinesewordsareonesyllable,theyareoftencombinedtocreatetermsmadefromseveralwords.-a(asinfather)-an(likethesoundsof"John"or"angry")-ang(likethesoundof"under"or"rang')-ai(asin"high")-ao(asin"how"or"out")-o(like"aw")-ou(likethe"ow"in"low"or"boat")-ong(likethe"ung"in"lung"withaslight"oo"sound)-e(soundslike"uh")-en(like"un"in"open")-eng(likethe"ung"in"lung")-ei(likealong"a"orthe"ei"in"eight")-er(likethe"er"in"herd")-i(likealong"e"orthe"i"in"machine"or"see")-ia(likeyain"yard")-ian(similarto"yen")-iang(-ifollowedbyang)-iao(likeyowin"yowl")-ie(likeyein"yes")-in(asin"bin")-ing(like"sing")-iong(imergedwithong)-iu(likeyoin"yoga")-u(likethe"oo"in"loop")-ua(ufollowedbya)-uai(likewiin"wild")-uan(ufollowedbyan)-uang(likewangin"twang")-uang(ufollowedbyeng,whichexistsonlywithzeroinitialasweng)-ui(similarto"way")-un(asin"fun")-uo(asin"war")-ü(First,trytopronounce"i",andthenyourtonguestayshere,graduallypurseyourlips.Tryityourself)-uan(üfollowedbyan,onlywithinitialsj,q,x)-ue/üe()-un(üwithn,likeFrenchune)Rulesofspelling 1.Thefinalsofzhichishirizicisiare"i".2.Asforfinalsbeginningwith"i"withoutinitials:Ifthereisnoothervowel,justadd'y'tothebeginning:yī,yīn，yīng.Ifthereisanothervowelorothervowels,remove'i'andadd'y'tothebeginning:ya(-ia);ye(-ie);yao(-iao);you(-iou);yang(-iang);yong(-iong)3.ASforfinalsbeginningwith'u'withoutinitials:Ifthereisnoothervowel,justadd'w'tothebeginning:wuIfthereisanothervowelorothervowels,remove'u'and'w'tothebeginning:wa(-ua);wo(-uo);wan(-uan);wang(-uang);weng(-ueng);wai(-uai);wei(-uei);wen(-uen).4.Whenyouseejqxyinitialgoeswithü，youcanseeu.Forexample,Ju;quan;xue;yu;yue;yuan;yun.Tonemarksaremarkedonthevowels'aoeiuü'accordingtotheorder.Forexample,kāizhāo.Whenthetonemarkisonan'i',thedotonthe'i'shouldbeomitted.Forexample,jīn,tì,zhǐ.ASforfinalsiuandui,wealwaysputthetonemarksonthelatter.Forexample,diūniúhuī TONESDefinitionChineseistonelanguage.BytonelanguageImeanthelanguageinwhicheverywordhasitsspecifictoneortones.ImportanceTonescandistinguishmeanings.Differenttoneshavedifferentmeanings.Forexample,thetwopinyinhavethesameinitialandfinal.Theyaredifferentonlyintones.Forexample,mǎiandmài,māandmǎ.mǎiisthethirdtoneandmeanstobuy.màiisthefourthtoneandmeanstosell.AvividillustrationofChinesetones.(pitchgraphofthe4tones)Thetonemarks:motherYes?(notfound) Yes！What！Inordertogiveyouabetterunderstanding,Iwillshareyouapitchgraphsothatyouwillknowwhatistonelikevividly.55555443322111Thebiggerthenumber,thehigherthepitch.Thefirsttoneisnumber5.Thesecondtoneisfromnumber3tonumber5.Thethirdtoneisfromnumber2to1andthengoesfromnumber1tonumber2to4.Thefourthtoneisfromnumber5tonumber1.Wheretoplacetonemarks?Generally,putitonthemajorvowelofthe"final".Thenwhat'sthemajorvowels?It'sthatonethatappearsaheadaccordingtotheorder"aoeiuü".Eg.mǎikāizhāoxièdōuTheneutraltone/lighttone/tonelessSomewordshaveunstressedsyllableswhichonetonelessandthereforetheyarenotgiventonemarks.Eg....6.Howdoweknowawordistheneutraltone?①Structuralwordslikeparticlesarealsooftenunstressedandsimilarlyunmarked