遺傳學(xué)名詞解釋C

CAATbox--AhighlyconservedDNAsequeneefoundintheuntranslatedpromoterregionofeukaryoticgenes.Thissequeneeisrecognizedbytranscriptionfactors.cAMP --Cyclicadenosinemonophosphate.Animportantregulatorymoleculeinbothprokaryoticandeukaryoticorganisms.CAP--Cataboliteactivatorprotein.AproteinthatbindscAMPandregulatestheactivationofinducibleoperons.carcinogen --Aphysicalorchemicalagentthatcausescancer.carrier--Anindividualheterozygousforarecessivetrait.catabolism--Ametabolicreactioninwhichcomplexmoleculesarebrokendownintosimplerforms,oftenaccompaniedbythereleaseofenergy.cataboliteactivatorprotein--SeeCAP.cistron--ThatportionofaDNAmoleculethatcodesforasinglepolypeptidechain;definedbyagenetictestasaregionwithinwhichtwomutationscannotcomplementeachother.cline--Agradientofgenotypeorphenotypedistributedoverageographicrange.clonalselection--Theoryoftheimmunesystemthatproposesthatantibodydiversityprecedesexposuretotheantigen,andthattheantigenfunctionstoselectthecellscontainingitsspecificantibodytoundergoproliferation.clone--Identicalmolecules,cells,ororganismsallderivedfromasingleancestorbyasexualorparasexualmethods.Forexample,aDNAsegmentthathasbeenenzymaticallyinsertedintoaplasmidorchromosomeofaphageorabacteriumandreplicatedtoformmanycopies.clonedlibrary--AcollectionofclonedDNAmoleculesrepresentingallorpartofanindividual'sgenome.code --Seegeneticcode.codominance --Conditioninwhichthephenotypiceffectsofagene'sallelesarefullyandsimultaneouslyexpressedintheheterozygote.codon--Atripletofnucleotidesthatspecifiesorencodestheinformationforasingleaminoacid.Sixtyonecodonsspecifytheaminoacidsusedinproteins,andthreecodonssignalterminationofgrowthofthepolypeptidechain.

coefficientofcoincidenee --Aratiooftheobservednumberofdouble-crossoversdividedbytheexpectednumberofsuchcrossovers.coefficientofinbreeding --Theprobabilitythattwoallelespresentinazygotearedescendedfromacommonancestor.coefficientofselection --Ameasurementofthereproductivedisadvantageofagivengenotypeinapopulation.Ifforgenotypeaa,only99of100individualsreproduce,thentheselectioncoefficient(s)is0.1.colchicine--Analkaloidcompoundthatinhibitsspindleformationduringcelldivision.Usedinthepreparationofkaryotypestocollectalargepopulationofcellsinhibitedatthemetaphasestageofmitosis.colinearity --Thelinearrelationshipbetweenthenucleotidesequeneeinagene(ortheRNAtranscribedfromit)andtheorderofaminoacidsinthepolypeptidechainspecifiedbythepetenee--Inbacteria,thetransientstateorconditionduringwhichthecellcanbindandinternalizeexogenousDNAmolecules,makingtransformationplementarity --Chemicalaffinitybetweennitrogenousbasesasaresultofhydrogenbonding.ResponsibleforthebasepairingbetweenthestrandsoftheDNAdoubleplementationtest --Agenetictesttodeterminewhethertwomutationsoccurwithinthesamegene.Iftwomutationsareintroducedintoacellsimultaneouslyandproduceawild-typephenotype(i.e.,theycomplementeachother),theyareoftennonallelic.Ifamutantphenotypeisproduced,themutationsarenoncomplementingandareoftenpletelinkage--Aconditioninwhichtwogenesarelocatedsoclosetoeachotherthatnorecombinationoccursbetweenplexity--Thetotalnumberofnucleotidesornucleotidepairsinapopulationofnucleicacidmoleculesasdeterminedbyreassociationkinplexlocus--Agenewithinwhichasetoffunctionallyrelatedpseudoallelescanbeidentifiedbyrecombinationalanalysis(e.g.,thebithoraxlocusinDrosophila).concatemer--Achainorlinearseriesofsubunitslinkedtogether.Theprocessofformingaconcatemeriscalledconcatenation(e.g.,multipleunitsofaphagegenomeproducedduringreplication).

concordanee--Pairsorgroupsofindividualsidenticalintheirphenotype.Intwinstudies,aconditioninwhichbothtwinsexhibitorfailtoexhibitatraitunderinvestigation.conditionalmutation --Amutationthatexpressesawild-typephenotypeundercertain(permissive)conditionsandamutantphenotypeunderother(restrictive)conditions.conjugation --Temporaryfusionoftwosingle-celledorganismsforthesexualtransferofgeneticmaterial.consanguineous--Relatedbyacommonancestorwithinthepreviousfewgenerations.consensussequenee --Abasicallycommon,althoughnotnecessarilyidentical,sequenceofnucleotidesinDNAoraminoacidsinproteins.conservationgenetics--Thebranchofgeneticsconcernedwiththepreservationandmaintenanceofwildspeciesofplantsandanimalsintheirnaturalenvironments.continuousvariation --Phenotypevariationexhibitedbyquantitativetraitsdistributedfromonephenotypicextremetoanotherinanoverlappingorcontinuousfashion.cosmid--AvectordesignedtoallowcloningoflargesegmentsofforeignDNA.Cosmidsarehybridscomposedofthecossitesoflambdainsertedintoaplasmid.Incloning,therecombinantDNAmoleculesarepackagedintophageproteincoats,andafterinfectionofbacterialcells,therecombinantmoleculereplicatesandcanbemaintainedasaplasmid.couplingconformation --Seecisconfiguration.covalentbond --Anonionicchemicalbondformedbythesharingofelectrons.cri-du-chatsyndrome--Aclinicalsyndromeinhumansproducedbyadeletionofaportionoftheshortarmofchromosome5.Afflictedinfantshaveadistinctivecrywhichsoundslikethatofacat.crossingover --Theexchangeofchromosomalmaterial(partsofchromosomalarms)betweenhomologouschromosomesbybreakageandreunion.Theexchangeofmaterialbetweennonsisterchromatidsduringmeiosisisthebasisofgeneticrecombination.cross-reactingmaterial(CRM) --Nonfunctionalformofanenzyme,producedbyamutantgene,whichisrecognizedbyantibodiesmadeagainstthenormalenzyme.

C-terminalaminoacid --Theterminalaminoacidinapeptidechainwhichcarriesafreecarboxylgroup.Cterminus--Theendofapolypeptidethatcarriesafreecarboxylgroupofthelastaminoacid.Byconvention,thestructuralformulaofpolypeptidesiswrittenwiththeCterminusattheright.Cvalue--ThehaploidamountofDNApresentinagenome.Cvalueparadox--Theapparentparadoxthatthereisnorelationshipbetweenthesizeofthegenomeandtheevolutionarycomplexityofspecies.Forexample,theCvalue(haploidgenomesize)ofamphibiansvariesbyafactorof100.cyclins--Aclassofproteinsfoundineukaryoticcellsthataresynthesizedanddegradedinsynchronywiththecellcycle,andregulatepassagethroughstagesofthecycle.cytogenetics --Abranchofbiologyinwhichthetechniquesofbothcytologyandgeneticsareusedtostudyheredity.cytokinesis --Thedivisionorseparationofthecytoplasmduringmitosisormeiosis.cytologicalmap--Adiagramshowingthelocationofgenesatparticularchromosomalsites.cytoplasmicinheritanee --Non-Mendelianformofinheritaneeinvolvinggeneticinformationtransmittedbyself-replicatingcytoplasmicorganellessuchasmitochondria,chloroplasts,etc.cytoskeleton --Aninternalarrayofmicrotubules,microfilaments,andintermediatefilamentsthatconfersshapeandtheabilitytomoveonaeukaryoticcell.Cotplot濃度時(shí)間乘積圖：一個(gè)樣本單位單鏈DNA分子復(fù)性動力學(xué)曲線。以結(jié)合為雙鏈的量為縱坐標(biāo)，以DNA濃度和時(shí)間的乘積為橫坐標(biāo)作出的DNA復(fù)性動力學(xué)曲線。CvalueC值：生物單倍體基因所含的DNA總量。CAATelementCST元件：真核啟動子上游元件之一，常位于上游—80bp附近，其功能是控制轉(zhuǎn)錄起始頻率，保守序列是5'—GGCCAATCT-3,。cancer癌：惡性腫瘤，細(xì)胞分裂失控，異常分裂且在生物體內(nèi)可擴(kuò)散。5'apping5/—加帽：在mRNA加工的過程中在前體mRNA分子的5,端加上甲基核苷酸的“帽子”。Cataboliterepression(glucoseeffect)分解代謝物阻遏(糖效應(yīng))：當(dāng)糖存在時(shí)能誘發(fā)細(xì)菌操縱子的失活，即使操縱子的誘導(dǎo)物存在也是如此。cDNA互補(bǔ)DNA：以mRNA為模板，以反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶催化合成的DNA的拷貝。cDNAclonecDNA分子克?。簩DNA片段裝在載體上轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)菌擴(kuò)增出多克隆的過程，最終可建立cDNA文庫。

cDNAlibrarycDNA文庫:收集各cDNA分子的克隆，各種cDNA分子是細(xì)胞中總體mRNA的拷貝。celldivision細(xì)胞分裂：一個(gè)細(xì)胞分裂產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)子細(xì)胞的過程。Cellfreeprotein-synthesizingsystem無細(xì)胞蛋白合成系統(tǒng)：是表達(dá)系統(tǒng)之一，此系統(tǒng)含有核糖體、tRNA和各種氨基酸及體外合成多肽所必須的一系列蛋白因子。只要加入mRNA即可表達(dá)。Cellularoncogene(C-onc)細(xì)胞癌基因：在動物細(xì)胞中存在的一些基因，它們具有正常的功能,但一旦突變會導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的癌變。centi-Morgan(cM)厘摩：是作圖單位，相當(dāng)于1個(gè)圖距單位。Centromere(kinetochore)著絲粒(著絲點(diǎn))：染色體上的特殊區(qū)域，在顯微鏡下可看到的一種結(jié)構(gòu)。在細(xì)胞分裂時(shí)是紡錘絲附著處。chain-teminationcodon鏈一終止密碼子：三個(gè)無義密碼子。蛋白質(zhì)合成時(shí)核糖體閱讀這些密碼子時(shí)終止合成。ChargedtRNA負(fù)載tRNA:已帶有相應(yīng)氨基酸的tRNA。chiasma交叉：在交換時(shí)一對染色體出現(xiàn)的交叉型結(jié)構(gòu)。在有絲分裂的雙線期可以在顯微鏡下看到。chimera嵌合體：一種異源嵌合體，可能由兩個(gè)不同的受精卵偶爾融合而成。chi.Squaretest卡方檢測：一種檢測理論值與觀察值之間有無差異的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法。chloroplast葉綠體：植物中進(jìn)行光合作用的一種細(xì)胞器，內(nèi)有雙鏈DNA。chromatid染色單體：復(fù)制后兩個(gè)染色體由著絲粒相連，其中的任意一條稱為染色單體。chromatin染色質(zhì)：染色體的基質(zhì)，它包含DNA、染色體蛋白和染色體RNA。chromocenter染色中心：多線染色體附著在一起的位置。chromomere染色粒：在減數(shù)分裂和有絲分裂前期可觀察到染色體上的小珠狀結(jié)構(gòu)。chromosome染色體：基因端端相連，線狀排列，有時(shí)結(jié)合蛋白質(zhì)和RNA。Chromosomeaberration染色體畸變：染色體結(jié)構(gòu)和數(shù)目的改變。Chromosomalinterference染色體干涉：由于染色單體的斷裂和重接而導(dǎo)致的物理干涉，阻礙了第二次交換的發(fā)生。Chromosometheoryofheredity遺傳的染色體學(xué)說：認(rèn)為染色體是基因的載體。此學(xué)說是由Sutton和Boveri各自獨(dú)立提出的。他們的依據(jù)是染色體傳遞和基因傳遞的平行性。Chromosomemap染色體圖：見連鎖圖(1inkagemap)。Chromosomepuff染色體疏松：染色體的某些位置上產(chǎn)生膨松，此位置是轉(zhuǎn)錄活性位點(diǎn)。Chromosomerearrangement染色體重排：涉及到染色體重新連接的突變。Chromosomeset染色體組：一組染色體，對于特異物種攜帶一套基本遺傳信息。Chromosomewalking染色體步移：一種分析真核生物大片段DNA的方法，常用來從基因文庫中篩選特定的重組DNA克隆。基因文庫中必須包含染色體的全部DNA序列，這些序列是一系列有部分重疊的片段。從某個(gè)已鑒定的克隆基因或序列開始做一系列的克隆雜交，這個(gè)基因已知與目的基因位于同一染色體上。以已知基因做探針去釣出含有鄰近序列的克隆，然后以鄰近序列做探針去釣出與它鄰近序列的另一克隆，依次類推，每次雜交就把已鑒定的基因沿染色體向前移了一段。cis-conformation順式構(gòu)象：在雜合子中涉及到基因中兩個(gè)突變位點(diǎn)，它們的排列為a1'：/++。Cisdominance順式顯性：一個(gè)基因?qū)ν粭l染色體上下一個(gè)基因有影響能力。cis.Transtest順反測驗(yàn)：即互補(bǔ)測驗(yàn)。通過測驗(yàn)可確定兩個(gè)表型效應(yīng)相似的突變位點(diǎn)是否位于同一個(gè)順反子或基因內(nèi)。

cis-trans順反子：原來定義為一個(gè)遺傳的功能單位，順反子內(nèi)部的兩個(gè)突變位點(diǎn)不能互補(bǔ)?，F(xiàn)在它與基因的含義相同，是編碼有功能的RNA分子。Classicalmodel經(jīng)典模型：群體遺傳學(xué)中對于遺傳變異解釋的一種學(xué)說，提出含有較少遺傳變異的自然群體是對一個(gè)等位基因有很強(qiáng)的選擇作用的結(jié)果。Clonalselection克隆選擇：特異的B淋巴細(xì)胞表面受到相應(yīng)抗原的刺激時(shí)便大量增殖，并分泌相應(yīng)的抗體，此過程稱為克隆選擇。clone克?。?1)一群遺傳上相同的細(xì)胞或由一個(gè)共同的祖先經(jīng)無性分裂產(chǎn)生的群體。(2)—個(gè)個(gè)體通過某種無性過程而產(chǎn)生在遺傳上相同的后代。⑶見DNAclone或cloning。cloning克?。篋NA分子通過在合適的宿主中復(fù)制產(chǎn)生很多拷貝(如一個(gè)重組DNA分子)。Cloningvector(cloningvehicle)克隆載體：一種雙鏈環(huán)狀DNA分子，它在宿主細(xì)胞中能自主復(fù)制，并可裝接外源DNA片段而形成重組質(zhì)粒進(jìn)行克隆。Clusteredrepeatedsequence成簇的重復(fù)序列：重復(fù)序列串聯(lián)排列在一起。Codingsequence編碼序列：mRNA分子的部分，在翻譯時(shí)它對應(yīng)于多肽的氨基酸序列。Codedictionary密碼辭典：一種64個(gè)密碼子及其翻譯含義的表格。codominance共顯性：在雜合狀態(tài)時(shí)，一個(gè)座位中的兩個(gè)等位基因同時(shí)都顯現(xiàn)出表型效應(yīng)。codon密碼子：在mRNA分子中一組三個(gè)相連的核苷酸，對應(yīng)于多肽鏈中的氨基酸序列或決定多肽的合成。Coefficientofcoincidence并發(fā)系數(shù)：通過遺傳作圖來確定干涉是否存在，即用實(shí)際雙交換的值除以同一區(qū)域預(yù)期的雙交換的值(s=v/ap)，當(dāng)Ovsvl為正干涉；s=0為完全干涉；s>1為負(fù)干涉；s=1為無干涉。Cohensiveends黏性末端：經(jīng)II型限制酶切后留下的單鏈突出末端。相同的末端可通過形成氫鍵互補(bǔ)結(jié)合。cointegrate共合體：兩個(gè)環(huán)狀的因子融合形成一個(gè)單個(gè)的大環(huán)，這是某些轉(zhuǎn)座因子轉(zhuǎn)座過程中的一個(gè)步驟。colony菌落：平板上可見到的細(xì)胞無性系集中在一起。competent感受態(tài)的：細(xì)胞處于能被轉(zhuǎn)化外源DNA的狀態(tài)。ComplementaryDNA互補(bǔ)DNA：即卩cDNA(見cDNA)。Complementarytest互補(bǔ)測驗(yàn)：見順反測驗(yàn)(cis-transtest)。Completedominance完全顯性：當(dāng)雜合體Aa和純合體AA的表型相同時(shí)，稱完全顯性。Concertedevolution(moleculardrive)協(xié)同進(jìn)化(分子趨動)：一種很不平衡的進(jìn)化過程，在基因的多拷貝中產(chǎn)生了均一序列。Conditionalmutation條件突變：一種突變在一定條件下表現(xiàn)為野生表型，但在特殊條件下出現(xiàn)突變表型。conjugation接合：F+和F-的兩種細(xì)菌彼此接觸產(chǎn)生接合管并單向地(F+tF-)傳遞遺傳物質(zhì)的過程。Consensussequence保守序列：普遍存在的共同序列，在不同的基因中具有相同的功能，如啟動子、操縱子和剪切位點(diǎn)等。Conservativereplica