專業(yè)英語 劉亞平 專業(yè)英語（第六周）toward a feminist perspective in public administration theory

TowardaFeministPerspectiveinPublicAdministrationTheoryCamillaStivers.pp.481-490精選pptKeyPointClarifywhatisafeministperspectiveandSketchoutsomeinitialideasaboutwhatafeministapproachtopublicadministrationtheorymightbelike.ThequestionofadministrationknowledgeThemodeloftheidealpublicservantThenatureofadministrativediscretionThedimensionsoftheadministrativestate.精選pptFeministTheoryWhatisaFeministtheory?Feministtheoryiscriticalofexistingreality.Feministviewwomen’shistoricalexclusionfromcertainhumanpursuits(suchaspolitics)andconfinementtoothers(suchashomemaking)as,ifnotalwaysdeliberateonthepartofindividualmen,certainlynot“nature”.Bringsuptheleftoutorignoredideas.精選pptThreeperspectivesin

feministtheoryAddressesthehistoricaldichotomyinsexrolesbyseekingtowipeitouttovariousdegrees.Theperceiveddifferencesinmen’sandwomen’sbehaviorislargelyasideeffectofsocietalsexroles.Byopeningupexistingarrangementstowomen,suchdifferenceswilllargelydisappear.Existingvaluesareaccepted,formthebasisforcritiqueratherthanbeingtheobjectofit.精選pptThreeperspectivesin

feministtheoryPerceiveddifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,whethernaturalornot,matter.Existingsocietalsystemsandnormsareseennotas“human”butastheproductsofmaleexperienceandvalues.Women’sexperiencesandthevaluesemergingfromthem(nurturance,connectedness,intuition)arenotonlydifferent,theyareworthyintheirownright,andneedtobeinjectedinonewayoranotherintoexistingarrangements.精選pptThreeperspectivesin

feministtheoryTranscendthetensionsetupbythefirsttwo.Whilethecelebratoryviewofwomen’sexperienceprovidesimportantsupportforneglectedvaluesandcapacities,itglossesoverrealdifferencesamongwomen,whichhavebeenproducedbyinfluencesofrace,class,history,andculture.Thereisno“women’svalues”.PoorblackwomenanduppermiddleclasswhitewomenManyifnotmostfemininevaluesandbehaviorshavedevelopedwithinacontextofmaledominance.精選pptTheaimshouldnotbetoreplaceoneframeworkwithanotherbuttocallintoquestiontheverytermsthatconstitutethedifferencebetweenthem.精選pptInpublicadministrationUseratherthanignoretheneglectedperspectivesreflectedinparticularexperiencesofparticulargroupsofwomen.WeshouldTrytoopenupthediscourseofpublicadministrationtotheseperspectivesBeingwillingtoberadicallycriticalBuildingfrom,ratherthancastingaside,ideasthatarealreadycentralandvaluedinthefield.精選pptThequestforneutralityNeutralexpertise(Wilson-politics-administrationdichotomy)Isolated,self-interestedindividualsModernstateisbuildupontheessentialconnectednessofhumanbeings.Publicpolicybasedonmutualneedsinsteadofadjudicationofcompetingclaimsamongdisconnectedutility-maximizers.ObjectivityLinearrationalthinkingAchieveunbiasedknowledgebymeansofdetachedobservation精選pptThequestforneutralityTheremaynotbeuniversalmaleorfemaleexperiences,clearlythereareineverysocietysociallyconstructedgenders,whichcarrywiththempropensitiestolookattheworldinquitedifferentways.Wecanusethisawarenesstoexposetheincompletenessofourunderstandings精選pptTheModelofTheIdealPublicServantIdealpersonalcharacteristicsofimageofthepublicadministrator.Whatthisimageoughttobe.FeministexaminationsofheroismstressthemasculinityofthetraditionalphysicalmodedatingbacktoancientGreece,whichemphasizesculturallymalecharacteristicssuchasaggressiveness,physicalprowess,theperformanceofvisibledeeds.Afeministapproachtothequestionofheroismmakesitpossibletoemphasizethechallenging,eventransformative,potentialoftheheroicfigure(Transformtheheroicfigure)Traditionallyfemaleactsofcompassionandnurturancecanalsobeheroic.Rethinkthedesirabilityofpublichonorandfame:interactiveimages.精選pptAdministrativeDiscretionBlacksburgManifestoAdministrativegovernanceistheuseofbureaucraticauthorityforthepurposeofsystemsteering.Fragmentednatureofoursystemofgovernmentmakesthisapositiveopportunity.Feministideasislesshierarchicalandmoreinteractive,thereforelesselitistandmoredemocratic.Aviewofpowernotonlyasamodeofdominationbutalsoasaformofenablingcapacity.Leadershipasfacilitationratherthanthegivingoforders,andauthorityasaccountableexpertiseratherthanaschainofcommand.Weshallbeabletogroundadministrativelegitimacyinaccountabilitythatnotonlyisexercisedintheprivacyoftheindividualconscienceorintheinternalprocessesofaparticularagency,butisalsotangibleenactedinsubstantivecollaborationwithaffectedothers,includingmembersofthegeneralpublic.精選pptTheAdministrativeStateWewantthestatetobeanentitycapableofsignificantpower;butasadministrators,wearereluctanttoseethispowerasoppressive,evenpotentially.Ourmixedfeelingsabouttheexistenceofapositivestatehavetodowithourambivalenceaboutthenatureoffreedomandwhatsortofstateisrequiredinordertoensureit.精選pptDichotomybetweenthepublicandprivaterealms.FeministTheliberalcaseagainstmonarchydependonjustifyingasocietalspacebeyondthereachof“l(fā)’etatc’estmoi”（朕即國家）,buttheyseethedevelopmentofthatspaceasrestingontheexclusionofwomenfromit.Freedomforsome(i.e.,men)isprofoundlydependentonlimitingthefreedomofothers(women).精選pptpublic:dependedforitsexistenceonthesimultaneouspresenceofahouseholdwherewomenwereconfinedandwherethenecessitiesoflifecouldbetakencareofbywomenandslaves,thusfreeingmenforthelifeofaction-beyondpurpose.AmasculinepublicsphereWomen(unlessthey“becomemen”,i.e.obliteratethe