法律知識(shí)導(dǎo)讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件

法律知識(shí)導(dǎo)讀（英文）第十二單元InternationalLaw法律知識(shí)導(dǎo)讀（英文）第十二單元International1Lead-in國(guó)際法是指適用主權(quán)國(guó)家之間以及其它具有國(guó)際人格的實(shí)體之間的法律規(guī)則的總體。國(guó)際法又稱國(guó)際公法，以區(qū)別于國(guó)際私法或法律沖突，后者處理的是不同國(guó)家的國(guó)內(nèi)法之間的差異。根據(jù)《國(guó)際法院規(guī)約》第38條之規(guī)定，國(guó)際法的淵源包括以下幾個(gè)方面：條約、國(guó)際習(xí)慣法、一般法律原則、司法判例及學(xué)說(shuō)等。至于國(guó)際法的法律依據(jù)，早期西方社會(huì)是不承認(rèn)的，但目前國(guó)際法的法律地位已經(jīng)得到了確認(rèn)。然而，從實(shí)證的角度來(lái)考察，名義上國(guó)際法對(duì)國(guó)家具有約束力，但事實(shí)上國(guó)際社會(huì)缺乏有效制裁違法國(guó)家的手段。Lead-in國(guó)際法是指適用主權(quán)國(guó)家之間以及其它具有國(guó)際人格2InternationalLaw

------Internationallawisthesetofrulesgenerallyregardedandacceptedasbindinginrelationsbetweenstatesandbetweennations,primarilyapplicabletocountriesratherthantoprivatecitizens.InternationalLaw3HistoryExistedsincethemid-19thcentury;TwosophisticatedlegalsystemsdevelopedintheWesternWorld:thecodifiedsystemsofcontinentalEuropeanstates(AmericanCivilLaw)andEnglishcommonlaw.Inthe20thcentury,thetwoWorldWarsandtheformationoftheLeagueofNationsacceleratethisprocessandestablishedmodernpublicinternationallaw.History4★AfterthefailureoftheTreatyofVersaillesandWorldWarII,theUNhasalsobeenthefocusforthedevelopmentofnewadvisory(non-binding)standards,suchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.Otherinternationalnormsandlawshavebeenestablishedthroughinternationalagreements,includingtheGenevaConventions,aswellasbyagreementsimplementedbyotherinternationalorganizations.★Afterthefailureofth5SourcesofinternationallawTreaties,internationalcustoms,andgeneralprinciples;

judicialdecisionsandscholarlywritingsSourcesofinternationallaw6TypesofinternationallawPublicinternationallaw:Publicinternationallaw(orinternationalpubliclaw)governstherelationshipbetweenstatesandinternationalentities.

Itincludestheselegalfields:treatylaw,lawofsea,internationalcriminallaw,thelawsofwarorinternationalhumanitarianlawandinternationalhumanrightslaw.Typesofinternationallaw7Normsofinternationallawhavetheirsources:1.custom,orcustomaryinternationallaw.(consistentstatepracticeaccompaniedbyopiniojuris)2.globallyacceptedstandardsofbehavior(peremptorynormsknownasjuscogensoriuscogens).3.codificationscontainedinconventionalagreements,generallytermedtreaties.法律知識(shí)導(dǎo)讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件8Privateinternationallaw:Conflictoflaws,oftencalled"privateinternationallaw"incivillawjurisdictions,governsconflictsbetweenprivatepersons.法律知識(shí)導(dǎo)讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件9Supranationallaw:Supranationallaworthelawofsupranationalorganizations,concernsregionalagreements.Itisdistinguishedfrompublicinternationallaw,becauseinsupranationallaw,nationsexplicitlysubmittheirrighttomakejudicialdecisionsbytreatytoasetofcommontribunal.

◆TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilandsubordinateorganizationssuchastheInternationalCourtofJusticearetheonlygloballyacceptedsupranationaltribunals.Supranationallaw:10MonismandDualisminInternationalLaw

“Monism”and“dualism”areusedtodescribetwodifferenttheoriesoftherelationshipbetweeninternationallawandnationallaw.Monistsacceptthattheinternalandinternationallegalsystemsformaunity.Dualistsemphasizethedifferencebetweennationalandinternationallaw,andrequirethetranslationofthelatterintotheformer.MonismandDualisminInternat11

ExamplesInUK,thedualistviewispredominant.InternationallawisonlypartofBritishnationallawonceitisacceptedinnationallaw.TheUnitedStatesofAmericahasa"mixed"monist-dualistsystem;internationallawappliesdirectlyinUScourts.

Examples12

Amatterofnationallegaltradition

Amoniststateislessatriskofviolatinginternationalrules,becauseitsjudgescanapplyinternationallawdirectly.Dualiststatesareintheriskofnegligenceorunwillingnesstotranslateinternationallaw,ordelaysoftranslation,ormisinterpretationofinternationallaw.★Everystatedecidesforitself,accordingtoitslegaltraditions,determinemonismordualism.

Amatterofnationallegaltr13WordsandExpressionssupranational超國(guó)家的，多國(guó)的supranationallaw超國(guó)家法tribunal法庭；裁決

statesovereignty國(guó)家主權(quán)theInternationalLaborOrganization國(guó)際勞工組織theWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織theInternationalTelecommunicationUnion國(guó)際電信聯(lián)盟UNESCO=theUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganizaition聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織WordsandExpressionssupranati14theWorldTradeOrganization世界貿(mào)易組織theInternationalMonetaryFund國(guó)際貨幣組織hierarchy等級(jí)制度publicinternationallaw國(guó)際公法humanitarian人道主義的

privateinternationallaw/conflictoflaws國(guó)際私法UNGeneralAssembly聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)supplychain供應(yīng)鏈theWorldTradeOrganization15NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanRights（歐洲人權(quán)法院）：TheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsisasupra-nationalorinternationalcourtestablishedbytheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights.NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanR16InternationalCriminalCourt（歐洲刑事法院）：TheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICCorICCt)isapermanentinternationaltribunaltoprosecuteindividualsforgenocide,crimesagainsthumanity,warcrimes,andthecrimeofaggression

(althoughjurisdictionforthecrimeofaggressionwillnotbeawakeneduntil2017attheearliest).InternationalCriminalCourt（歐17GenevaConventions（《日內(nèi)瓦公約》）：TheGenevaConventionscomprisefourtreaties,andthreeadditionalprotocols,thatestablishthestandardsofinternationallawforthehumanitariantreatmentofwar.TheGenevaConventionsextensivelydefinedthebasic,wartimerightsofprisoners(civilandmilitary);establishedprotectionsforthewounded;andestablishedprotectionsfortheciviliansinandaroundawar-zone.GenevaConventions（《日內(nèi)瓦公約》）：Th18customaryinternationallaw(國(guó)際慣例法):Customaryinternationallawarethoseaspectsofinternationallawthatderivefromcustom.Generalprinciplesoflawandtreaties,custom,andcustomaryinternationallawareconsideredthe

primarysourcesofinternationallaw.customaryinternationallaw(國(guó)19theLeagueofNations（國(guó)際聯(lián)盟）：TheLeagueofNations(LN)wasanintergovernmentalorganizationfoundedasaresultoftheParisPeaceConferencethatendedtheFirstWorldWar.Itwasthefirstinternationalorganizationwhoseprincipalmissionwastomaintainworldpeace.theLeagueofNations（國(guó)際聯(lián)盟）：Th20TreatyofVersailles（《凡爾賽和約》）：TheTreatyofVersailleswasoneofthepeacetreatiesattheendofWorldWarI.ItendedthestateofwarbetweenGermanyandtheAlliedPowers.Itwassignedon28June1919TreatyofVersailles（《凡爾賽和約》）：21UNcharter（《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》）：TheCharteroftheUnitedNationsisthefoundationalofUN.ItwassignedattheSanFranciscoWarMemorialandPerformingArtsCenterinSanFrancisco,UnitedStates,on26June1945,by50ofthe51originalmembercountries.(Poland,theotheroriginalmember,whichwasnotrepresentedattheconference,signedittwomonthslater.)UNcharter（《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》）：TheCharte22UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights（《世界人權(quán)宣言》）：TheDeclarationarosedirectlyfromtheexperienceoftheSecondWorldWarandrepresentsthefirstglobalexpressionofrightstowhichallhumanbeingsareinherentlyentitled.UniversalDeclarationofHuman23InternationalCourtofJustice（國(guó)際法院）：TheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ),locatedinHague,Netherlands,istheprimaryjudicialorganoftheUnitedNations.Establishedin1945,theStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice,similartothatofitspredecessor,isthemainconstitutionaldocumentconstitutingandregulatingtheCourt.InternationalCourtofJustice24StatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice（國(guó)際法院規(guī)約）：TheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeisanintegralpartoftheUnitedNationsCharter,asspecifiedbyChapterXIVoftheUnitedNationsCharter,whichestablishedtheInternationalCourtofJustice.StatuteoftheInternationalC25Legalpositivism(法律實(shí)證主義):Legalpositivismisaschoolofthoughtofphilosophyoflawandjurisprudence,largelydevelopedbyeighteenthandnineteenth-centurylegalthinkerssuchasJeremyBenthamandJohnAustin.ThemostprominentfigureinthehistoryoflegalpositivismisH.L.A.Hart,whoseworkTheConceptofLawcausedafundamentalre-thinkingofthepositivistdoctrineanditsrelationshipwiththeotherprincipaltheoriesoflaw.Legalpositivism(法律實(shí)證主義):Le26Pactasuntservanda(有約必守):Initsmostcommonsense,theprinciplereferstoprivatecontracts,stressingthatcontainedclausesarelawbetweentheparties,andimpliesthatnonfulfilmentofrespectiveobligationsisabreachofthepact.Pactasuntservanda(有約必守):In27opinionjuris(法律確信):Opiniojuris("anopinionoflaw")isthebeliefthatanactionwascarriedoutbecauseitwasalegalobligation,frequentlyusedinlegalproceedingssuchasadefenseforacase.opinionjuris(法律確信):Opinioju28juscogens(強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范)：Aperemptorynorm(alsocalledjuscogensoriuscogens,Latinfor"compellinglaw")isafundamentalprincipleofinternationallawacceptedbytheinternationalcommunityofstatesasanormfromwhichnoderogation<克減>ispermitted.juscogens(強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范)：Aperemptor29softlaw(軟法):"softlaw"referstoquasi-legalinstrumentswhichdonothaveanylegallybindingforce,or"weaker"thanthebindingforceoftradition