高中英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)總結(jié)

高中英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)總結(jié)一、需要使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的狀況在下列狀況常需要使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：1.講話者不懂得動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(這時(shí)可省by短語)。Mybikewasstolenlastnight.2.借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldaccepttheoffer.3.為了更加好地安排句子。Thewell-knownpersongotonthebusandwasimmediatelyrecognizedbypeople.（一種主語就夠了）二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化被動(dòng)語態(tài)普通為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式,被動(dòng)語態(tài)由be＋過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，多個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式為：1)am/is/are+done(過去分詞)普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)2)has/havebeendone現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)3)am/is/arebeingdone現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)4)was/weredone普通過去時(shí)5)hadbeendone過去完畢時(shí)6)was/werebeingdone過去進(jìn)行時(shí)7)shall/willbedone普通將來時(shí)8)should/wouldbedone過去將來時(shí)9)shall/willhavebeendone將來完畢時(shí)（少用）10)should/wouldhavebeendone過去將來完畢時(shí)（少用）2.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊構(gòu)造形式1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)構(gòu)造：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過去分詞。Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebaby-sitter.2)有些動(dòng)詞能夠有兩個(gè)賓語，在用于被動(dòng)構(gòu)造時(shí)，能夠把主動(dòng)構(gòu)造中的一種賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保存在謂語背面。普通變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.可改為Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.3)當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”構(gòu)造變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)構(gòu)造中的主語，其它不動(dòng)。Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改為Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.4)在使役動(dòng)詞have,make,get以及感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等背面不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，在主動(dòng)構(gòu)造中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)構(gòu)造時(shí)，要加to。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改為Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.5)有些相稱于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”，“動(dòng)詞＋副詞”等，也能夠用于被動(dòng)構(gòu)造，但要把它們看作一種整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.3.非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成1).不定式普通式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“tobe+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Sheaskedtobegivensomeworktodo.她規(guī)定給她某些工作做。Hewasthelastpersontobeaskedtospeak.他是最后被邀請(qǐng)講話的人。2).不定式完畢式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“tohavebeen+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Ishouldliketohavebeentoldtheresultearlier.我本想讓人把成果早點(diǎn)告訴我的。3).現(xiàn)在分詞普通式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Isawhimbeingtakenaway.我看見有人把他帶走了。Beingprotectedbyawall，hefeltquitesafe.有墻作保護(hù)，他感到很安全。4).現(xiàn)在分詞完畢式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“havingbeen+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Havingbeeninvitedtospea,I’llstartmakingpreparationstomorrow.由于邀請(qǐng)我去講話，我明天就得做準(zhǔn)備。Thesubjecthavingbeenopened，hehadtogoonwithit.話題已經(jīng)開始了，他不得不談下去。5).動(dòng)名詞普通式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Hehatesbeingmadeafoolof.他討厭被別人愚弄。Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.這個(gè)問題遠(yuǎn)沒解決。6).動(dòng)名詞完畢式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“havingbeen+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Jenny’snothavingbeentrainedasadancerisheroneregret.杰妮沒受過舞蹈的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練是她感到遺憾的事。Afterhavingbeeninstructedtodriveoutoftown，Ibegantoacquireconfidence.在接到把車開出城的指令后，我開始信心十足了。注：過去分詞沒有被動(dòng)式，由于它本身能夠表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。如：Thedoorremainedlocked.門仍然鎖著三、Itissaidthat+從句及其它類似句型某些表達(dá)“認(rèn)為”或“相信”等的動(dòng)詞如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等能夠用于句型“It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句”或“主語＋be＋過去分詞＋todosth.”。Itissaidthat…據(jù)說，Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道，Itisbelievedthat…大家相信，Itishopedthat…大家但愿，Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知，Itisthoughtthat…大家認(rèn)為，Itissuggestedthat…據(jù)建議。Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.（＝Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.）.四、謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義1.英語中有諸多動(dòng)詞如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特性時(shí)，慣用其主動(dòng)形式體現(xiàn)被動(dòng)意義，主語普通是物。Thiskindofclothwasheswell.注意：主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特性，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：Thedoorwon'tlock．（指門本身有毛?。㏕hedoorwon'tbelocked．（指不會(huì)有人來鎖門,指“門沒有鎖”是人的因素）2.表達(dá)“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。Howdothenewspaperscomeout?這些報(bào)紙是如何印出來的呢？3.系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式,但有些表達(dá)感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表構(gòu)造中常以主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.非謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。1.在need，want，require,bear等詞的背面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，其含義相稱于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired）．這房子需要修理。2.形容詞worth背面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式；而worthy背面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading．(＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead．)3.動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞背面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon．(todo與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：I’llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?(此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)4.在某些“形容詞＋不定式”做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的構(gòu)造中，句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí)，這時(shí)慣用不定式的主動(dòng)形式體現(xiàn)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.（可看作toworkout省略了forme）.5.在too…to…構(gòu)造中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，因此應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy.6.在therebe…句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語，重點(diǎn)在物。Thereisnotimetolose（tobelost）．（用tolose可當(dāng)作forustolose；用tobelost，誰losttime不明確。）7.在betodo構(gòu)造中的某些不定式普通應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng),被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而,由于古英語的影響,下列動(dòng)詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?六、介詞in,on,under等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動(dòng)意義表達(dá)方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用，含被動(dòng)之義，其意義相稱于該名詞對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式，名詞前普通不用冠詞。1.“under+名詞”構(gòu)造，表達(dá)“某事在進(jìn)行中”如：undercontrol（受控制）,undertreatment（在治療中）,underrepair（在修理中）,underdiscussion（在討論中）,underconstruction（在施工中）。Thebuildingisunderconstruction(isbeingconstructed).2.“beyond+名詞”構(gòu)造，“出乎……賽過……范疇、程度”：beyondbelief(令人難以置信)，beyondone’sreach（鞭長莫及），beyondone’scontrol（無法控制），beyondone’shope（比預(yù)期的還要好）。Therumourisbeyondbelief（=can’tbebelieved）．3.“above+名詞”構(gòu)造,表達(dá)“(品質(zhì)、行為、能力等)超出……、高于……”Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise．=Hishonestcharactercannotbepraisedenough．4.“for+名詞”構(gòu)造，表達(dá)“適于……,為著……”。如：forsale(出售),forrent（出租）等。Thathouseisforsale.(=Thathouseistobesold).5.“in+名詞”構(gòu)造，表達(dá)“在……過程中或范疇內(nèi)”如：inprint（在印刷中），insight(在視野范疇內(nèi))，等。6.“on+名詞”構(gòu)造,表達(dá)“在從事……中””。常見的有：onsale(出售)，onshow（展出）,ontrial（受審）。Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum(=arebeingshowed).7.“outof+名詞”構(gòu)造；表達(dá)“超出……之外“，常見的有：outofcontrol(控制不了)，outofsight（超出視線之外），outofone’sreach(夠不著),outoffashion(不流行)等。Theplanewasoutofcontrol(can’tbecontrolled)．。8.“within+名詞”構(gòu)造，“在……內(nèi)、不超出……”。Hetooktwodaysoffwithintheteacher'spermission．七、被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表構(gòu)造的區(qū)別當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”作被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)表達(dá)主語承受的動(dòng)作；作系表構(gòu)造時(shí)表達(dá)主語的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)，be背面的過去分詞是表語，相稱于形容詞。其分辨方法以下：1．如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句普通為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，否則為系表構(gòu)造。Theglassisbroken．（系表構(gòu)造）Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy．（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）2．如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，普通為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Thedoorislocked．（系表構(gòu)造）Thedoorhasalready/justbeenlocked．（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）3．被動(dòng)語態(tài)除用于普通時(shí)態(tài)和完畢時(shí)態(tài)外，還能夠用于其它多個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，而系表構(gòu)造中的系動(dòng)詞be只有普通時(shí)態(tài)和完畢時(shí)態(tài)。Themachineisbeingrepaired．八、被動(dòng)語態(tài)與高考試題賞析1．高考對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的考察例析1).Insomepartsoftheworld,tea___withmilkandsugar.A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.served2).ThisisTed’sphone.Wemisshimalot.He___whiletryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling3).Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?Notyet,therooms_____.A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainting4).Whenandwheretogofortheon-salaryholiday___yet.A.arenotdecidedB.havenotbeendecidedC.isnotbeingdecidedD.hasnotbeendecided5).Themanagerenteredtheofficeandwashappytolearnthatfour-fifthsofthetickets___.A.wasbookedB.hadbeenbookedC.werebookedD.havebeenbooked2．高考對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的考察當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語為動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),須用被動(dòng)式。搞清非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語之間的執(zhí)行與承受關(guān)系是掌握非謂語動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的核心。1).Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains___whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen2).Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp___intobuyingsomethingtheydon’treallyneed.A.topersuadedB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded3).Ifeelitisyourhusbandwho___forthespoiledchild.A.istoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.istobeblamedD.shouldblame答案與解析：1.高考對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的考察例析1).B由于serve是及物動(dòng)詞，其動(dòng)作承受者tea作主語，表達(dá)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的狀況，故用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。2)CTed是kill的承受者，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，且Ted救人發(fā)生在過去，因此用普通過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。3)A“house”和“paint”應(yīng)當(dāng)是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系，排除B，D。后者未搬進(jìn)新居的因素是房子正在油漆，因此要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。不能用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，排除C。4)Ddecide是及物動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者普通是人，句中的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，因此decide要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。從題干的語境和核心詞yet，可判斷用現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)，不定式做主語用單數(shù)，故用現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。5)B句中tickets是book(訂票)的承受者，主謂為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，又因票已被訂出應(yīng)發(fā)生在enteredtheoffice這個(gè)過去動(dòng)作之前，因此要用過去完畢時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。2．高考對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的考察1)B根據(jù)題意，那對(duì)老夫婦與否到國外旅行是將來的動(dòng)作，應(yīng)使用不定式，故排除掉C、D兩項(xiàng)；又因remains的邏輯主語it是動(dòng)詞see說表達(dá)動(dòng)作的承受者，即“到國外旅行”這件事，這件事有待于“被決定”，應(yīng)使用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。2)Ccan’thelpdoing“禁不住做某事”，排除A和D；顧客應(yīng)是“被勸告”購物的，要用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。3)Afeel的賓語從句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，在betodo構(gòu)造中，在某些場合可用不定式的主動(dòng)語態(tài)表達(dá)被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如betoblame.九、被動(dòng)語態(tài)鞏固練習(xí)（一）、選擇對(duì)的的選項(xiàng)，使句意通順完整。1.Ifcitynoises____fromincreasing,people____shouttobeheardevenatdinner．A.arenotkept；willhavetoB.arenotkept；haveC.donotkeep；willhavetoD.donotkeep；haveto2.Thefifthgenerationcomputers,withartificialintelligence,are____andperfectednow.A.developedB.havedevelopedC.arebeingdevelopedD.willhavebeendeveloped3.____thesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Yes,italldependsontheweather.A.I'vebeentoldB.I'vetoldC.I'mtoldD.Itold4.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection___.A.hascompletedB.completesC.hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted5.Rainforests___andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut6.Thenewsuspensionbridge___bytheendoflastmonth.A.hasbeendesignedB.hadbeendesignedC.wasdesignedD.wouldbedesigned7.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit____.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.wasbrokenD.hadbeenbroken8.Greatchanges___inthecity,andalotoffactories___.A.havebeentakenplace;havebeensetupB.havetakenplace;havebeensetupC.havetakenplace;havesetupD.weretakenplace;weresetup9.Thatsuit__over60dollars.A.hadcostedB.costedC.iscostD.cost10.Look!Everythinghereisunderconstruction.What’stheprettysmallhousethat__for?A.isbeingbuiltB.hasbeenbuiltC.isbuiltD.isbuilding11.Doyoulikethematerial?Yes,it___verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt12.Itisdifficultforaforeigner____Chinese．A.writeB.towriteC.tobewrittenD.written13.Ihavenomoreletters____,thankyou．A.totypeB.typingC.tobetypedD.typed14.Takecare!Don’tdroptheinkonyourshirt,forit__easily.A.won’twashoutB.won’tbewashedoutC.isn’twashedoutD.isn’twashingout15.Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelightshappenedto___.A.beputupB.giveinC.beturnedonD.goout16.Thecomputersonthetable___ProfessorSmith.A.belongsB.arebelongedtoC.belongstoD.belongto17.Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?Oh,excellent.It’sworth___asecondtime.A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread18.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed___.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch19.Thispageneeded___again.A.beingcheckedB.checkedC.tocheckD.tobechecked20.___manytimes,theboystilldidn’tknowhowtodotheexercisesA.HavingtaughtB.HavingbeentaughtC.taughtD.Teaching(二)、用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給動(dòng)詞的對(duì)的形式填空。1.It'ssaid(據(jù)說)thatthelongbridge______________(build)intwomonths．2.Wheretohavethemeeting______________(discuss)now．3.Whichlanguage_______themostwidely_______(speak)intheworld？4.Thelostboy_____________(notfind)sofar．5.Lastyearalargenumberoftrees______________(cut)down．6.Thestudents_____often_____(tell)totakecareoftheirdesksandchairs.7.Theoldmanisill.He______(mustsend)tothehospital.8.Vegetables,eggsandfruits_________(sell)inthisshop.9.What_______knives______(make)of?They_______________(make)ofmetal(金屬)andwood.10.Canthemagazine_______(take)outofthelibrary?11.Theroom_____________(clean)bymeeveryday.12.Thestarscan’t_____________(see)inthedaytime.13.Someflowers_______________(water)byLiMingalready.14.Thiskindofshoes__________(sell)well.15.Howlong_____youruncle______(be)inthecity?16.Thefood_