2016年山東青島大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)考研真題

》》》》》》2023年整理歷年要考研試題資料《《《《《《》》》》》》2023年整理歷年要考研試題資料《《《《《《/》》》》》》2023年整理歷年要考研試題資料《《《《《《2016年山東青島大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)考研真題PartI.Cloze(20points)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoumustchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.PromptnessisimportantinAmericanbusiness,academic,andsocialsettings.The1ofpunctualityistaughttoyoungchildreninschool.Theuseofbells2tothechildthatpunctualityandtimeitselfaretobe3.Peoplewho4appointmentsareconsidered5.Ifpeoplearelatetojobinterviews,appointmentsorclasses,theyareoften6asunreliableandirresponsible.Inthebusinessworld,“timeismoney”andcompaniesmayfinetheir7forbeinglatetobusinessmeetings.Ofcourse,itisnot8possibletobepunctual.Socialandbusinessetiquettealsoprovide9forlatearrivals.Callingonthetelephoneifoneisgoingtobemorethanafewminuteslatefor10appointmentsisconsideredpoliteandisoftenexpected.Keepingafriendwaiting11tentotwentyminutesisconsideredrude.Onthe12hand,arrivingthirtyminuteslatetosomepartiesis13.Respectingdeadlinesisalsoimportantinacademicandprofessional14.Itisexpectedthatdeadlinesforclass15orbusinessreportswillbemet.Studentswhohand16assignmentslatemaybe17tofindthattheprofessorwilllowertheir18orevenrefusetogradetheirwork.19itisaquestionofarrivingontimeorofmeetingadeadline,peopleareculturally20toregulatetime.1.A)senseB)importanceC)influenceD)meaning2.A)symbolizeB)signalC)signD)reflect3.A)awedB)lovedC)respectedD)devoted4.A)doB)leaveC)makeD)keep5.A)dependableB)independentC)dependentD)undependable6.A)watchedB)observedC)lookedD)viewed7.A)executivesB)leadersC)chiefsD)presidents8.A)oftenB)frequentlyC)alwaysD)usually9.A)rulesB)theoriesC)ordersD)laws10.A)programmedB)plannedC)scheduledD)projected11.A)pastB)moreC)beyondD)about12.A)anotherB)otherC)eachD)one13.A)acceptableB)availableC)accessibleD)adaptable14.A)circlesB)groundsC)fieldsD)rounds15.A)worksB)dutiesC)assignmentsD)responsibilities16.A)outB)overC)fromD)in17.A)astonishedB)surprisedC)astoundedD)amazed18.A)figuresB)levelsC)numbersD)grades19.A)HowB)WhenC)WhereD)Whether20.A)restrictedB)conditionedC)surroundedD)termedPartII.ReadingComprehension(40points)Directions:Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.PassageOneWhatistheretowriteaboutintoday’scolumn,otherthanthebarbaricattacksofthoseheartlessterroriststhattookplace11yearsagotoday?ThousandsofpeopleinNewJersey,NYCandtheDistrictofColumbiastartedtheirmorningonthatdayintheirusualmanner,butsincethenthingshaveneverbeenthesame,forthemandfortherestoftheworld.Incoldblood,fewerthan20menrockedtheboatgloballythroughtheirunjustifiable,despicable（卑劣的）andtreacherous（奸詐的）actions.Manyinnocentlivesperishedduringtheseattacks.Everyanniversaryofthistragicday,Imakeahabittosetasideasubstantialamountoftimeformyselfandpray.Myimmediateprayersalwaysgoforthevictimsofthesebrutalattacks.Iprayforthosewhodied,andIprayevenharderfortheirlovedones.Itrytoempathize（神會(huì)）withthepainandgrieftheymusthavefeltonthatdayandsincethen.IcanonlyimaginetheterrorintheheartsandmindsofthosepeoplewhoheardthenewsoftheattacksanddesperatelytriedtocontacttheirlovedonesinManhattanandWashingtonD.C.Intheearlyhoursofthathorrificday,Icanonlyimaginethepainofthosewhoinpanicwerewaitingtohearfromaspouse,father,mother,son,daughter,relativeorafriendwhowillnevercomehome.Icanpicturetheflowingtearsofthosewhofinallyreceivedtheheart-wrenchingnewsoftheirlovedonesbutcanonlyimaginetheirstateofmind,howtheirthoughtssunkintodeepsorrow.AsIpray,Iwonder:whatdothesepeopledoeverySeptember11?Howdotheyholdittogether?Ibringupthesewoundedsoulsinmythoughtsandprayersandprayforstrength,recoveryandhealingforthem.Ipraythatasanationwewillneverfallshorttoholdthesepeopleandsupporttheminanywaythatwecan,asweremembertheminourthoughtsandprayers.Ipraythattheirstorieswillnotbestolenfromthem.Ihopeandpraythatwewillnotpoursaltintotheirbleedingwounds,abusingtheirmemoriesbyusingthemtoscorepoliticalpointsand/ortoadvanceourownagenda.Manyimmediaterelativesofthevictimstoldmepersonallythatseeing9/11misusedtojustifyallsortsofnon-worthyandcheapthingsdeeplyhurtthemandincreasedtheirpain.21.Thephrase“rocktheboat”inthesentence“incoldblood,fewerthan20menrockedtheboatgloballythroughtheirunjustifiable,despicableandtreacherousactions”(Paragraph1)means__________.A)tospoilthegoodorcomfortablesituationB)togetintodifficultiesC)tofacethesamedangersD)tomakeaspecialeffort22.Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?A)Thewriterlooksbackonhowpeople’sworkandtheirliveswerechangedafterthosereprehensibleattacks11yearsago.B)ThewritersetsasidetimetoprayeverySeptember11.C)Thewritercallsonpeopletofightagainstterrorism.D)Thewriterrecallshowpeoplesurvivedduringthoseattacks.23.Thephrase“fallshort”in“Ipraythatasanationwewillneverfallshorttoholdthesepeopleandsupporttheminanywaythatwecan,asweremembertheminourthoughtsandprayers”(Paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningto__________.A)succeedB)manageC)resolveD)fail24.Whydoesthewriter“praythattheirstorieswillnotbestolenfromthem”(Paragraph3)?A)BecausetheyarenotallowedtotelltheirstoriesB)Becausetheirstoriesareusedtoscorepoliticalpoints.C)Becausetheirstoriesarenotpaidfor.D)Becausetheirstoriesaresoldcheap.25.Whichofthefollowingcanbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?A)PersonalReflectionsonSeptember11:AYearLaterB)September11:PerspectivesfromtheFieldofCharityC)September11:TenYearsD)PrayerfulReflectionsonSeptember11PassageTwoMosthungrypeopleliveincountriesthathavefoodsurplusesratherthandeficits.AccordingtotheUNFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO),wearealreadyproducingoneandahalftimestheamountoffoodneededtoprovideeveryoneintheworldwithanadequateandnutritiousdiet,yetoneinsevenpeopleissufferingfromhunger.Ratherthangrowingfoodtomeettheneedsoflocalcommunitiesforahealthy,diversediet,industrialagricultureproducescropstosellonworldmarkets.Whileworldcropproductionhastripledsincethe1950s,morepeoplegohungrynowthan20yearsago.Smallfamilyfarmersaredrivenofftheirlandandlocalpeoplecannotaffordtobuywhatisgrown.Toooften,theresultisadownwardspiralofenvironmentaldestruction,povertyandhunger.Foodsecuritywillnotbeachievedbytechnicalfixes,likegeneticengineering(GE).Peoplewhoneedtoeatneedaccesstolandonwhichtogrowfoodormoneywithwhichtobuyfood.Technological“solutions”likeGEmasktherealsocial,political,economicandenvironmentalproblemsresponsibleforhunger.ThecaseofArgentina,thenumbertwoproducerofGEcropsintheworldandtheonlydevelopingcountrygrowingGEfoodcropsonalargecommercialscale,showsthatGEdoesnotleadtoanincreaseinfoodsecurity.MillionsoftonsofGEsoyaareexportedeveryyearfromArgentinaforcattlefeed,whilemillionsofArgentineansgohungry.Hungerandmalnutritionareadirectresultofalackofaccessto,orexclusionfrom,productiveresources,suchasland,theforests,theseas,water,seeds,technologyandcredit.Seventy-fivepercentoftheworld’shungrypeoplearepoliticallymarginalizedoneswholiveinruralareas.Anexampleofthegrosslyunequaldistributionoflandthatdirectlycontributestohunger:inLatinAmerica,80percentofagriculturallandisinthehandsof20percentofthefarmers;theother20percentofthelandisinthehandsoftheremaining80percent.ThecurrentagriculturaltraderegimeputstheSouthinanimpossiblesituation.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)annualstatesubsidiesoftheirnationalagriculturalsectorsexceedSub-SaharanAfrica’sentireGrossDomesticProduct.Subsidizedexports,artificiallylowpricesandWTOlegalizeddumpingbytherichcountriescharacterizethecurrentunfairmodelofagriculturaltradefacedbypoorcountries.Researchoftenneglectsthedevelopmentofagriculturaltechniquesthatreducetheinputsneededandthatareeasytocontrol.Agriculturalresearchatinternationalandnationallevelsishighlyorientatedtowardsindustrialagriculture.GEcropshavedeliveredrecordagriculturalexportsbuttheenvironmentalandsocialpriceisbothunacceptableandunsustainable.Livelihoodshavebeendestroyed,hungerhasincreasedandtheenvironmentisbeingbadlydamaged.26.__________givesrisetohungerinmostcircumstances.A)InadequatefoodproductionB)InsufficientfarminglandC)LittleaccesstoresourcesD)Innutritiousdiet27.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutGEcrops?A)GEcropscansolvetheproblemofhunger.B)TheproductionofGEcropsenablesmoreArgentineanstoliveabetterlife.C)GEcropshavebeenproventobeenvironmentallyfriendly.D)TechnologyinvolvedinGEcropsfailstosolvetheproblemsresponsibleforhunger.28.Theword“regime”in“agriculturaltraderegime”(Paragraph6)probablymeans__________.A)systemB)sectorC)modelD)finance29.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacharacteristicofthecurrentmodelofagriculturaltradefacedbypoorcountries?A)Subsidizedexports.B)Lowpriceoftheirproduce.C)Large-scaledgrowingofGEcrops.D)Dumpingbyrichcountries.30.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A)Industrialagriculturehasdrivensmallfamilyfarmersofftheirland.B)Withthedevelopmentofagriculturaltechniques,fewerpeoplegohungrynowthan20yearsago.C)Underprivilegedruralpeopleaccountforthreequartersofthosewhosufferfromhungeraroundtheworld.D)TheWTOunfairlyputpoorcountriesatadisadvantage.PassageThreeEffortstoeducatepeopleabouttherisksofsubstanceabuseseemtodetersomepeoplefromusingdangeroussubstances,ifsucheffortsarerealisticaboutwhatisgenuinelydangerousandwhatisnot.ObserveddeclinesintheuseofsuchdrugsasLSD,PCP,andQuaaludessincetheearly1970sareprobablyrelatedtoincreasedawarenessoftherisksoftheiruse,andsomeofthisawarenesswastheresultofwarningsaboutthesedrugsin“underground”papersreadbydrugusers.Suchsourcesareinfluential,becausetheydonotgiveasimple“alldrugsareterribleforyou”message.Drugusersknowtherearebigvariationsindangeramongdrugsandanti-drugeducationthatignoresordeniesthisislikelytoberidiculed.ThisisillustratedbythepopularityamongyoungmarijuanausersofReeferMadness,awidelyunrealisticpropagandafilmagainstmarijuanamadeinthe1930s.Thisfilmmadetheroundsofcollegecampusesinthe1970sandjoinedrock-musicvideosoncabletelevision’sMTVinthel980s.Insteadofdeterringmarijuana,itbecameacultfilmamongusers,manyofwhomgothightowatchit.Althoughpersuasioncanworkforsomepeopleifitisbalancedandreasonable,otherpeopleseemimmunetothemostreasonededucationalefforts.Millionshavestartedsmokingeventhoughtheconsiderablehealthrisksofsmokinghavebeenwellknownandpublicizedforyears.Moreover,theusefulnessofeducationliesinprimaryprevention:preventionofabuseamongthosewhopresentlyhavenoproblem.Hence,Bomier’s(1978)contentionthat“ifthePepsigenerationcanbepersuadedtodrinkpopwine,theycanbepersuadednottodrinkitwhiledriving”isprobablynotcorrect,sincemostdrunkendrivingisdonebypeoplewhoalreadyhavesignificantdrinkingproblems,andhenceseemnottobedissuadedevenbymuchstrongermeasuressuchaslossofadriver’slicense.31.Accordingtothepassage,uptonow,anti-drugeducation___________.A.hasmadeallpeopleseethedangerofdrugsB.hassucceededindissuadingpeoplefromusingdrugsC.hasbeeneffectiveonlytoacertaindegreeD.hasprovedtobeatotalfailure32.ThefilmReeferMadnessmentionedinthepassage___________.A.effectivelydeterredmarijuanauseB.wasrejectedbyyoungmarijuanausersC.didnotpicturethedangerofmarijuanarealisticallyD.waswelcomedbymarijuanausersbecauseittoldthemhowtogethigh33.Themessage“alldrugsareterribleforyou”isnotinfluentialbecause___________.A.itignoresthefactthatdrugsvarygreatlyindangerB.itgivesafalseaccountoftherisksofdraguseC.somedrugsaregoodforhealthD.itdoesnotappearinundergroundpapers34.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Evenbalancedandreasonableanti-drugpersuasionisinfluentialonlytosomepeople.B.Mostdrugusersareignorantofthedangerofdrugs.C.Punishmentssuchaslossofadriver’slicensedonotseemtobeaneffectivewaytostopdrunkendriving.D.Primarypreventionisausefulprincipletobefollowedinanti-drugeducation.35.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe___________.A.AreAllDrugsTerribleforYou?B.DoPeopleBelieveWhatUndergroundPapersSay?C.IsThereanIncreasedAwarenessoftheRisksofDrugs?D.CanPersuasionReduceDrugAbuse?PassageFourSociologyisdefinedasthestudyofhumangroups.Inthebroadestsense,sociologyisconcernedwithunderstandingpatternsofhumanrelationships,theircausesandtheireffects.Unlikepsychology,sociologydoesnotattempttoexplainthebehaviorofaparticularindividualundercertaincircumstances.Rather,sociologyfocusesonsocialtrendsorotherinfluencesthataffectwholegroupsorcategoriesofpeople.Thus,whileapsychologistmightcounselanindividualwhofeelsworthlessafterretiringfromalongandsuccessfulcareer,asociologistwouldbemorelikelytoexaminesocietalattitudesthatmaycontributetothelossofself-esteemexperiencedbymanyretiredpeopleinoursociety.TheemphasisthatsociologyplacesonhumangroupsratherthanindividualsstemsdirectlyfromtheworkofEmileDurkheim,apioneeringsociologistofthenineteenthcentury.Durkheimlikenedthenatureofasocialgrouptobronze,auniquemetalthatisformedwhenthemetalstin,copper,andleadaremeltedandmixedtogether.Durkheimnotedthatbronzeismuchharderthananyofitscomponentmetals.Inthesameway,hereasoned,thecharacteristicsofasocialgroupviewedasawholecannotbedeterminedsimplybyexaminingthecharacteristicsofitsindividualmembers.Norcanindividualsbeunderstoodstrictlyintermsoftheindividualsthemselves;whenpeoplecometogetherasmembersofaparticulargroup,thegroupexertsconsiderablepressureontheindividualtoconformtowhatitconsidersacceptablewaysofthinking,feeling,andbehaving.Besidesdevelopingatheoreticalfoundationforthestudyofsocialgroups,Durkheimalsoconductedresearchdesignedtocorroboratehistheoreticalwork.Usinglandmarkresearchmethods,Durkheimcollectedandanalyzeddatafromanumberofcountriesthatkeptrecordsonsuicides.Hewantedtoshowthatsocialenvironmentmayhaveaprofoundeffectevenonthosebehaviorsweconsidermostpersonal.Theresultsofhisstudyshowedthatsuicideratesdoindeedvaryaccordingtospecificsocialcharacteristics.Forexample,Durkheimfoundthatmembersofreligionswithstrongprohibitionsagainstsuicidearelesslikelytocommitsuicidethanaremembersofreligiousgroupswithweakerprohibitions.Healsofoundalowerincidenceofsuicideamongmarriedpersonsthanamongpersonswhoweresingleordivorced.Takentogether,thefindingsofDurkheim’sstudyprovidedconvincingevidencethatsocialgroupsdoindeedexertpressuresthatcontrolorregulatethebehaviorofindividuals,includingdeeplypersonalbehaviors.Durkheim’srigorousresearchmethodscapturedtheattentionofsociologistsaroundtheworld,andwereperhapsevenmoreimportanttothefuturedevelopmentofsociologythananyspecificresearchresultscouldbe.Withinashorttime,hisspecificapproachtoformulatingandtestingsocialtheorybecameamodelthatguidedtheworkofnearlyallsociologists.ThisassuredEmileDurkheimalastingplaceasoneofthekeyfiguresinthehistoryofsociology.36.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaoftheselection?A.BoththesocialgrouptheoryandthescientificresearchmethodsdevelopedbyDurkheimhavecontributedmuchtothefieldofsociology.B.Durkheimbelievedthatindividualmembersofagroupstronglyinfluencethegroup’swaysofthinking,feeling,andbehaving.C.TheresearchstudyconductedbyDurkheimprovidedstrongevidencethatsuicideratesvaryamongmembersofdifferentsocialgroups.D.Throughhisresearch,Durkheimmadegreatstridesindistinguishingsociologyfrompsychology.37.Thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthistextisto______________.A.outlinethestepsDurkheimfollowedinconductinghisresearchstudyB.describethewaysinwhichDurkheim’sworkhasinfluencedsociologyC.persuadethereaderthatsocialgroupscontrolmostofthebehaviorsoftheirindividualmembersD.explainthedifferencesbetweensociologyandpsychology38.Accordingtothetext,howdosociologistsandpsychologistsdiffer?A.Sociologistsaremoreconcernedwithexplainingbehaviorthanarepsychologists.B.Psychologistsfocusmoreonindividualsthandosociologists.C.Sociologistsspendmoretimehelpingpeoplesolvetheirproblemsthandopsychologists.D.Psychologistsaremoreinterestedinunderstandingpatternsofhumanrelationshipsthanaresociologists.39.Incomparingsocialgroupstobronze,Durkheimwishedtoillustratetheideathat_____________.A.asocialgrouphascharacteristicsthatdifferfromthoseofitsindividualmembersB.socialgroupsaremadeupofthreemajorcomponentpartsactingtogetherC.eachsocialgroupisauniqueentitythatisunlikeanyothersocialgroupD.socialgroupsareextremelydifficulttobreakapartoncetheyhavebeenformed40.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“model”asitisusedinthelastparag