醫(yī)學(xué)論文摘要撰寫和英語(yǔ)表達(dá)

醫(yī)學(xué)論文摘要撰寫和英語(yǔ)表達(dá)

暨南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)簡(jiǎn)介南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)編輯部王征愛整理ppt一、論文摘要概述

從論文內(nèi)容中摘出來(lái)的要點(diǎn)，是概括而不加注釋或評(píng)論的簡(jiǎn)短陳述，應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)煉、準(zhǔn)確、完整而能獨(dú)立成文，可以作為獨(dú)立的資料來(lái)使用和保存。1）類型――評(píng)論；提示/指示；資料；指示-資料；結(jié)構(gòu)2）形式――內(nèi)容決定形式3）內(nèi)容――摘/提取要點(diǎn)，故又稱摘要或提要：主要方法（含分組）、重要數(shù)據(jù)、本質(zhì)現(xiàn)象，核心論點(diǎn)，結(jié)論建議4）特點(diǎn)――短；精；完整：全文濃縮，同等價(jià)值

整理ppt摘要特點(diǎn)

短—因容量限制、儲(chǔ)存需要；精—全文的高度濃縮，集中體現(xiàn)文章的精華；完整—反映全文的信息量，能獨(dú)立成章，相當(dāng)于一篇完整的短文，具有與文章同等的閱讀、儲(chǔ)存、評(píng)價(jià)和使用價(jià)值。摘要中不用圖、表、公式、化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式和非公知非公用的符號(hào)或術(shù)語(yǔ)，一般不分段，不標(biāo)引參考文獻(xiàn)，避免直接使用略語(yǔ)，但可直接用公認(rèn)的縮略詞。整理ppt摘要的寫作如果作者對(duì)所寫的內(nèi)容胸中有數(shù)，可以先寫好摘要，再以摘要為基礎(chǔ)鋪開來(lái)寫全文，但一般是先寫完全文，再?gòu)奈闹谐樘嵋c(diǎn)，即所謂“提要”。寫好以后要回過(guò)頭來(lái)再對(duì)照正文核對(duì)幾次，看看內(nèi)容濃縮得如何。然后再看看結(jié)構(gòu)是否符合IM（M）RD要求。寫成以后要反復(fù)加工、潤(rùn)色文字。防止摘而不要、要而不全、全而不簡(jiǎn)、簡(jiǎn)而不明整理ppt對(duì)摘要的要求（1）內(nèi)容完整；（2）分組明了;（3）數(shù)據(jù)一致；（4）結(jié)論新穎，與目的對(duì)應(yīng)。整理ppt二、英文摘要與中文摘要的區(qū)別

主體內(nèi)容、基本數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論應(yīng)一致，但細(xì)節(jié)可略有差異：中文摘要詳細(xì)介紹國(guó)外新知（如新技術(shù)、新方法）；英文摘要重點(diǎn)描述國(guó)內(nèi)特色（如中醫(yī)名詞解釋、某些國(guó)內(nèi)公知簡(jiǎn)略術(shù)語(yǔ)的細(xì)化）。英文摘要是給外國(guó)人看的，外國(guó)人不懂中文，也就是說(shuō)看不懂正文，對(duì)他們而言，無(wú)論在何種場(chǎng)合，摘要都具有獨(dú)立性，因此就要求英文摘要比中文摘要更全面地反映全文主旨。整理ppt三、英文摘要國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1997年版5.7.2“報(bào)告、論文一般均應(yīng)有摘要，為了國(guó)際交流，還應(yīng)有外文（多用英文）摘要?！爆F(xiàn)實(shí):一般學(xué)術(shù)期刊都有英文摘要，數(shù)量各異，但付出與目的并非一致（對(duì)外而未達(dá)外）。副功：鍛煉寫作能力、增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)；供人模仿學(xué)習(xí)，但常誤人子弟。難度:3000－5000詞匯＋基本語(yǔ)感＋英語(yǔ)思維→修改基礎(chǔ)；非易事,但非不能，只要有追求＋精神。

整理ppt終審之一

洋洋灑灑二十萬(wàn)，字字句句過(guò)我篩。正體斜體需審定，大寫小寫亦仲裁。之二

常遇新語(yǔ)需釋義，遍翻辭書哪有跡？光盤檢索千百次，頭腦析分定無(wú)歧！

成都會(huì)議

蓉城十月是金秋，百萬(wàn)客房一無(wú)留，車水馬龍奔九寨，孤家寡人回廣州。

整理ppt國(guó)慶長(zhǎng)假賦

長(zhǎng)假又七天，人皆議景點(diǎn)；友人頻來(lái)電，問(wèn)可來(lái)游園？“學(xué)報(bào)十期在編，寫作課次層迭，保先自評(píng)三千，交稿近在眼前?！笨萍既招略庐悾抡Z(yǔ)屢見不鮮，英文修改何其難，長(zhǎng)詞短句須慎選。終日埋頭電腦前，常為一詞覓三天。鼠標(biāo)手，職業(yè)頸，熒屏眼。蟻影游動(dòng)，字里行間，困睡沙發(fā)，饑餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口涼水嘴也甜。諸君疑問(wèn)何所求？我為名刊當(dāng)總編！

（雖苦尤榮，樂(lè)在其中，成果初現(xiàn)）2005－10－06

整理ppt垂釣忙里偷閑應(yīng)郊游①，臨置漁具釣花都②。

人在池旁心系刊，一疊文稿不離手③。

【注釋】①郊游非本意，盛情難卻，應(yīng)邀出游。②不是釣魚人，不備釣魚竿，既然應(yīng)邀去了，只好臨時(shí)購(gòu)買釣魚工具；花都，地名，廣州市郊。③邀請(qǐng)推不掉，付印又在即，只好帶著稿件去。雖在魚塘邊，卻是釣竿插地，稿件在手，愿者上鉤吧。出于職業(yè)習(xí)慣，常常是在辦公室外看稿效率反倒更高。

20041211于花都臺(tái)灣花果園

整理ppt英文摘要撰寫授課提綱1.摘要的類型2.摘要常用詞和句型3.摘要的語(yǔ)態(tài)和人稱4.摘要的時(shí)態(tài)5.摘要常用表達(dá)和幾個(gè)/組高頻詞辨析6.虛詞的用法7.副詞的用法8.關(guān)于Chinglish9.修辭10.分詞、合成詞有關(guān)問(wèn)題11.名詞的特殊用法及名詞的數(shù)12.字體與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)整理ppt1、摘要的類型1.1評(píng)論性摘要(Criticalabstract)1.2說(shuō)明性摘要(Descriptiveabstract)1.3資料性摘要(Informativeabstract)1.4資料-指示性摘要(Informative-indicativeabstract)1.5結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(Structuredabstract)整理ppt1.1Criticalabstract不常用，可見于綜述，內(nèi)容上側(cè)重于評(píng)價(jià)/論理。Acutetubulointerstitialnephritis(ATIN)isacommondisordercharacterizedbyaspectrumofclinicalmanifestationsrangingfromasymptomaticurinaryabnormalitiestoacuteoliguricrenalfailure.Tubulardysfunctionoutofproportiontothedegreeofrenalfailureisanimportantcluetothediagnosis.Thisreviewdescribesitspathogenesis,pathophysiology,diagnosis,differentialdiagnosisandtherapy,emphasizingthedrug-inducedformofATIN.整理ppt1.2Descriptiveabstract又稱指示性或通報(bào)性摘要(Indicativeabstract)：說(shuō)明文章的內(nèi)容范圍，只是簡(jiǎn)單地報(bào)道研究主題，泛泛而談，不涉及具體內(nèi)容。一般只一到三句話，多見于臨床醫(yī)學(xué)論文。ExampleThesurvivalratesofaseriesofpatientswithunstableanginatreatedsurgicallyandmedicallyarecompared.整理ppt1.3Informativeabstract詳細(xì)、具體，重要觀點(diǎn)和數(shù)據(jù)Postoperativebleedingisusuallyattributedtostressulcer;however,occultpreoperativelesionscouldalsoberesponsible.To

determinetheirfrequencyandnature,

weprospectivelyexamined72patientsendoscopicallypriortomajorelectiveoperations.EntrycriteriaincludedaplannedstayintheSurgicalIntensiveCareUnit,>2days,andanegativehistory,physicalexamination,andstoolguaiac.Gastricandduodenalmucosaewerescoredseparately,usinga0-to7-pointscale.Scoresweregradednegative(0),hyperemia(1),

整理pptgastroduodenitis(2-5),mucosalerosions(6),andulcers(7).

Erosionsorulcerswerefoundin14%ofpatientsandgastroduodenitiswasanadditional10%.Wefoundthatnoneofthe27riskfactorsoranycombinationoffactorstestedcorrelatedwithulcers,erosions,orgastroduodenitis.Thus,patientswithasymptomaticgastroduodenalerosionsorulcerationscouldnotbeidentifiedpreoperatively,exceptbyendoscopy.Untilthesignificanceoftheselesionsascauseofpostoperativebleedingisdetermined,werecommendroutinepostoperativegastricpHtitrationwithantacidsforpatientsundergoingmajorelectiveoperations.

整理ppt1.4Informative-indicativeabstract

內(nèi)容更完整,多了一條提示（概括或提示性語(yǔ)言，相當(dāng)于目的）Therelationshipbetweendepressionandstressorsandtherelationshipbetweendepressioninchildrenanddepressionintheirparentswereinvestigated.

研究了抑郁癥與應(yīng)激因子和兒童抑郁與父母抑郁之間的關(guān)系整理ppt資料性摘要的資料性內(nèi)容Depressedchildrenaged7-11years(n=20)werecompared

withclinicalnon-depressedchildren(n=88)andnormalchildren(n=55).Children,mothersandfathersinthethreegroupsweretested.MeasuresincludedtheChildren‘sDepressionInventory(調(diào)查表),RecentLifeEventsScale(量表),StressorScaleandBeckDepressionInventory.Thefindings

showedthatchildrenandmothersinthedepressedgroupreportedmorestressorsthanotherchildrenandothermotherswhilefathersofchildreninthedepressedgroupdidnotreportmorestressors.Thefindingsalsoshowedthatmothersofdepressedchildrenweremoredepressedthanmothersofnormalchildrenwhiletherewerenodifferencesbetweenthescoresoffathersinthethreegroups.整理ppt1.5structuredabstract近年來(lái)產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種新型摘要。優(yōu)點(diǎn)：內(nèi)容完整，從目的、設(shè)計(jì)到結(jié)果、結(jié)論，一應(yīng)俱全；形式特別，層次清楚，一目了然，便于閱讀時(shí)選擇性查找；提供了固定的格式，便于作者書寫，免于費(fèi)時(shí)構(gòu)思，易于成文，也不致遺漏重要內(nèi)容；另外，也利于計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的貯存和檢索。缺點(diǎn)是文字多，占篇幅。整理pptBACKGROUND:Hypothyroidismisacommonconditionthatisfrequentlyirreversibleandrequireslifelongthyroidreplacementtherapy.OBJECTIVE:ToassesstheincidenceandfactorsthatcanpredictreversibilityofhypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto'sthyroiditis.METHODS:Westudied79patientsinwhomHashimoto’sthyroiditiswasdiagnosedaccordingtosuggestivecytologicalfeaturesand/orthepresenceofthyroidantibodies(antimicrosomalantibodytiter,>or=1:1600;antiglobulinantibodytiter,>or=1:400)….RESULTS:Afterwithdrawaloflevothyroxinetreatment,thyroidbloodtestsshowedthatthedegreeofhypothyroidismworsenedin20patients,remainedunchangedin40,andimprovedin19.Ninepatients(11.4%)didshownormalizationofthethyroidbloodtest....CONCLUSIONS:OurresultsconfirmthathypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto'sthyroiditisisnotalwayspermanent.Thepresenceofalargergoiterandhighthyrotropinlevelsatthetimeofdiagnosis,associatedwithafamilialincidenceofthyroiddisease,mayberelatedtoanincreasedincidenceofhypothyroidismremission.整理ppt2、摘要常用詞和句型3．1表達(dá)目的的常用詞、句型或結(jié)構(gòu)3．2表達(dá)方法的句型3．3表達(dá)結(jié)果的句型3．4表達(dá)結(jié)論的句型

整理ppt2．1表達(dá)目的的常用詞和句型或結(jié)構(gòu)

2.1.1摘要中表示“目的”常用詞的用法常用名詞（字順）①

aim

A名詞用法：目的Theaimofthisinvestigation/study/thepresentstudywasto....Ouraimistodeterminewhetheraclinicallyrelevantpositiveinotropiceffect（增強(qiáng)收縮力作用）canbedemonstratedinhumans./establishanobjective,easy-to-usetechniquetoevaluate….

Theaimsofthisstudywere:1)to...；and2)to....整理pptB動(dòng)詞用法：目的是，旨在a.主動(dòng)態(tài)后接動(dòng)詞不定式Thisstudyaimedto.…/Weaimedto.…/Thisarticleaimsto.…b.主動(dòng)態(tài)后接介詞at＋動(dòng)名詞Thisresearchaimedatidentifying....

c.被動(dòng)態(tài)后接介詞at＋動(dòng)名詞

Thisstudywas

aimedatdocument-ing....

整理ppt②Attempt嘗試

A名詞用法

Anattemptwasmadeto..../Anattempthasbeenmadeto..../Anattemptwasundertakento.…

Thepresentstudyisanattempttoreplicateearlierevidencethat....

Forthisreason,anattemptwasundertakenfor....嘗試干….

整理pptInanattempttoextendthisfinding,threeexperimentswereconducted....

Inafirstattempttoelucidateitsfunction,weexamined....

B動(dòng)詞用法：試圖Inthisstudyweattemptto....Theauthorsattempttoevaluatethedegree....

整理ppt

③Goal目的，目標(biāo)

Amajorgoalispreventionofacceleration-inducedlossofconsciousness.

Thegoalofthisinvestigationwasto....

Ourgoalwastodescribecommonstrategiesinclinicaldatacollection….

Goal一詞的含義、用法及其句式跟名詞aim完全一樣，例句從略。

整理ppt④Intend想要，旨在(人作主語(yǔ)用主動(dòng)態(tài)，事物作主語(yǔ)用被動(dòng)態(tài))

Inthisstudy,weintendedtotestthehypothesisthat,....Thisreport/paperisintendedto.…Inbriefthearticleisintendedto.…Thisthree-groupdesign/Thisstudywasintendedto....Itisintendedtoremindthereader….整理ppt⑤Intent意圖，目的

Theintentofthestudywasto....(相對(duì)其他詞而言，不太常用于文摘中目的句場(chǎng)合)Itisourintent目的toprovideabriefuser'sexplanationofthesevariouscomponentsandpresentthecommonlyusedmethods.⑥Objective

Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluate….

在結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要里常用作標(biāo)題或項(xiàng)目詞：ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion(s)整理ppt⑦Purpose

Purpose的用法同aim。如：

Thepurposeofthisstudywastoinves-tigatetheinfluenceofsinteringtemperatureoninvivoandinvitrobioactivitiesofsinteredtricalciumphosphate(TCP)sheetspreparedbythetapecastingtechnique.

但在forthepurpose(of)這一固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用aim替換其中的purpose。如：...isdescribedforthepurposeof....整理ppt（2）目的句中的常用動(dòng)詞(多用被動(dòng)態(tài))①Carryout執(zhí)行，實(shí)行，進(jìn)行

Theretrospectivestudy/Anexperimentalstudy/Aninvestigationwascarriedout

to

evaluate....Wecarriedoutthisstudytodetermine....②Conduct引導(dǎo)，實(shí)施，進(jìn)行

A(...)study/survey/Anexperimentwasconductedtoestablish/investigate....整理ppt③Perform做，進(jìn)行；施行；執(zhí)行

Thisstudywasperformedtodetermine....Thisanalysiswasperformed

toexamine④Undertake

從事，著手做

Humanstudieshavebeenundertakentotestthisthesis.⑤Design設(shè)計(jì)

Thisstudy/Thepresentstudy/Ourstudywasdesignedto....Wealsodesignedaninvitrostudyto....整理ppt⑥D(zhuǎn)evelop研制，創(chuàng)立/建立(establish,construct,create)…method(s)...was(were)developedto(動(dòng)詞不定式)/for(名詞或動(dòng)名詞)....Twomethods

weredevelopedtodisplace….

Wehavealsodevelopedamethodforanalyzing….formulation/drug/strategy/protocol/recipe/modelToestablishanappropriatein-vivo

modeltoevaluatenewtherapeuticstrategies….Toconstructastate-transition(Markov)model/Tocreateananimalmodel

還有一個(gè)常用的詞execute=carryout,perform,conduct。注意英美人幾乎不用它來(lái)“處死”動(dòng)物。整理ppt2.1.2結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要中表示目的常見不定式結(jié)構(gòu)

ToanalyzewhetherpatientswithRAhaveanintrinsicdefect（先天性缺陷）inTcellproliferation....Toascertain確定/assess評(píng)價(jià)/characterize表現(xiàn)、描繪特征，給定性/clarify澄清，弄清/compare比較、對(duì)比/construct構(gòu)建/create創(chuàng)建/describe敘述、介紹/determine決定、測(cè)定/develop研制、發(fā)展/distinguish區(qū)別/elaborate詳盡闡述/elucidate闡明/establish建立/Estimate估計(jì)/evaluate評(píng)價(jià)/examine檢查/explore探討/expose暴露/help幫助/identify鑒定/investigate調(diào)查/isolate分離/provide提供/quantify定量/report報(bào)道/study研究/test測(cè)試/understand理解、了解….Tovalidatecriteriapredicting….為了驗(yàn)證預(yù)測(cè)…的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)整理ppt2.2表達(dá)方法的句型2.2.1using/byusing分句+主動(dòng)態(tài)主句Usingarabbitmodelofpneumococcalmeningitis,wecompared...and....2.2.2using/byusing分句+被動(dòng)態(tài)主句Byusingamultivariateriskalgorithm,Downsyndromecaseswereanalyzed.

（3.2.2不常用）整理ppt2.2.3被動(dòng)態(tài)＋using/byusing/by/with引出的狀語(yǔ)ThediagnoseswereestablishedusingAmericanCollegeofRheumatology

criteria.Themechanismof...wasstudiedbyusingasetof....PCRproductsweredetectedbygelelectrophoresisanddot-blothybridization.Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywith....整理ppt2.2.4敘述方法最常涉及的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞(carryout、conduct、perform、do、make、execute、develop;receive、undergo;had等)及其句型Hyperthermiawascarriedoutusinganovelwater-filtered,infrared-Aradiationtechnique.Aprospectivestudywasdonein76subjectswhounderwent....Clinicalevaluationsweremadeinthe14patientsincluding4withpharyngitis,7withtonsillitis,.…整理ppt

Allthepatientsreceived

satis-factoryanesthesiaforoperation....patientsunderwentopera-tionsandtherewerenooperativedeaths.Amongthe62survivors,18hadanotheroperation.整理ppt2.2.5表達(dá)分組的句型…be(randomly)divided/allocated/assignedcategorized/classified/grouped/separated/clust-ered

(in)to...groups....berandomizedinto....groups...be(randomly)…into...groups,basedon...Thegroupswereasfollows….(例句見《第一軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)》2002，11：669－70)

equallydivided=evenlydivided=equalgroups整理ppt2.2.6有關(guān)各種檢查的句型

Bloodsugar（項(xiàng)目）wasexaminedin50patients（對(duì)象）.Fiftypatients（對(duì)象）wereexaminedforbloodsugar…（項(xiàng)目）by（手段）at2and24hafteradmission.

寫“檢查”句的時(shí)候，注意for的用法：檢查病人的x可以說(shuō)：Thex（項(xiàng)目）wasexaminedin…patientsby（方法），也可以說(shuō)：Thepatientwasexaminedforx

（項(xiàng)目）by（方法）

“評(píng)價(jià)”一類詞也可如此用：Patientswereevaluatedforocularinflammationdegree,visualacuity,numberofocularattacksandincidenceofadverseevents.整理ppt2.2.6有關(guān)各種檢查的句型2

在描述用顯微鏡觀察或檢查什么的時(shí)候，很多人常常用錯(cuò)microscope和microscopy這兩個(gè)詞，作者來(lái)稿中常常見到這樣的句子：...wasobservedwith/underelectronmicroscopy或...wasobservedbyelectronmicroscope.

（后一種不算太錯(cuò)，但不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，by換成under或with更好。）正確的用法是：undermicroscope;bymicroscopy;withmicroscopeEachtoothwassectionedandexaminedfordyepenetrationunderastereomicroscope(×60magnification).整理ppt2.3表達(dá)結(jié)果的句型2.3.1敘述觀察或發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么(1)主動(dòng)態(tài)句：Wefound(observed,noted,saw,recorded...)that...

(2)被動(dòng)態(tài)句：Itwasfound(observed,noted,seen,recorded...)that.…整理ppt2.3.2量的

或

泛言

或

Theprevalenceincreasedwithage.//CyclicAMPlevelswereincreasedbyNECA乙基羧化腺苷.Estrogenreplacementtherapyreducedexcretionofzinc,.......levelsrapidlydeclinedinHL-60cellsfollowinginductionofapoptosisby…,butweretransientlyelevatedbytwootherapoptosis-inducingagents....levelsof…greatlydeclinedwithasubsequentincreaseintheconcentrationof....整理ppt(2)

或

了多少

一般地說(shuō)，應(yīng)該用by引出實(shí)際增加或減少的數(shù)目：

Cellnumberincreased

byalmost50%duringthefirst24-hafterthebeginningoftreatment.

Zincexcretiondecreased

by35%after3monthsand26%after1yearoftreatment.

2.3.2量的

或

整理ppt

(3)從多少

或

到多少

Urinemaximumflowrateandaverageflowrateincreased

significantly

from...to...andfrom...to...,respectively.Residualurinevolumedecreased

significantly

from...tolessthan....significantly在這里當(dāng)“有意義地”講。

By60minofreperfusion,levelsof6-ketowerereducedtothoseintheIVC.2.3.2量的

或

整理ppt(4)跟B相比，A

或

了

Healingtimesofthedonorsitesweresignificantlydecreased(as)comparedwithpatients.......showedasignificantincrease

incomparisonwithpreviousdeterminations.Inconclusion,duringthefirstposttransplantyeartheserumleptinlevelsdecreasedsignificantlyinrelationtopretransplantperiod.2.3.2量的

或

整理pptAssociation與associated

Therewasa/an...association

of

A

with

B/between

A

and

B.//...didnotdemonstratean

associationofA

with

B.//...suggestthatAappearstohaveno

association

with

B.//A...associationwasobserved*between

AandB.//Associations

between

A

and

Bwereassessedwith/by....//Awasassociated

withB.

同、與、跟：…ofAwithB；之間：betweenAandB.2.3.3表示關(guān)系的句型整理pptA...correlationwasfound*forA

andB/between

A

andB.//No(statisticallysignificant)correlationwasfound*between

A

and

B.//Therewasa(no)...correlation

betweenA

andB/amongthefour....//Correlation

betweenconcentrationsinA

andB

serumwaspoor

....//Correlationswerehighest

betweenmeasureswithsimilarresponseformats.*found可以是noted、seen、observed、obtained等。Correlation與correlated整理ppt

Acorrelated(well**)with/toB.//Abe...**correlated

with

B.//

Abenotcorrelatedto

B.A

didnot

correlatewith

B.//A...**correlates

with

B.**此處副詞可以據(jù)意使用closely、directly、highly、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之類詞。TheplasmasIL-2Rwaspositivelycorrelatedto/withtheplasmaMDA丙二醛.Correlated（續(xù)）整理ppt跟relation搭配的介詞用to、between…AandB及with（少見），如：Intralymphocyticsodiumandfreecalciumconcentrationsinrelation

tosaltsensitivityinpatientswithessentialhypertension.這里to可以換成with，但不常用with。Inaddition,therewasasignificantrelation

between

A

and

B.AmorelikelytoberelatedtoB.//Amaybe...**relatedto

B....//Awerenotrelated

to

B.Relation與related整理pptRelation與relatedTherelationship

betweenA

and

Bhasbeenwellestablishedinhistopathologicalstudies.//Norelationshipwasnoted*between

A

and

B.//Regressionanalysisshowednorelationship

betweenA

and

B.//Incontrast,therewerehighlysignificantrelationships

between

A

and

B.A與B和C兩者的關(guān)系怎么表達(dá)?

TherelationshipbetweenAandbothBandC

整理ppt2．3．4表示比較的句型2．3．4．1相同比較用as...as...等表示Ourdatasupportpreviousuncontrolledobservationsthatmedium-doseUVA1iscomparably

aseffectiveas

high-dosetreatmentforpatientswithseveregeneralizedatopicdermatitis.全身特異反應(yīng)性皮炎/有可比性，同等Theincidenceinmiddleagedgroupisalmostashighasthatinoldpeople.Low-dosecyclosporinAwasaseffectiveas

traditionaldisease-modifyingantirheumaticdrugs緩解疾病的抗風(fēng)濕性藥物incontrollingclinicalsymptoms.

asquickaslightning

迅如閃電；aslightasafeather輕如鴻毛整理ppt

（1）A+比較級(jí)+than

B：Generally,menarehigherthanwomen.

（2）動(dòng)詞＋比較級(jí)＋than：AsecretedandexpressedhigheramountsthandidB.

（3）比較級(jí)主句＋comparedwith：A

waslower

inOAchondrocytes(as)comparedwithB.

（4）Incomparisonwith…，＋比較級(jí)主句：

Incomparisonwith

B,Aoccurredearlier,butdisplayedaclearlylowermagnitudeofexpression.（5）Themore…themore

越是…就越…

2．3．4．2不同比較整理ppt1）省略

①?gòu)木渲心承┏煞郑ㄖ^語(yǔ)）Thewarmerwater(is),thefasteritevaporates.水越熱，蒸發(fā)越快。

Thesmallertheparticles(are),themorefreelydotheymove.粒子越小，運(yùn)動(dòng)越自由。

（do為倒裝助動(dòng)詞）

②主、從句中主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)全部省略，如：Themore,thebetter.多多益善。

Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。

2）詞序

①倒裝詞序：The+比較級(jí)(從句)，the+比較級(jí)（主句）

從句在前，主句在后，主從句的比較級(jí)都在謂語(yǔ)之前，并且不能把more和后面的形容詞、副詞及名詞分開：

整理pptThemoreheworkedonthearithmeticproblem,themoreconfusedhebecame.

這道算術(shù)題他越做越糊涂。

②正常詞序+比較級(jí)（主句），the+比較級(jí)＋被比較成分或從句。主句在前，從句在后，主句的比較級(jí)在謂語(yǔ)之后：Thereforeacompoundisconsideredthemorestable,thesmalleritspotentialenergy.因此勢(shì)能越小，化合物就被認(rèn)為越穩(wěn)定。3）語(yǔ)序大多數(shù)情況是前者為從屬分句（相當(dāng)于程度狀語(yǔ)分句），后者為主句：AccordingtoKeynes,thegreaterthetotalincomeofanationis,theless(the)peoplewanttoinvest,becauseitisnotprofitabletoinvestwhenproductionishighlydeveloped.結(jié)論是：主句若用正常語(yǔ)序，則前置；換言之，若主句前置，則主句為常序。整理ppt4）翻譯

英譯漢，先從后主，即“順句倒譯，倒句順譯”；漢譯英，正序翻譯主句在前，倒序翻譯主句在后。

（6）notso...as

不如(或沒(méi)有)…那樣（醫(yī)論文不多見）

notas...as

和...不一樣

（提法不一；手冊(cè)強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)別）

TheincidenceofacuteDVisnotascommonamongwomenvisitinganEDaspreviouslyreported,althoughthecumulativeprevalenceofDVisstrikinglyhigh.

The

lineABisnotaslongasthelineCD,butalittlelonger/shorter.AB線和CD線的長(zhǎng)度不一樣，AB線長(zhǎng)一些（短一些）。（手27）

HeadacheofpatientAwasnotso/assevereasthatofpatientB.

甲病人頭痛沒(méi)有/不如乙病人重。

(指南88)整理ppt就是多用了指示代詞that或those，如：SDHactivityinthecochleawasloweringroupAthan(that)ingroupB.比較狀語(yǔ)（同等結(jié)構(gòu)里多了個(gè)詞；找不到這個(gè)that所替代的對(duì)象，無(wú)由存在）把that去掉就對(duì)了。要用that的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是：

SDHactivityinthecochleaingroupAwaslowerthanthatingroupB.比較主語(yǔ)（必需兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)，且位置相當(dāng)；這個(gè)that替代的是畫線部分，有理由存在不可或缺）

就如漢語(yǔ)里講：個(gè)子你比我（的個(gè)子－講不通）高；你的個(gè)子比我的個(gè)子（不可缺）高。比較級(jí)句中一個(gè)最常見的錯(cuò)誤整理ppt2.4表達(dá)結(jié)論的句型2.4.1由結(jié)果引出結(jié)論

The/These/Ourresult(s)/finding(s)/study(ies)/data/observation/analysis...(主語(yǔ))show(s)/showed/suggest(s/ed)/indicate(s/d)/reveal(s/ed)/confirm(s/ed)

/demonstrate(s/d)//illustrate(s/d)point(s/ed)out/support(s/ed)/provide(s/d)evidence/accord(s/ed)with/agree(s/d)wellwith...

(謂語(yǔ))that(賓語(yǔ)從句)....整理ppt

show(s)/showedsuggest(s)/-edindicate(s)/-dresultsreveal(s)/-edfindingsconfirm(s)/-edThe/Our→study/iesdemonstrate(s)/-d→thatdataillustrate(s)/-dobservationpoint(s)/-edoutanalysissupport(s)/-edprovide(s)/-devidenceaccord(s)/-edwithagree(s)/-dwellwith整理ppt2.4.2直接表達(dá)結(jié)論Itisconcludedthattheantiplateletactionofgingerol姜酚ismainlyduetotheinhibitionofthromboxaneformation.

Itwasconcludedthatflumazenil氟馬澤尼10micrograms?kg-1doesnotinfluencerecoveryfrompropofolanesthesia.

Onthebasisoftheobtainedresultsithasbeenconcludedthat….

（得出的）結(jié)論是；可以下這樣的結(jié)論；已經(jīng)得出結(jié)論整理ppt

Theconclusionwasthat….結(jié)論是……

Ourprincipalconclusionisthat….我們的主要結(jié)論是

Weconcludedthat

Theyconcludedthat

(1)….;(2)….;....

Theauthorsconcludedthat….…下的結(jié)論是

Inconclusion,wethinkthattheleukemictrans-formationmighthavebeendevelopedinthenaturalcourseofessentialthrombocythemia（血小板增多）inthepresentcase.However,wecannotexclude....

最后；總之；綜上所述整理ppt2.4.3在conclusion標(biāo)題后直接描述CONCLUSION:Color-flowDopplerultrasonographyisasensitiveandnoninvasivetechniqueforevaluatingvasculardamageofthekidneyinpatientswithsystemicsclerosis.CONCLUSIONS:ParentsandchildrentendtoreportcomparablechildHRQLoutcomes,andthisisparticularlytrueinoncologypopulations.Incasesinwhichthechildiseithertooyoungortooilltoprovideaself-report,parent-reportedHRQLcanbeviewedasareliablesubstitute.

整理ppt3摘要的語(yǔ)態(tài)和人稱

醫(yī)學(xué)科技論文大多數(shù)情況不需強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，而是要突出動(dòng)作承受者，而強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者，則要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故被動(dòng)態(tài)多見。除非采用第一人稱可避免語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)繁瑣、累贅從而更易于理解，一般應(yīng)采用第三人稱。Thestudywasperformed/patientswerestudied/operatedon/animalsweredivided.整理ppt

注意目的句的語(yǔ)態(tài)

狀語(yǔ)句首，主動(dòng)態(tài)：為了什么，我們做了什么。

Toexaminethepotentialcooperation協(xié)同作用betweenPARandinflammatorystimuli,weinvestigatedtheeffectsof…onendothelialcells.

PAR:perennialallergicrhinitis常年性變應(yīng)性鼻炎,全年性過(guò)敏性鼻炎狀語(yǔ)后置時(shí)，被動(dòng)態(tài)：什么被做，以便于….Theeffectof…on…wasinvestigatedtoexaminethepotentialcooperationbetween….整理ppt4、摘要的時(shí)態(tài)4.1時(shí)態(tài)概述－目的部分表示研究目的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而表示本文目的則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，前者是指著手研究前確定的研究目的、行為或狀態(tài)已成過(guò)去；后者是介紹本文的中心意圖，與文同存。

Thepurposeofthisarticle

istodiscuss....

Thepurposeofthisstudy

was

totestthesafetyandeffectivenessof....整理ppt4.2時(shí)態(tài)概述－方法部分摘要或正文的方法部分?jǐn)⑹龅膬?nèi)容都是實(shí)驗(yàn)或研究過(guò)程中發(fā)生的事，因而都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如：

Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywithslow-actingantirheumaticdrugsforanaverageof6.2years,andwerecloselymonitoredclinically.Severaloutcomemeasureswereapplied,andtheresults

werecomparedwithfindingsinpreviouslydescribedcohorts.

outcome是要測(cè)量的項(xiàng)目，result是通過(guò)測(cè)量取得的結(jié)果。

整理ppt4.3時(shí)態(tài)概述－結(jié)果部分

（含由結(jié)果引出結(jié)論）Weconfirm/foundthatthelevelofplasmaobeseproteinintheNIDDMpatientsis/wassignificantlylowerthanthatofthenormalsubjectsandtheobesitypatients,andis/wascloselycorrelatedtothesymptomofpolyphagia.Thesefindings

suggestthattheobeseproteiniscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofNIDDM.NIDDM:noninsulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus

過(guò)去式只反映當(dāng)時(shí)情況；現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示具有真理性，很確定，可用作參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。整理ppt4.4時(shí)態(tài)概述－結(jié)論部分結(jié)論是作者對(duì)所得結(jié)果的評(píng)語(yǔ)，是寫文章當(dāng)時(shí)(既不是過(guò)去也不是將來(lái))的觀點(diǎn)，而且科學(xué)的結(jié)論往往具有普遍真理的性質(zhì)。因此，寫一般結(jié)論時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

Inconclusion,patientsinfectedwithinfluenzaAsubtypeH5NIareatriskofmajorcomplications,especiallysevereprimaryviralpneumonia.….Rapidviraldiagnosisisfeasibleandusefulinclinicalmanagement.

整理ppt4.5時(shí)態(tài)概述—綜合

值得指出的是，用結(jié)果來(lái)引出結(jié)論的句子，其謂語(yǔ)用什么時(shí)態(tài)，要視下面兩種情況定（1）前面不敘述具體結(jié)果，只是告訴讀者從研究或測(cè)得的結(jié)果里，能得出什么結(jié)論，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)?！?Epidemiologicalevidenceandthefindingsofthisstudysuggestedthattherespiratorytractistheprimetargetorganinthesuddeninfantsyndrome.整理ppt（2）前面介紹了具體結(jié)果，接著說(shuō)“這些結(jié)果表明/提示/揭示……”，主句的謂語(yǔ)就得用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

GSD（骨質(zhì)溶解）serummarkedlyincreasedthenumberofMNC（多核細(xì)胞)formedintheseculturescomparedtothatinnormalserum.GSDserum,collectedafterfurthertherapy,didnotenhancethenumberofMNCformedinmarrowculturescomparedtothatinnormalserum.Elevatedlevelsofinterleukin-6(IL-6)weredetectedintheearlierGSDserumthatwere7timestheupperlimitofthenormalrange,andafterfurthertreatment,IL-6levelsfelltoonequarterthepretreatmentvalue.ThelevelsofIL-1beta,tumornecrosisfactor-alpha,

整理ppttransforminggrowthfactor-alpha,PTH（甲狀旁腺激素）,andPTH-relatedpeptideinpretreatmentGSDserumwerenotincreased.Moreover,theadditionofneutralizingantibodiestoIL-6tothenormalhumanbonemarrowcultureseffectivelyblockedtheincreaseinMNCformationinducedbyactiveGSDserum.Thesedata

suggestthatboneresorptioninGSDpatientsisduetoenhancedosteoclastactivity,andthatIL-6mayplayaroleintheincreasedboneresorptioninGSD.Seealsoppt66整理ppt時(shí)態(tài)概述—綜合2

★注意：這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主句，那么，從句用什么時(shí)態(tài)？請(qǐng)看下面的例子：White’sfindingsdemonstratedthatXYZcellsgrowatpH6.8.Airwasremovedfromthechamberandthemicedied,whichprovesthatmicerequireair.Thevalues