學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作：Lecture 3 Structure of an English Paper

LectureThreeStructureofanEnglishPaperIntroduction12Body3ContentsConclusionStructureofapaperTitleAbstractIntroductionbodyconclusionReferencesIntroductionofanEnglish

researchpaperIntroduction“Introduction”=thebroadbeginningofawrittenassignment.Itshouldsetthecontextforthepaper.---Introducingthegeneralresearchareaincludingitsbackground,importance,andpresentlevelofdevelopment.Orreviewingpreviousresearchinthisarea.Itshouldstatewhythemainideaisimportant.---Indicatingtheproblemthathasnotbeensolvedbypreviousresearch,raisingarelevantquestionorspecifyingthepurposeofyourresearch.Itoutlinesthecontentsofyourpaper.Athesisstatementistypicallyplacedattheendofanintroductiontoannounceyourmajorfindings.BodyofanEnglish

researchpaperWritingthebody

TheBody–Themaindiscussionoftheissue,brokendownintopartstohelpthereaderunderstandyourlineofthought.

WritingtheBodyThebodyconsistsofparagraphseachofwhichisacollectionofrelatedsentencesdealingwithasingletopic.Youcanhavefantasticideas,butifthoseideasarenotpresentedinparagraphsinanorganizedstyle,youwillloseyourreadersandfailtoachieveyourgoalsinwriting.Claim+reason+evidence+acknowledgement+responseCasefordiscussion:claim:TVcanhaveharmfulpsychologicaleffectsonchildren

WritingtheBodyMainclaim:TVcanhaveharmfulpsychologicaleffectsonchildrenReason1supportingtheclaim:Becausewhentheyareconstantlyexposedtoviolentimages,theycometothinkviolenceisnatural.Reason2supportingreason1:constantexposuretoviolentimagesmakesthemunabletodistinguishfantasyfromreality.Evidence:Smith(2010)foundthatchildrenaged5-7whowatchedmorethanthreehoursofviolenttelevisionadaywere25percentmorelikelytosaythatwhattheysawontelevisionwas“reallyhappening.”

WritingtheBodyAcknowledgement:ofcourse,somechildrenwhowatchmoreviolententertainmentmightalreadyhaveviolentvalues.Response:butJones(2009)foundthatchildrenwithnopredisposition(傾向)toviolencewereasattractedtoviolentimagesasthosewithaviolenthistory.

WritingtheBodyIdea:Iclaimthat…Reason:becauseofthesereasons…Evidence:whichIbaseonthisevidence…Acknowledgementandresponse:Iacknowledgethesequestions,andIrespondtothemwiththeseargumements…

WritingtheBodyexerciseAnalyzethisparagraphincludingthefiveelementsjustdiscussed.exerciseSolvingtheenvironmentalproblemisdifficultbecauseofthehightreatmentcost,enterprisesresponsibilityevasionandtheweakenvironmentalawarenessofthepublic.

AccordingtoBusinessWeek

，Chinaneedstospendupto$175billioninordertofightingagainstpollution.

Itisequivalentto7%ofChina‘seconomicoutput.Itisahighcost.80%ofenterpriseswanttoavoidresponsibilityafterpolluting.Besides，accordingtoaPublicopinionpolls,60%ofpeoplehavenoenvironmentawareness.Alloftheseresultinthedeteriorationoftheenvironment.Therearemanycompaniesorindividuals

whowerecontributedtotheenvironmentalprotection.Itplayedaroletoacertaindegree.Buttheenvironmentproblemshavebeenanurgentproblem.Itneedsthejointeffortsofthegovernmentandenterprisesandthepublic.exerciseIdea：solvingenvironmentproblemsisdifficultReason：Solvingtheenvironmentalproblemisdifficultbecauseofthehightreatmentcost,enterprisesresponsibilityevasionandtheweakenvironmentalawarenessofthepublic.Evidence：AccordingtoBusinessWeek，

Chinaneedstospendupto$175billioninordertofightingagainstpollution.Itisequivalentto7%ofChina‘seconomicoutput.Itisahighcost.80%ofenterpriseswanttoavoidresponsibilityafterpolluting.BesidesaccordingtoaPublicopinionpolls,60%ofpeoplehavenoenvironmentawareness.Alloftheseresultinthedeteriorationoftheenvironment.Acknowledge：Iadmitthattherearemanycompaniesorindividuals

whowerecontributedtotheenvironmentalprotection.Itplayedaroletoacertaindegree.Response：Buttheenvironmentproblemshavebeenanurgentproblem.Itneedsthejointeffortsofthegovernmentandenterprisesandthepublic.Structureofapaper:bodyItshouldbethelongestsectionofyourpaper.

Avoidthephrases"Ithink"or"Ifeel.“Readyourpaperaloudandhavesomeoneelsereadyourpaper.AvoidPlagiarism.ConclusionofanEnglish

researchpaperConcludingapaperWritingtheConclusionTheconclusionisthelastmagictouchofyouracademicpaper.

Conclusion

Theconclusionshouldinsomewaybeconnectedwiththeintroduction.Itisasummaryorrestatementofthepointofviewputforward,orananswertothequestionposed,intheintroduction.StrategyforaneffectiveconclusionItisimportanttohaveastrongconclusion,sincethisisthelastchanceyouhavetomakeanimpressiononyourreader.Specifically,yourconclusionshouldaccomplishthreemajorgoals:Threemajorgoals

Restatethemainideaofyouressay,oryourthesisstatementSummarizethethreesubpointsofyouressayLeavethereaderwithaninterestingfinalimpressionWaystorealizethemajorgoalsTotellthereaderthatyouarefinishingyouracademicpaper.Andothers…?UsefulwaystowriteagoodconcludingparagraphAsummaryofthemainideaArestatementofthethesisstatementAfinalcomment,discovery,orattitude.

AsolutiontotheproblemsExercise

Theparagraphbelowisanexampleconclusionforthesampleessaytopic.Asyouread,thinkaboutwhateachsentenceaccomplisheswithintheparagraph.Whatsentence(s)restatetheessay’sthesisstatement?Whatsentence(s)summarizetheessay’sthreesubpoints?Whatsentence(s)leavethereaderwithaninterestingfinalimpression?“Inconclusion,althoughthetwentiethcenturyhasindeedgivenusalotofadvantagesbymakingusricher,healthier,andfreertoenjoyourlives,ithas,inmyopinion,notmadeuswiser.ThetwentiethcenturyhasalsomadeourEarthdirtier,ourpeoplelesshumane,andourspirituallivespoorer.Weshouldcontinuetoenjoythebenefitsoftechnologicaladvancementsbecausetheyfreeustopursueourinterestsandgoals.However,wemustmakeaconcertedefforttopreserveournaturalenvironmentforfuturegenerations.Moreover,weshouldtakethetimenowtomakeourlivesmoremeaningfulinanincreasinglyimpersonal,mechanizedworld.”Exercise

Canyoufindthesymbolicwordsandsentencesinthisparagraph?Exercise

Inconclusion,althoughthetwentiethcenturyhasindeedgivenusalotofadvantagesbymakingusricher,healthier,andfreertoenjoyourlives,ithas,

inmyopinion,notmadeuswiser.ThetwentiethcenturyhasalsomadeourEarthdirtier,ourpeoplelesshumane,andourspirituallivespoorer.

Weshouldcontinuetoenjoythebenefitsoftechnologicaladvancementsbecausetheyfreeustopursueourinterestsandgoals.However,

wemustmakeaconcertedefforttopreserveournaturalenvironmentforfuturegenerations.Moreover,

we