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TheFourAgesofPoetry詩(shī)歌的四個(gè)時(shí)代POETRY,liketheworld,maybesaidtohavefourages,butinadifferentorder:thefirstageofpoetrybeingtheageofiron;thesecond,ofgold;thethird,ofsilver:andthefourth,ofbrass.詩(shī)歌和世界一樣,可以說(shuō)有四個(gè)時(shí)代,但順序不同:詩(shī)歌的第一個(gè)時(shí)代是鐵的時(shí)代;第二個(gè)是金的時(shí)代;第三個(gè)是銀的時(shí)代;第四個(gè)是銅的時(shí)代。Thefirst,orironageofpoetry,isthatinwhichrudebardscelebrateinroughnumberstheexploitsofruderchiefs,indayswheneverymanisawarrior,andwhenthegreatpracticalmaximofeveryformofsociety,"tokeepwhatwehaveandtocatchwhatwecan,isnotyetdisguisedundernamesofjusticeandformsoflaw,butisthenakedmottoofthenakedsword,whichistheonlyjudgeandjuryineveryquestionofmeumandtuum.Thesedays,theonlythreetradesflourishing(besidesthatofpriestwhichflourishesalways)arethoseofking,thief,andbeggar:thebeggarbeingforthemostpartakingdejected,andthethiefakingexpectant.Thefirstquestionaskedofastrangeris,whetherheisabeggarorathief:thestranger,inreply,usuallyassumesthefirst,andawaitsaconvenientopportunitytoprovehisclaimtothesecondappellation.詩(shī)歌的第一個(gè)時(shí)代,或者說(shuō)鐵的時(shí)代,是粗野的吟游詩(shī)人以粗野的數(shù)字頌揚(yáng)粗野的酋長(zhǎng)的功績(jī)的時(shí)代,在這個(gè)時(shí)代,每個(gè)人都是戰(zhàn)士,每一種社會(huì)形式的偉大實(shí)用格言,"保持我們所擁有的,抓住我們能抓住的,還沒(méi)有在正義的名稱和法律的形式下進(jìn)行偽裝,而是赤裸裸的劍的格言,它是每一個(gè)我們和他們之間問(wèn)題的唯一法官和審判。在這個(gè)時(shí)代,只有三種行業(yè)在蓬勃發(fā)展(除了始終在蓬勃發(fā)展的牧師行業(yè)),那就是國(guó)王、小偷和乞丐:乞丐大多是垂頭喪氣的國(guó)王,而小偷則是期待中的國(guó)王。陌生人被問(wèn)到的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是,他是乞丐還是小偷:陌生人在回答時(shí)通常假設(shè)是第一個(gè),并等待一個(gè)合適的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)證明他對(duì)第二個(gè)稱謂的要求。Thenaturaldesireofeverymantoengrosstohimselfasmuchpowerandpropertyashecanacquirebyanyofthemeanswhichmightmakesright,isaccompaniedbythenolessnaturaldesireofmakingknowntoasmanypeopleaspossibletheextenttowhichhehasbeenawinnerinthisuniversalgame.Thesuccessfulwarriorbecomesachief;thesuccessfulchiefbecomesaking:hisnextwantisanorgantodisseminatethefameofhisachievementsandtheextentofhispossessions;andthisorganhefindsinabard,whoisalwaysreadytocelebratethestrengthofhisarm,beingfirstdulyinspiredbythatofhisliquor.Thisistheoriginofpoetry,which,likeallothertrades,takesitsriseinthedemandforthecommodity,andflourishesinproportiontotheextentofthemarket.每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)自然的愿望,那就是盡可能多地把自己的權(quán)力和財(cái)產(chǎn)收歸己有,只要他能通過(guò)任何強(qiáng)權(quán)的手段獲得,同時(shí)也有一個(gè)同樣自然的愿望,那就是讓盡可能多的人知道他在這場(chǎng)普遍的游戲中的勝利程度。成功的戰(zhàn)士會(huì)成為首領(lǐng);成功的首領(lǐng)會(huì)成為國(guó)王:他的下一個(gè)需求是一個(gè)傳播他的成就和他的財(cái)產(chǎn)范圍的機(jī)構(gòu);他在吟游詩(shī)人那里找到了這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu),他總是準(zhǔn)備好慶祝他的手臂的力量,首先是受到他的酒的啟發(fā)。這就是詩(shī)歌的起源,就像所有其他行業(yè)一樣,它的興起源于對(duì)商品的需求,并隨著市場(chǎng)的擴(kuò)大而繁榮。Poetryisthusinitsoriginpanegyrical.Thefirstrudesongsofallnationsappeartobeasortofbriefhistoricalnotices,inastrainoftumidhyperbole,oftheexploitsandpossessionsofafewpre-eminentindividuals.因此,詩(shī)歌的起源是贊美性的。所有國(guó)家的第一首粗獷的歌曲似乎都是一種簡(jiǎn)短的歷史記錄,以一種喧囂的夸張手法,描述少數(shù)杰出人物的功績(jī)和財(cái)產(chǎn)。Thegoldenageofpoetryfindsitsmaterialsintheageofiron.Thisagebeginswhenpoetrybeginstoberetrospective;whensomethinglikeamoreextendedsystemofcivilpolityisestablished;whenpersonalstrengthandcourageavaillesstotheaggrandizingoftheirpossessorandtothemakingandmarringofkingsandkingdoms,andarecheckedbyorganizedbodies,socialinstitutions,andhereditarysuccessions.Menalsolivemoreinthelightoftruthandwithintheinterchangeofobservation;andthusperceivethattheagencyofgodsandgeniiisnotsofrequentamongthemselvesas,tojudgefromthesongsandlegendsofthepasttime,itwasamongtheirancestors.Fromthesetwocircumstances,reallydiminishedpersonalpower,andapparentlydiminishedfamiliaritywithgodsandgenii,theyveryeasilyandnaturallydeducetwoconclusions:Ist,Thatmenaredegenerated,and2nd,Thattheyarelessinfavourwiththegods.Thepeopleofthepettystatesandcolonies,whichhavenowacquiredstabilityandform,whichowedtheiroriginandfirstprosperitytothetalentsandcourageofasinglechief,magnifytheirfounderthroughthemistsofdistanceandtradition,andperceivehimachievingwonderswithagodorgoddessalwaysathiselbow.Theyfindhisnameandhisexploitsthusmagnifiedandaccompaniedintheirtraditionarysongs,whicharetheironlymemorials.Allthatissaidofhimisinthischaracter.Thereisnothingtocontradictit.Themanandhisexploitsandhistutelarydeitiesaremixedandblendedinoneinvariableassociation.Themarvelloustooisverymuchlikeasnowball:itgrowsasitrollsdownward,tillthelittlenucleusoftruthwhichbeganitsdescentfromthesummitishiddenintheaccumulationofsuperinducedhyperbole.詩(shī)歌的黃金時(shí)代在鐵的時(shí)代找到它的材料。這個(gè)時(shí)代開(kāi)始于詩(shī)歌開(kāi)始回溯的時(shí)候;當(dāng)某種類似于更廣泛的民事政體系統(tǒng)建立起來(lái)的時(shí)候;當(dāng)個(gè)人的力量和勇氣對(duì)其擁有者的擴(kuò)張以及對(duì)國(guó)王和王國(guó)的建立和破壞不那么有用的時(shí)候,并且受到有組織的機(jī)構(gòu)、社會(huì)制度和世襲繼承的制約。人們也更多地生活在真理的光輝中,并在觀察的交流中;因此,他們意識(shí)到,從過(guò)去的歌曲和傳說(shuō)中判斷,神和精靈的作用在他們中間并不那么頻繁,在他們的祖先中也是如此。從這兩種情況,即個(gè)人能力的真正減弱和對(duì)神靈的熟悉程度的明顯減弱,他們非常容易和自然地推斷出兩個(gè)結(jié)論。第一,個(gè)人的作用減少了,第二,他們對(duì)神靈的喜愛(ài)減少了。小國(guó)和殖民地的人民,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)獲得了穩(wěn)定和形式,他們的起源和最初的繁榮歸功于一個(gè)酋長(zhǎng)的才能和勇氣,他們通過(guò)距離和傳統(tǒng)的迷霧放大了他們的創(chuàng)始人,并認(rèn)為他取得了奇跡,有一個(gè)神或女神一直在他身邊。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他的名字和他的功績(jī)?cè)谒麄兊膫鹘y(tǒng)歌曲中被放大并伴隨著,這些歌曲是他們唯一的紀(jì)念品。所有關(guān)于他的說(shuō)法都是這樣的。沒(méi)有什么可以與之相矛盾的。這個(gè)人和他的功績(jī)以及他的守護(hù)神都混合在一起,形成了一個(gè)不變的聯(lián)系。不可思議的事情也很像一個(gè)雪球:它越滾越大,直到從山頂開(kāi)始下降的那顆小小的真理之核被掩蓋在夸張的體積中。Speculations,too,anddisputes,onthenatureofmanandofmind;onmoraldutiesandongoodandevil;ontheanimateandinanimatecomponentsofthevisibleworld;begintoshareattentionwiththeeggsofLedaandthehornsofIo,andtodrawofffrompoetryaportionofitsonceundividedaudience.關(guān)于人和心靈的本質(zhì);關(guān)于道德義務(wù)和善惡;關(guān)于可見(jiàn)世界的有生命和無(wú)生命的組成部分的猜測(cè)和爭(zhēng)論,也開(kāi)始與萊達(dá)的蛋和伊歐的角分享注意力,并從詩(shī)歌中抽走了一部分曾經(jīng)未分的觀眾。Thencomesthesilverage,orthepoetryofcivilizedlife.Thispoetryisoftwokinds,imitativeandoriginal.Theimitativeconsistsinrecasting,andgivinganexquisitepolishto,thepoetryoftheageofgold:ofthisVirgilisthemostobviousandstrikingexample.Theoriginalischieflycomic,didactic,orsatiric:asinMenander,Aristophanes,Horace,andJuvenal.Thepoetryofthisageischaracterizedbyanexquisiteandfastidiousselectionofwords,andalabouredandsomewhatmonotonousharmonyofexpression:butitsmonotonyconsistsinthis,thatexperiencehavingexhaustedallthevarietiesofmodulation,thecivilizedpoetryselectsthemostbeautiful,andpreferstherepetitionofthesetorangingthroughthevarietyofall.Butthebestexpressionbeingthatintowhichtheideanaturallyfalls,itrequirestheutmostlabourandcaresotoreconciletheinflexibilityofcivilizedlanguageandthelabouredpolishofversificationwiththeideaintendedtobeexpressed,thatsensemaynotappeartobesacrificedtosound.Hence,numerouseffortsandraresuccess.然后是白銀時(shí)代,或文明生活的詩(shī)歌。這種詩(shī)歌有兩種,模仿性和原創(chuàng)性。模仿性包括重鑄黃金時(shí)代的詩(shī)歌,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行精致的打磨:維吉爾就是最明顯和最突出的例子。原創(chuàng)的主要是滑稽、說(shuō)教或諷刺性的:如米南德、阿里斯托芬、賀拉斯和尤文納。這個(gè)時(shí)代的詩(shī)歌的特點(diǎn)是對(duì)詞語(yǔ)的選擇精致而謹(jǐn)慎,表達(dá)方式費(fèi)力而有些單調(diào):但它的單調(diào)在于,經(jīng)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)用盡了所有的調(diào)式,文明的詩(shī)歌選擇了最美的,并寧愿重復(fù)這些調(diào)式,也不愿意在所有的調(diào)式中選擇。但是,最好的表達(dá)方式是思想自然而然地落入其中,這就需要付出最大的努力和小心,使文明語(yǔ)言的僵硬和詩(shī)詞的費(fèi)力拋光與所要表達(dá)的思想之間相協(xié)調(diào),使意義不至于被犧牲在韻律上。因此,許多努力只換來(lái)罕見(jiàn)的成功。Thisstateofpoetryishoweverasteptowardsitsextinction.Feelingandpassionarebestpaintedin,androusedby,ornamentalandfigurativelanguage;butthereasonandtheunderstandingarebestaddressedinthesimplestandmostunvarnishedphrase.Purereasonanddispassionatetruthwouldbeperfectlyridiculousinverse,aswemayjudgebyversifyingoneofEuclid'sdemonstrations.Thiswillbefoundtrueofalldispassionatereasoningwhatever,andallreasoningthatrequirescomprehensiveviewsandenlargedcombinations.Itisonlythemoretangiblepointsofmorality,thosewhichcommandassentatonce,thosewhichhaveamirrorineverymind,andinwhichtheseverityofreasoniswarmedandrenderedpalatablebybeingmixedupwithfeelingandimagination,thatareapplicableeventowhatiscalledmoralpoetry:andasthesciencesofmoralsandofmindadvancetowardsperfection,astheybecomemoreenlargedandcomprehensiveintheirviews,asreasongainstheascendancyinthemoverimaginationandfeeling,poetrycannolongeraccompanythemintheirprogress,butdropsintothebackground,andleavesthemtoadvancealone.然而,詩(shī)歌的這種狀態(tài)是走向消亡的一個(gè)步驟。感情和激情最好用裝飾性和比喻性的語(yǔ)言來(lái)描繪和激發(fā);但理性和理解力最好用最簡(jiǎn)單和最不加修飾的語(yǔ)句表達(dá)。純粹的理性和冷靜的真理在詩(shī)詞中是非??尚Φ?,我們可以通過(guò)對(duì)歐幾里德的一個(gè)論證進(jìn)行詩(shī)化來(lái)判斷。所有冷靜的推理都是如此,所有需要全面觀點(diǎn)和擴(kuò)大組合的推理都是如此。只有那些更具體的道德觀點(diǎn),那些能立即得到贊同的觀點(diǎn),那些在每個(gè)人心中都有一面鏡子的觀點(diǎn),在這些觀點(diǎn)中,理性的嚴(yán)厲因與感情和想象力相混合而變得溫暖和可接受,這些觀點(diǎn)甚至適用于所謂的道德詩(shī)歌。當(dāng)?shù)赖潞托撵`的科學(xué)走向完美時(shí),當(dāng)它們的觀點(diǎn)變得更加廣泛和全面時(shí),當(dāng)理性在它們中獲得了對(duì)想象力和感覺(jué)的優(yōu)勢(shì)時(shí),詩(shī)歌就不能再伴隨它們的進(jìn)步,而是落入背景,讓它們獨(dú)自前進(jìn)。Thustheempireofthoughtiswithdrawnfrompoetry,astheempireoffactshadbeenbefore.Thepoetoftheageofironcelebratestheachievementsofhiscontemporaries;thepoetoftheageofgoldcelebratestheheroesoftheageofiron:thepoetoftheageofsilverre-caststhepoemsoftheageofgold:wemayhereseehowveryslightarayofhistoricaltruthissufficienttodissipatealltheillusionsofpoetry.因此,思想的帝國(guó)從詩(shī)歌中退出,就像以前事實(shí)的帝國(guó)一樣。鐵器時(shí)代的詩(shī)人歌頌他同時(shí)代人的成就;黃金時(shí)代的詩(shī)人歌頌鐵器時(shí)代的英雄:白銀時(shí)代的詩(shī)人重鑄黃金時(shí)代的詩(shī)篇:我們?cè)谶@里可以看到,一絲絲歷史的真實(shí)足以消解詩(shī)歌的所有幻想。Thencomestheageofbrass,which,byrejectingthepolishandthelearningoftheageofsilver,andtakingaretrogradestridetothebarbarismsandrudetraditionsoftheageofiron,professestoreturntonatureandrevivetheageofgold.Thisisthesecondchildhoodofpoetry.TothecomprehensiveenergyoftheHomericMuse,which,bygivingatoncethegrandoutlineofthings,presentedtothemindavividpictureinoneortwoverses,inimitablealikeinsimplicityandmagnificence,issubstitutedaverboseandminutely-detaileddescriptionofthoughts,passions,actions,persons,andthings,inthatlooseramblingstyleofverse,whichanyonemaywrite,attherateoftwohundredlinesinanhour.TothisagemaybereferredallthepoetswhoflourishedinthedeclineoftheRomanEmpire.Thebestspecimenofit,thoughnotthemostgenerallyknown,istheDionysiacaofNonnus,whichcontainsmanypassagesofexceedingbeautyinthemidstofmassesofamplificationandrepetition.然后是黃銅時(shí)代,它摒棄了白銀時(shí)代的修辭和學(xué)問(wèn),并向鐵器時(shí)代的野蠻和粗魯傳統(tǒng)倒退,聲稱要回歸自然,復(fù)興黃金時(shí)代。這就是詩(shī)歌的第二個(gè)童年。荷馬史詩(shī)的全面能量,即在一兩句詩(shī)中給出了事物的宏偉輪廓,向人們展示了一幅生動(dòng)的圖畫(huà),在簡(jiǎn)單和宏偉方面都是無(wú)可比擬的,而現(xiàn)在則取代了對(duì)思想、激情、行動(dòng)、人物和事物的冗長(zhǎng)而詳細(xì)的描述,這種詩(shī)的風(fēng)格松散,漫無(wú)邊際,任何人都可以在一小時(shí)內(nèi)寫(xiě)出兩百行。所有在羅馬帝國(guó)衰落時(shí)興起的詩(shī)人都可以歸入這個(gè)時(shí)代。它的最佳標(biāo)本,盡管不是最廣為人知的,是諾努斯的Dionysiaca,其中有許多段落在大量的擴(kuò)寫(xiě)和重復(fù)中表現(xiàn)得極為優(yōu)美。Theironageofclassicalpoetrymaybecalledthebardic;thegolden,theHomeric;thesilver,theVirgilian:andthebrass,theNonnic.Modernpoetryhasalsoitsfourages:but"itwearsitsruewithadifference."(AdaptedfromTheFourAgesofPoetrybyThomasPeacock,1820)古典詩(shī)歌的鐵時(shí)代可稱為吟游詩(shī)人;金色的是荷馬史詩(shī);銀色的是維吉爾史詩(shī);銅色的是諾尼克史詩(shī)?,F(xiàn)代詩(shī)歌也有其四個(gè)時(shí)代:但"它的蕓蕓眾生是不同的。"(改編自《詩(shī)歌的四個(gè)時(shí)代》,托馬斯-皮考克著,1820年)選詞填空 Poetryisaformofliteraryartwhichusesaestheticandrhythmicqualitiesoflanguage.Poetryhasalonghistory.EarlypoemsevolvedfromfolksongssuchastheChineseShijing,orfromaneedtoretelloralepicsandtheHomericepics,theIliadandtheOdyssey.Ancientattemptstodefinepoetry,suchasAristotle'sPoetics,focusedontheusesofspeechinrhetoric,drama,songandcomedy.Laterattemptsconcentratedonfeaturessuchasrepetition,verseformandrhyme,andemphasizedtheaestheticswhichdistinguishpoetryfrommoreobjectively-informative,prosaicformsofwriting.Fromthemid-20thcentury,poetryhassometimesbeenmoregenerallyregardedasafundamentalcreativeactemployinglanguage. 詩(shī)歌是一種文學(xué)藝術(shù)形式,它利用語(yǔ)言的審美和韻律特性。詩(shī)歌有著悠久的歷史。早期的詩(shī)歌是從中國(guó)《詩(shī)經(jīng)》等民歌演變而來(lái)的,或者是從復(fù)述口頭史詩(shī)和荷馬史詩(shī)、《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》的需要演變而來(lái)的。古代定義詩(shī)歌的嘗試,如亞里士多德的《詩(shī)學(xué)》,側(cè)重于修辭、戲劇、歌曲和喜劇中的言語(yǔ)運(yùn)用。后來(lái)的嘗試集中在重復(fù)、詩(shī)句形式和押韻等特征上,并強(qiáng)調(diào)美學(xué),將詩(shī)歌與更客觀的信息性、平淡的寫(xiě)作形式區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。從20世紀(jì)中期開(kāi)始,詩(shī)歌有時(shí)被更普遍地認(rèn)為是一種運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的基本創(chuàng)作行為。 Poetryusesformsandconventionstosuggestdifferentialinterpretationtowords,ortoevokeemotiveresponses.Theuseofambiguity,symbolism,ironyandotherstylisticelementsoftenleavesapoemopentomultipleinterpretations. 詩(shī)歌使用形式和慣例來(lái)暗示對(duì)詞語(yǔ)的不同解釋,或喚起情感的反應(yīng)。模糊性、象征性、諷刺性和其他文體元素的使用往往使一首詩(shī)可以有多種解釋。 Somepoetrytypesarespecifictoparticularculturesandgenresandrespondtocharacteristicsofthelanguageinwhichthepoetwrites.Muchmodernpoetryreflectsacritiqueofpoetictradition.Intoday'sincreasinglyglobalizedworld,poetsoftenadaptforms,stylesandtechniquesfromdiverseculturesandlanguages. 有些詩(shī)歌類型是特定的文化和流派所特有的,并對(duì)詩(shī)人寫(xiě)作的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)作出反應(yīng)。許多現(xiàn)代詩(shī)歌反映了對(duì)詩(shī)歌傳統(tǒng)的批判。在今天這個(gè)日益全球化的世界里,詩(shī)人經(jīng)常從不同的文化和語(yǔ)言中調(diào)整形式、風(fēng)格和技巧。翻譯(英譯中) Thenaturaldesireofeverymantoengrosstohimselfasmuchpowerandpropertyashecanacquirebyanyofthemeanswhichmightmakesright,isaccompaniedbythenolessnaturaldesireofmakingknowntoasmanypeopleaspossibletheextenttowhichhehasbeenawinnerinthisuniversalgame.Thesuccessfulwarriorbecomesachief:thesuccessfulchiefbecomesaking:hisnextwantisanorgantodisseminatethefameofhisachievementsandtheextentofhispossessions:andthisorganhefindsinabard,whoisalwaysreadytocelebratethestrengthofhisarm,beingfirstdulyinspiredbythatofhisliquor.Thisistheoriginofpoetry,which,likeallothertrades,takesitsriseinthedemandforthecommodity,andflourishesinproportiontotheextentofthemarket. 每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)自然的愿望,那就是盡可能多地把自己的權(quán)力和財(cái)產(chǎn)收歸己有,只要他能通過(guò)任何強(qiáng)權(quán)的手段獲得,同時(shí)也有一個(gè)同樣自然的愿望,那就是讓盡可能多的人知道他在這場(chǎng)普遍的游戲中的勝利程度。成功的戰(zhàn)士會(huì)成為首領(lǐng):成功的首領(lǐng)會(huì)成為國(guó)王:他的下一個(gè)需求是一個(gè)傳播他的成就和他的財(cái)產(chǎn)范圍的機(jī)構(gòu):他在一個(gè)吟游詩(shī)人身上找到了這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu),他總是準(zhǔn)備慶祝他的手臂的力量,首先是受到他的酒的啟發(fā)。這就是詩(shī)歌的起源,就像所有其他行業(yè)一樣,它的興起源于對(duì)商品的需求,并隨著市場(chǎng)的擴(kuò)大而繁榮。或每個(gè)人的自然欲望,是把他所能獲得的權(quán)勢(shì)和財(cái)產(chǎn),盡量獨(dú)占為己有,不擇手段,強(qiáng)權(quán)就是公理;加上一個(gè)同樣自然的欲望,那就是讓盡可能多的人知道,他在這個(gè)普遍追求中奪得多少東西。成功的武士變成魁酋,成功的魁酋轉(zhuǎn)成王者:他接著便需要一個(gè)工具來(lái)宣揚(yáng)他的功業(yè)的名聲和財(cái)富的多寡。這個(gè)工具他在歌人身上找到了,歌人事前在他的美力充分感發(fā)之下,是隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備歌頌他的武力的。這就是詩(shī)的起源:詩(shī),正如其他職業(yè)那樣,是因有這種商品的需求而興起,按照市場(chǎng)范圍的擴(kuò)大而繁榮的。翻譯(中譯英) 唐詩(shī)代表了中華詩(shī)歌的最高成就。知名詩(shī)人多若星辰,李白、杜甫、白居易都是世界聞名的偉大詩(shī)人。唐詩(shī)題材廣泛,數(shù)量龐大,風(fēng)格和流派多樣。宋詞是繼唐詩(shī)后中國(guó)古代文學(xué)史上的又一座高峰,歷來(lái)與唐詩(shī)并稱雙雄。宋詞以長(zhǎng)短句為主,依詞牌填詞,豪放派和婉約派詞風(fēng)各異,主要代表有辛棄疾、蘇軾、柳永、李清照等。 TangpoetryrepresentsthehighestachievementofChinesepoetry.Thereareasmanyfamouspoetsasthestars,andLiBai,DuFu,andBaiJuyiareallgreatpoetsknownworldwide.Tangpoetryhasawiderangeofsubjects,alargenumberofthem,andavarietyofstylesandgenres.SonglyricsareanotherpeakinthehistoryofancientChineseliteratureafterTangpoetry,andhavetraditionallybeencalledthetwinheroestogetherwithTangpoetry.ThemainrepresentativesofSonglyricsareXinQiji,SuShi,LiuYongandLiQingzhao.或TangPoetryrepresentsthehighestachievementofChinesepoetry.ThereweremanydistinguishedpoetsintheTangDynasty,includingLiBai,andBaiJuyi,whoareworld-famous.TherearevariousformsofTangPoetry,suchaspre-Tangpoetry,regularpoems,andshortpoems.ThereisanenormouscollectionofTangPoetry,withawiderangeofsubjects,styles,andschools.Itsartisticcharmtoucheseveryonedeeply.SongCiisanthersummitinthehistoryofclassicalChineseliterature.

TextBBenjaminFranklinBecomesaPrinter本杰明-富蘭克林成為一名印刷工 Fromachild,Iwasfondofreading,andallthelittlemoneythatcameintomyhandswaseverlaidoutinbooks.PleasedwithThePilgrim'sProgress,myfirstcollectionwasofJohnBunyan'sworksinseparatelittlevolumes.IafterwardsoldthemtoenablemetobuyR.Burton'sHistoricalCollections;theyweresmallchapmen'sbooks,andcheap,40or50inall.Myfather'slittlelibraryconsistedchieflyofbooksinpolemicdivinity,mostofwhichIread,andhavesinceoftenregrettedthat,atatimewhenIhadsuchathirstforknowledge,moreproperbookshadnotfalleninmyway,sinceitwasnowresolvedIshouldnotbeaclergyman.Plutarch'sLivestherewasinwhichIreadabundantly,andIstillthinkthattimespenttogreatadvantage.TherewasalsoabookofDeFoe's,calledanEssayonProjects,andanotherofDr.Mather's,calledEssaystodoGod,whichperhapsgavemeaturnofthinkingthathadaninfluenceonsomeoftheprincipalfutureeventsofmylife. 我從小就喜歡讀書(shū),所有到手的小錢(qián)都用來(lái)買(mǎi)書(shū)。我對(duì)《朝圣者的進(jìn)步》很滿意,我的第一套書(shū)是約翰-班揚(yáng)的作品,分別裝在不同的小冊(cè)子里。后來(lái)我把它們賣(mài)了,以便能買(mǎi)到伯頓(R.Burton)的《歷史文集》;這些書(shū)是小冊(cè)子,很便宜,總共有40或50本。我父親的小圖書(shū)館主要由論證神學(xué)的書(shū)籍組成,其中大部分我都讀過(guò),后來(lái)我經(jīng)常后悔,在我如此渴求知識(shí)的時(shí)候,沒(méi)有更多合適的書(shū)籍落在我的手里,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)決定不做神職人員了。有一本普魯塔克的《生活》,我讀了很多,我仍然認(rèn)為那段時(shí)間花得很有意義。還有一本德福的書(shū),叫《項(xiàng)目論》,還有一本馬瑟博士的書(shū),叫《做上帝的文章》,這些書(shū)也許給了我一種思維的轉(zhuǎn)折,對(duì)我今后生活中的一些主要事件產(chǎn)生了影響。 Thisbookishinclinationatlengthdeterminedmyfathertomakemeaprinter,thoughhehadalreadyoneson(James)ofthatprofession.In1717mybrotherJamesreturnedfromEnglandwithapressandletterstosetuphisbusinessinBoston.Ilikeditmuchbetterthanthatofmyfather,butstillhadahankeringforthesea.Topreventtheapprehendedeffectofsuchaninclination,myfatherwasimpatienttohavemeboundtomybrother.Istoodoutsometime,butatlastwaspersuaded,andsignedtheindentureswhenIwasyetbuttwelveyearsold.IwastoserveasanapprenticetillIwastwenty-oneyearsofage,onlyIwastobeallowedjourneyman'swagesduringthelastyear.InalittletimeImadegreatproficiencyinthebusiness,andbecameausefulhandtomybrother.Inowhadaccesstobetterbooks.Anacquaintancewiththeapprenticesofbooksellersenabledmesometimestoborrowasmallone,whichIwascarefultoreturnsoonandclean.OftenIsatupinmyroomreadingthegreatestpartofthenight,whenthebookwasborrowedintheeveningandtobereturnedearlyinthemorning,lestitshouldbemissedorwanted. 這種讀書(shū)的傾向最終決定我的父親讓我成為一名印刷工人,盡管他已經(jīng)有一個(gè)兒子(詹姆斯)從事這一職業(yè)。1717年,我哥哥詹姆斯帶著印刷機(jī)和信件從英國(guó)回來(lái),在波士頓開(kāi)始了他的事業(yè)。我喜歡這個(gè)地方,比我父親的好得多,但我仍然對(duì)大海充滿了渴望。為了防止這種傾向所帶來(lái)的影響,我父親不耐煩地要把我和我哥哥綁在一起。我堅(jiān)持了一段時(shí)間,但最后還是被說(shuō)服了,在我還不到12歲的時(shí)候就簽了契約。我將作為學(xué)徒一直干到21歲,只是在最后一年我可以得到工匠的工資。在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi),我就對(duì)這門(mén)生意非常熟練,并成為我哥哥的一個(gè)有用的助手。我現(xiàn)在可以接觸到更好的書(shū)籍。與書(shū)商學(xué)徒的熟人關(guān)系使我有時(shí)能借到一本小書(shū),我小心翼翼地盡快歸還,并把它清理干凈。我常常坐在房間里看書(shū),看了大半夜,因?yàn)闀?shū)是晚上借的,明天一早要還,免得被人漏掉或想要。 AboutthistimeImetwithanoddvolumeoftheSpectator.Itwasthethird.Ihadneverbeforeseenanyofthem.Iboughtit,readitoverandover,andwasmuchdelightedwithit.Ithoughtthewritingexcellent,andwished,ifpossible,toimitateit.WiththisviewItooksomeofthepapers,and,makingshorthintsofthesentimentineachsentence,laidthembyafewdays,andthen,withoutlookingatthebook,triedtocompletethepapersagain,byexpressingeachhintedsentimentatlength,andasfullyasithadbeenexpressedbefore,inanysuitablewordsthatshouldcometohand.ThenIcomparedmySpectatorwiththeoriginal,discoveredsomeofmyfaults,andcorrectedthem.ButIfoundIwantedastockofwords,orareadinessinrecollectingandusingthem,whichIthoughtIshouldhaveacquiredbeforethattimeifIhadgoneonmakingverses;sincethecontinualoccasionforwordsofthesameimport,butofdifferentlength,tosuitthemeasure,orofdifferentsoundfortherhyme,wouldhavelaidmeunderaconstantnecessityofsearchingforvariety,andalsohavetendedtofixthatvarietyinmymind,andmakememasterofit.ThereforeItooksomeofthetalesandturnedthemintoverse;and,afteratime,whenIhadprettywellforgottentheprose,turnedthembackagain.Ialsosometimesjumbledmycollectionsofhintsintoconfusion,andaftersomeweeksendeavoredtoreducethemintothebestorder,beforeIbegantoformthefullsentencesandcompletethepaper.Thiswastoteachmemethodinthearrangementofthoughts.Bycomparingmyworkafterwardswiththeoriginal,Idiscoveredmanyfaultsandamendedthem;butIsometimeshadthepleasureoffancyingthat,incertainparticularsofsmallimport,Ihadbeenluckyenoughtoimprovethemethodorthelanguage,andthisencouragedmetothinkImightpossiblyintimecometobeatolerableEnglishwriter,ofwhichIwasextremelyambitious.Mytimefortheseexercisesandforreadingwasatnight,afterworkorbeforeitbeganinthemorning,oronSundays,whenIcontrivedtobeintheprinting-housealone,evadingasmuchasIcouldthecommonattendanceonpublicworshipwhichmyfatherusedtoexactonmewhenIwasunderhiscare,andwhichindeedIstillthoughtaduty,thoughIcouldnot,asitseemedtome,affordtimetopractiseit 大約在這個(gè)時(shí)候,我看到了一卷奇怪的《旁觀者》。那是第三本。我以前從未見(jiàn)過(guò)任何一本。我買(mǎi)下了它,反復(fù)閱讀,并對(duì)它非常滿意。我認(rèn)為文章寫(xiě)得很好,如果可能的話,我希望能模仿它。有鑒于此,我拿起一些報(bào)紙,對(duì)每個(gè)句子中的情感做了簡(jiǎn)短的提示,把它們擱置了幾天,然后,不看書(shū),試圖再次完成這些報(bào)紙,用手邊的任何合適的詞語(yǔ),詳細(xì)地表達(dá)每個(gè)提示的情感,并像之前表達(dá)的那樣完整。然后我把我的《旁觀者》與原作作了比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)了我的一些錯(cuò)誤,并加以糾正。但我發(fā)現(xiàn)我需要一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)庫(kù),或者說(shuō)需要一個(gè)回憶和使用這些詞語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)備,我想如果我繼續(xù)寫(xiě)詩(shī)的話,在那之前我應(yīng)該已經(jīng)掌握了這些詞語(yǔ);因?yàn)椴粩嗟匦枰瑯觾?nèi)容的詞語(yǔ),但長(zhǎng)度不同,以適應(yīng)尺度,或者為了押韻而使用不同的聲音,這將使我必須不斷地尋找變化,同時(shí)也會(huì)使這些變化在我腦中固定下來(lái),并使我掌握它們。因此,我把一些故事改成了散文;過(guò)了一段時(shí)間,當(dāng)我把散文忘得差不多了,又把它們改回來(lái)。我有時(shí)也會(huì)把我收集的提示弄得亂七八糟,幾個(gè)星期后,我努力把它們還原成最好的順序,然后才開(kāi)始組成完整的句子,完成論文。這樣做是為了教我安排思想的方法。通過(guò)事后將我的作品與原作進(jìn)行比較,我發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多錯(cuò)誤,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行了修改;但我有時(shí)會(huì)很高興地想到,在某些無(wú)關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)上,我很幸運(yùn)地改進(jìn)了方法或語(yǔ)言,這讓我覺(jué)得自己有可能在未來(lái)成為一名合格的英國(guó)作家,我對(duì)這一點(diǎn)非常有抱負(fù)。我做這些練習(xí)和閱讀的時(shí)間是在晚上,在工作結(jié)束后或早上開(kāi)始前,或在星期天,那時(shí)我設(shè)法獨(dú)自在印刷廠,盡量避免參加公共禮拜,我父親在我受他照顧時(shí)曾要求我這樣做,事實(shí)上我仍然認(rèn)為這是一種責(zé)任,盡管我似乎沒(méi)有時(shí)間去實(shí)踐它。

Mybrotherhadsomeingeniousmenamonghisfriends,whoamusedthemselvesbywritinglittlepiecesforthispaper,whichgaineditcreditandmadeitmoreindemand,andthesegentlemenoftenvisitedus.Hearingtheirconversations,andtheiraccountsoftheapprobationtheirpaperswerereceivedwith,Iwasexcitedtotrymyhandamongthem;but,beingstillaboy,andsuspectingthatmybrotherwouldobjecttoprintinganythingofmineinhispaperifheknewittobemine,Icontrivedtodisguisemyhand,and,writingananonymouspaper,Iputitinatnightunderthedooroftheprinting-house.Itwasfoundinthemorning,andcommunicatedtohiswritingfriends

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