第五章信息基礎設施與新興技術20141012

信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall第5章參考資料5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall

Kenneth

C.

Laudon,

Jane

P.

Laudon.

ManagementInformation

Systems:

managing

the

digital

firm,

9thEdition

Pearson

-

Prentice

Hall,

New

Jersey,

2006

肯尼斯.勞頓，簡.勞頓箸.薛華成編譯.管理信息系統(tǒng).北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2011.Are

students

familiar

with

any

of

the

trends

in

hardware

or

software

platforms?

Do

they

see

iPhone

for

instance

as

adevice,

acomputingplatform,

or

a

justa

telephone?

They

might

be

familiar

withdevelopments

like

Facebook’s

Application

platform,

where

developers

can

designgames

and

activities

for

use

within

Facebook

itself.

Also

recall

that

cloud

computing

has

been

mentioned

in

earlier

chapters,

so

students

should

beable

to

point

to

that

as

acontemporary

hardware

platform

trend.管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall學習目標定義信息技術基礎設施并描述其組成。了解和描述信息技術基礎設施發(fā)展的各階段。評估現(xiàn)代計算機硬件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢評估現(xiàn)代計算機軟件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢

評價管理信息技術基礎設施的挑戰(zhàn)以及相應的管理解決方案Hong

Kong’s

New

World

Telecommunications

Case

Challenge:

fragmented,

high-cost

IT

infrastructureslowed

down

market

and

customer

responsetimes

Solutions:

integratedstorage

area

networktoenable

the

flow

of

information

among

differenttypes

and

brands

of

computer

serversReduce

number

of

servers

from

107

to

70

Illustrates

the

importance

of

IT

infrastructure

forachieving

business

objectives5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall第5章信息技術基礎設施Cwas

using

a

collectionoftechnologies

that

had

accumulated

over

ten

years

that

made

expansion

impossible.

Standardizationacross

oneplatform

(in

this

case,

IBM)

was

necessary

to

continue

their

growth.

Are

students

familiar

with

C’s

Super

Bowl

ads,

or

have

they

at

leastheard

of

the

site?

Explain

that

without

their

updated

infrastructure,

the

companycould

not

have

handled

the

traffic

generated

by

a

Super

Bowladvertisement.

Cis

a

site

students

like

to

visit

in

class.C的IT架構促進業(yè)務增長問題：過時的技術阻礙積極發(fā)展的計劃

解決方案：替換整個IT基礎設施，使公司保持其快速擴張的步伐。

IBM的WebSphere應用服務器和Rational軟件降低成本和提高生產力。展示在促進企業(yè)快速增長過程中IT的作用。說明IT基礎設施對發(fā)展公司的重要性5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術The

“service

platform”

perspective

refers

to

analyzing

the

actual

services

enabled

bynew

technologytools.

For

example,

a

new

PC

might

save

anemployee

one

hour

per

day

in

wait

time

for

information,

dramatically

increasinghis

value

to

the

firm.IT基礎設施定義IT基礎設施企業(yè)運營所需的硬件和軟件的集合公司的廣義服務包括：提供計算服務的計算平臺通信服務數(shù)據(jù)管理服務應用軟件服務物理設備管理服務IT管理、標準化、教育、研究與開發(fā)服務“服務平臺”的角度更準確地看到了投資的價值5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術The

point

of

this

slide

is

to

illustrate

the

centrality

of

IT

infrastructure

and

services

to

the

achievement

of

firm

success.

Ultimately,

what

the

firmdeliversto

customers,

its

quality,

is

a

direct

function

of

the

power

of

its

infrastructure.

For

instance,

Amazon

is

routinely

sited

as

the

most

popularonline

shopping

site

and

receives

highpraise

fromcustomers

for

the

quality

of

its

service

and

speed

of

execution.

There

is

a

reason

for

this:Amazon

has

one

of

the

world’s

largest

computing

infrastructures

numbering

several

hundred

thousand

processors

to

provide

these

services.圖5-1企業(yè)提供給客戶、供應商和雇員的

服務是IT基礎設

施的直接功能。

理想情況下，這

些基礎設施應該

支持公司的商業(yè)

和信息系統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略。新信息技術對企

業(yè)和IT戰(zhàn)略以及

提供給客戶的服

務有較強的影響IT基礎設施企業(yè)、IT基礎設施和商業(yè)能力之間的聯(lián)系管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略IT戰(zhàn)略IT服務和基礎設施客戶服務供應商服務企業(yè)服務信息技術Students

may

be

unfamiliar

with

the

concept

of

mainframe

computers.

Explain

the

difference

insize

(much

larger)

and

computing

capacity

(muchsmaller)

from

today’s

computers

to

give

thema

sense

of

perspective

regarding

how

far

the

computing

industry

has

gone

in

60

years.

However,modern-day

mainframes

(IBM

z-Series),

are

extremely

powerful

servers

used

for

large

Fortune

1000

enterprise

networks

and

corporate

Websites.

The

mainframe

is

not

dead

in

other

words

and

still

represents

a

large

revenue

stream

for

IBM.IT基礎設施的發(fā)展通用主機和微機階段：1959年至今1958年，IBM首次推出大型機，最終用于支持成千上萬的網上遠程終端

1965年價格比較低的DEC生產的小型計算機誕生，具有集中計算的功能個人計算機階段：1981年至今1981年IBM

PC的出現(xiàn)20世紀80年代蔓延，導致90年代個人軟件的發(fā)展客戶機/服務器階段：1983年至今桌面客戶端和服務器相連，客戶端和服務器有不同的分工。網絡可能是兩層或多層結構（N層）各種服務器類型（

Web服務器、應用服務器、數(shù)據(jù)庫服務器）5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術

IT基礎設施Ensure

that

students

understand

that

the

yellow

ringconnecting

the

machines

in

the

client-server

graphic

represents

a

local

area

network.

Personalcomputers

were

stand-alone

systems

prior

to

the

development

of

local

area

networks.這里說明的是5個IT基礎設施發(fā)展時代中的每一時代的典型計算配置特性。圖5-2A管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

HallIT基礎設施IT發(fā)展的時代IT基礎設施的發(fā)展階段主機/微機1959年至今個人計算機1981年至今客戶機/服務器1983年至今Examples

of

the

use

of

cloud

computing

are

Google

Apps,

Google’s

suite

of

software

applications

that

rivals

Microsoft’s

Office

applications

at

afraction

of

the

cost,

and

S’s

CRM

management

software,

delivered

over

the

Internet.IT基礎設施IT基礎設施的發(fā)展（續(xù)）企業(yè)互聯(lián)網計算階段：1992年至今

走向整合不同網絡，使用互聯(lián)網標準的應用程序和企業(yè)應用程序云計算階段：2000年至今

指的是一個計算模型，使用該模型企業(yè)和個人通過互聯(lián)網獲得計算能力和軟件應用程序增長最快的計算形式5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術The

enterprise

Internet

graphic

represents

severalindividualnetworks

linked

together

into

an

enterprise-wide

network.

The

cloud

computinggraph

represents

several

types

of

technology

that

are

capable

ofconnecting

to

the

Internet

and

accessingapplications

and

services

through

acloud.

There

is

a

Learning

Track

on

cloud

computing

where

students

can

pursue

the

topic

further.圖5-2BIT基礎設施IT基礎設施發(fā)展的時代（續(xù)）5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術企業(yè)互聯(lián)網（1992年至今云計算（2000年至今）企業(yè)服務器互聯(lián)網Explain

that

the

distribution

of

computing

power

across

smaller,

less

expensive

machines

enabled

by

client/server

computing

is

in

large

partresponsible

for

the

drastic

increase

in

computing

power

and

applications

throughout

the

firm.在一個多層次的客戶機/服務器網絡中，客戶端請求服務是由不同級別的服務器來處理。圖5-3管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall客戶端互聯(lián)網Web服務器應用程序服務器IT基礎設施(N-Tier)多層客戶端/服務器網（N層）銷售系統(tǒng)生產系統(tǒng)會計系統(tǒng)人力資源系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)Variants

of

Moore’s

Law

include:

the

number

of

transistors

on

a

chip

doubles

ever

18

months;

computing

power

doubles

every

18

months;

andthe

price

of

computingfalls

by

half

every

18

months.

Explain

to

students

that

even

now,

this

trend

is

likely

to

continue,

with

transistors

reaching

thesizes

of

viruses,

the

smallest

formof

life.IT基礎設施基礎設施技術發(fā)展的驅動力摩爾定律和微處理能力計算能力每18個月翻一番納米技術：晶體管的大小可能縮小到幾個原子大小負面因素：散熱需要、功耗問題大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)存儲定律存儲量每年翻番。5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術At

what

point,

if

any,

do

students

believe

that

the

doubling

trend

of

Moore’s

Law

might

come

to

an

end?

Ask

themto

speculate

and

give

reasonsfor

their

answers.管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

HallIT基礎設施摩爾定律和微處理能力摩爾定律意味著更大的處理能力處理能力晶體管數(shù)量將更多的晶體管集成到一個微小的微處理器里，處理能力成指數(shù)級增強。資料來源：2004年英特爾公司，由作者更新。圖5-4What

do

students

think

the

implications

of

such

drastically

reduced

costs

of

computer

chips

might

be

in

the

future?

Explain

the

connection

toconcepts

like

the

digital

divide

and

cloud

computing.今天的英特爾處理器可以包含多達10億個晶體管，運行速度為3.2

GHz或更高，傳輸能力超過

10,000

MIPS，并且大批量制造的晶體管的成本不到千萬分之一美元。這個成本比本書的一個字符的費用都少。IT基礎設施芯片價格下降圖5-55.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術更多的晶體管集成在較小的空間，動態(tài)地驅動晶體管處理能力與降低晶體管的成本。Nanotechnologyis

used

to

create

transistors

of

the

tiny

size

previously

mentioned.

Can

students

describe

any

other

applications

of

this

type

oftechnology

(for

example,

medical)?納米碳管是微小管子，大約比人的頭發(fā)細10000倍。它們由碳六角形薄片卷成圓筒形。由NEC的研究人員在1991年發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們被用在微小的電線或超小型電子設備中，而且是非常強大的電流導體。IT基礎設施納米管案例圖5-65.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Explain

the

importance

of

the

exponential

growth

in

hard

drive

capacity,

which

is

that

the

world

is

producing

an

increasingamount

of

digitalinformationrequiring

storage

each

year

as

well.

Fortunately,

the

cost

of

storing

that

information

is

decreasing

at

an

even

quicker

rate.從1980年到1990年，個人電腦的硬盤驅動器容量每年以25%年的速度增長，但1990年以后，每年的增長速度超過65%。IT基礎設施硬盤容量呈指數(shù)增長1980-2007圖5-75.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Explainthat

this

figure

displays

the

numberof

kilobytes

of

data

that

can

be

stored

with

one

dollar.

Point

out

that

the

Y

axis

is

greatly

compressedto

display

the

doubling

effect,

and

that

if

it

weren’t,

the

increase

fromyear

to

year

would

become

increasingly

enormous.圖5-8自1955年第一個磁存儲設備使用以來，存儲1千字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)指數(shù)級下降，而數(shù)據(jù)存儲量平均每15個月增加一倍IT基礎設施存儲數(shù)據(jù)的成本成指數(shù)級下降1950至2010年5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Ask

students

to

explain

the

implications

of

Metcalfe’s

lawto

social

networks,

such

as

Facebook

and

MySpace.

Do

they

agree

that

the

moremembers

are

usingthe

site,

the

valueof

being

a

member

and

the

usefulness

of

the

site

grows?

Do

people

make

“new

friends”

on

a

social

site

orhangout

withtheir

existingfriends

mostly?IT基礎設施基礎設施技術發(fā)展的驅動力Metcalfe定律和網絡經濟學

網絡能力或價值以網絡成員數(shù)的增加而顯指數(shù)級增長隨著網絡成員數(shù)目的增加，更多的人們想使用網絡（網絡訪問需求量的增加）5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Are

students

aware

of

any

friends

or

family

that

do

not

have

Internet

access?

You

might

ask

themto

remember

‘life

before

the

Internet’,

ifpossible,

to

underscore

the

magnitude

of

how

far

communication

and

computing

has

come

over

time.IT基礎設施通信成本遞減與互聯(lián)網據(jù)估計，全世界有15億人上網

隨著通訊成本下降到一個非常小的數(shù)目，幾乎接近于零，通信和電腦設備利用率爆增5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Emphasize

to

students

how

close

the

cost

per

kilobit

has

come

to

0

since

1995.

What

implications

does

this

have

for

the

numberof

people

usingthe

Internet?

You

could

once

again

relate

this

to

the

digital

divide

and

emphasize

that

even

now

asignificant

portion

of

the

world

lacks

access

tothe

Internet

and

other

services,

thoughit

has

more

to

do

with

reasons

ofinsufficient

infrastructure

than

Internet

communication

costs.

Oneimplication:

it

costs

no

more

to

move

agigabyte

from

NewYork

to

San

Francisco

than

it

does

to

move

the

same

amountof

information

from

thetop

of

a

building

to

the

basement.

This

means

that

data

no

longer

needsto

be

located

“close

by”

the

user.5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall圖5-9網民增加的一個原因是網絡接入和通信費用的急速下降。自1995年以來每千字節(jié)的網絡流量費用以指數(shù)級下降。數(shù)字用戶線（DSL）和電纜調制解調器現(xiàn)在發(fā)送每千比特的通信流量費用零售不到2美分。IT基礎設施互聯(lián)網通信費用成指數(shù)級下降管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術What

might

today’s

enterprise

infrastructure

and

Internet

have

beenlike

without

widespread

and

universal

standards,

such

as

Windows,Microsoft

Office,

Unix,

and

Ethernet?

(Greatly

decreased

efficiency

and

confusion,

inability

to

develop

innovative

products

everyone

can

usebased

on

asingle

standard,

etc.)IT基礎設施基礎設施技術發(fā)展的驅動力（續(xù)）標準與互聯(lián)網的影響技術標準規(guī)范地建立了產品的兼容性和用網絡溝通的能力

釋放大規(guī)模經濟導致價格下降，伴隨著制造商制造商品向單一標準靠攏。5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術The

upcoming

slides

will

go

over

each

component

in

more

detail.IT基礎設施IT基礎設施有7個主要部件計算機硬件平臺操作系統(tǒng)平臺企業(yè)軟件應用數(shù)據(jù)管理和存儲網絡/通信平臺互聯(lián)網平臺咨詢和系統(tǒng)集成服務5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Ask

students

to

takea

look

at

the

example

companies

that

appear

under

eachheading.

What

companies

appear

repeatedly?

How

manyitems

areunfamiliar?圖5-107個主要部件必須協(xié)調一致地為企業(yè)提供基礎設施。這里所羅列的是主要技術和每個組件的供應商。IT基礎設施IT基礎設施的組成5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術IT基礎設施生態(tài)系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)管理和存儲IBM

DB2數(shù)據(jù)庫Oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫

SQL

server數(shù)據(jù)庫Sybase數(shù)據(jù)庫MySql數(shù)據(jù)庫EMC系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)網平臺計算機硬件平臺操作系統(tǒng)平臺企業(yè)軟件應用咨詢和系統(tǒng)集成網絡/通信To

give

students

an

idea

of

the

size

of

the

market

for

computer

hardware,

in

2008,

285

million

PCs

were

shipped

worldwide

with

a

market

valueof

$253

billion,

and

in

2009

U.S.

firms

will

spend

about

$150

billionon

computer

hardware.IT基礎設施計算機硬件平臺客戶機臺式電腦、移動計算設備、掌上電腦、筆記本電腦服務器刀片式服務器：放置在機架中的超薄電腦大型機：IBM大型機相當于成千上萬臺刀片式服務器頂尖的芯片制造商：AMD公司，英特爾，IBM著名公司：IBM、惠普、戴爾、Sun微系統(tǒng)5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Emphasize

Microsoft’s

dominance

in

operatingsystems

and

explain

that

it

is

the

most

important

reason

for

their

success

to

date.The

market

for

enterprise

software

applications

is

approximately

$250

billion

dollars.

These

applications

are

considered

to

be

part

of

ITinfrastructure.

Traditionally,

large

firms

were

the

most

prominent

users

of

enterprise

software,

but

firms

such

as

Microsoft

are

tryingto

move

intothe

untapped

market

of

small-

and

medium-sized

businesses

that

might

benefit

from

less

expansive

versionsof

the

same

software.IT基礎設施操作系統(tǒng)平臺操作系統(tǒng)

客戶級：95％運行微軟的Windows（XP，2000，CE認證等）服務級：85％使用Unix或Linux企業(yè)應用軟件企業(yè)應用軟件企業(yè)應用軟件供應商：SAP和甲骨文中間件提供商：BEA5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Remind

students

that

the

amount

of

new

information

in

the

world

is

doubling

every

three

years,

driving

the

need

for

more

efficient

datamanagement

and

storage.IT基礎設施數(shù)據(jù)管理和存儲數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件：IBM公司（DB2的），甲骨文，微軟（SQL

Server），Sybase（自適應服務器企業(yè)版），MySQL

物理數(shù)據(jù)存儲：EMC的公司（大型系統(tǒng)）、希捷、邁拓、西部數(shù)據(jù)存儲區(qū)域網絡：連接多個存儲設備上的專用網絡5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Firms

spent

$210

billion

onnetworkinggear

and

a

whopping

$850

billion

onnetworkingservices

in

2008.

Compare

these

in

size

to

thepreviously

mentioned

figures

in

computer

hardware

platforms

and

enterprise

software

applications

($150

billion,

$250

billion).

This

comparison

can

highlightfor

the

students

the

extent

to

which

we

are

living

in

an

era

of

telecommunications

revolution

as

much

as

a

computer

era.

The

device

in

the

hand

is

obvious

to

people,

the

communications

network

in

the

background

is

hidden.IT基礎設施網絡/通信平臺通信服務電信、有線電視、電信公司為語音和互聯(lián)網接入收費AT＆T公司，Verizon公司網絡操作系統(tǒng)：包括Windows

Server，Novell，Linux，Unix系統(tǒng)

網絡硬件供應商：思科、朗訊、北電網絡、Juniper網絡公司5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Internet

platforms

are

yet

another

area

where

Microsoft

is

featured

prominently.

Students

at

this

point

should

be

able

to

appreciate

the

sheer

sizeof

the

company.

The

trend

since

the

late

1990s

has

been

to

reduce

the

number

of

servers

by

increasing

their

size

and

power.

Dell,

HP/Compaq,and

IBM

have

been

the

beneficiaries

of

this

trend.

Multi

core

processors,

and

blade

servers,

are

two

ways

inwhichserver

power

can

be

radically

increased

without

increasingthe

foot

print

or

the

power

requirements.IT基礎設施互聯(lián)網平臺

硬件、軟件、管理服務來支持公司的網站（包括網絡托管服務）內聯(lián)網，外聯(lián)網互聯(lián)網硬件服務器市場：戴爾、惠普/康柏、IBM

Web軟件應用開發(fā)工具：微軟（FrontPage和.NET）IBM（WebSphere等）Sun(Java)，獨立軟件開發(fā)商：

Macromedia公司，Adobe、RealMedia5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Implementingnew

infrastructure

requires

significant

changes

in

business

processes

and

procedures,

training

and

education,

and

softwareintegration.

This

is

a

task

that

firms

struggle

to

achieve

on

their

own,

which

drives

the

need

for

these

services.

The

MIS

course

provides

studentswith

an

excellent

background

to

be

a

business

systems

consultant.

Most

business

consulting

today

involves

developingbusiness

processes

andsupporting

systems.IT基礎設施咨詢和系統(tǒng)集成服務

即使大公司也沒有提供新的復雜基礎設施、支持全范圍的資源軟件集成：確保新基礎設施工程使用遺留系統(tǒng)工作

遺留系統(tǒng)：由于太昂貴而無法更換或重新設計仍然使用的舊系統(tǒng)IBM公司、EDS公司、Accenture公司5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Business

computing

is

increasingly

moving

from

PCs

and

desktops

to

mobile

devices,

and

managers

are

increasingly

using

these

to

coordinatework

and

communicate

with

employees.

Students

may

think

the

iPhone

they

own

is

just

a

phone,

or

music

player,

but

for

businesses

it

is

alongwithBlackberries

an

important

management

tool.硬件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢雖然計算成本較低，但基礎設施成本不斷擴大更多的計算、更復雜的計算增加了消費預算和安全需求新興移動數(shù)字平臺

手機、智能手機（黑莓，iPhone）已經確保數(shù)據(jù)傳輸、網頁瀏覽、電子郵件和傳送信息

上網本：被優(yōu)化的小型、低成本的輕型筆記本電腦用來無線通信和計算5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Both

grid

computing

and

cloud

computing

allow

organizations

to

optimize

their

use

of

resources

in

new

ways.

Grid

computing

allow

corporationsto

take

advantage

of

spare

computing

power

in

the

formof

networked

virtual

supercomputers,

and

cloud

computing

allows

organizations

to

avoidthe

expensesof

maintaining

their

own

hardware

and

software,

relyingon

the

cloud

instead.

Refer

students

to

the

Cloud

Computing

LearningTrack

on

the

Web

site.現(xiàn)代硬件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢網格計算

將地域上距離遙遠的計算機連接到一個單一網中聯(lián)合處理，創(chuàng)造虛擬超級計算機可以節(jié)約成本，提高速度、敏捷性云計算（效用計算）

數(shù)據(jù)永久存儲在遠程服務器上，用戶通過互聯(lián)網訪問和更新數(shù)據(jù)

使用云計算的組織為計算能力而支付費用（按需或效用計算）5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Emphasize

that

not

onlyis

there

an

environmental

concern,

but

there

is

also

the

incentive

to

reduce

costs

bydevelopingmore

efficient

andenvironmentally-friendlymethods

of

powering

systems.

It

is

within

the

ability

of

almost

anyfirm

to

take

measures

to

‘go

green’

withtheircomputing.Virtualizationis

mentioned

in

the

case

as

an

effective

way

to

reduce

the

total

computing

resources

required

to

run

applications.現(xiàn)代硬件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢綠色計算閱讀交互式會話：技術，然后討論以下問題：數(shù)據(jù)中心能耗將引發(fā)什么商業(yè)和社會問題？什么方案適合解決這些問題？那種解決方案最環(huán)保？這些解決方案的企業(yè)利益和成本是什么？所有的企業(yè)將涌向綠色計算嗎？為什么會或為什么不會？5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Autonomic

computing

and

virtualization

are

both

methods

of

allocating

resources

more

efficiently

at

the

technological

level

(the

previous

slidedescribes

technologies

with

a

more

organizationalfocus).現(xiàn)代硬件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢自主計算

企業(yè)努力提高系統(tǒng)自我配置、自我優(yōu)化、自我修復和自我保護。當知道被病毒感染時，能遏制病毒進一步入侵。類似的自我更新防毒軟件，蘋果和微軟都使用自動更新虛擬化和多核處理器

虛擬化：提供計算資源以便訪問不受物理配置和地理位置的限制。

允許多個操作系統(tǒng)運行在一臺服務器上，這樣性能由

10%~15%提高到70%。多核處理器：減少電力需求、提高性能。5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Linux

playsa

major

role

in

the

administrationof

local

area

networks.

Around

20

percent

of

the

server

operating

systemmarket

is

owned

byLinux.

Ask

students

to

give

reasons

why

an

open-source

operatingsystemmight

be

a

better

choice

for

network

administrators

than

alternativesthat

are

not

open-source

(such

as

Microsoft’s

Windows

server).Java

is

designed

to

run

on

any

computing

device.

This

includes

mobile

devices

like

smartphones.現(xiàn)代軟件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢linux和開源代碼軟件

開放源碼軟件：由社區(qū)程序員開發(fā)，免費使用并可以被用戶自由修改的軟件Linux：開源代碼操作系統(tǒng)Java面向對象程序設計語言（Sun微系統(tǒng)）獨立于操作系統(tǒng)、處理器(Java虛擬機)領先的Web編程環(huán)境小程序，電子商務應用程序Ajax異步Javascript和XML

允許客戶端和服務器在無需重載整個頁面的情況下僅交換修改的數(shù)據(jù)。5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術Firms

are

collectionsof

thousandsof

computer

programs

and

systems

built

over

many

years.

In

general,

these

systems

cannot

“talk”

with

oneanother,

and

sharing

informationamong

themis

very

expensive.

One

way

to

get

to

work

together

is

to

build

software

links

among

them.

This

isthe

Web

services

approach

(see

the

next

slide

on

service

oriented

architecture).

You

can

compare

it

to

the

Web:

any

computer

with

a

browsercan

access

billions

of

Web

pages

and

drawdown

the

information,

or

download

PDF

files

that

work

on

all

computers

that

have

a

version

ofAdobe

acrobat

installed.

In

a

business

firm,

you

want

a

similar

environment:

any

computer

programcan

get

data

fromany

other

computerprogram.

Web

services

makes

this

possible.Ensure

that

students

are

able

to

explain

the

difference

between

XML

and

HTML

(in

other

words,

the

additional

features

XML

has

compared

toHTML).

These

include

classifying,

presenting,

communicating,

and

storing

data,

as

opposed

to

HTML

being

able

to

merely

present

data.

Thesefeatures

also

allow

computers

to

manipulate

documents

written

in

XML

automatically.

Does

this

remind

students

of

autonomic

computing?管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall現(xiàn)代軟件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢web服務軟件組件，使用Web標準和語言交換信息可擴展標記語言比HTML更強大、更靈活標記并允許計算機自動處理數(shù)據(jù)簡單對象訪問協(xié)議構建消息的規(guī)則并允許不同應用之間傳遞數(shù)據(jù)和指令WSDL：web服務描述語言描述Web服務的框架和用途統(tǒng)一描述、發(fā)現(xiàn)和集成構建目錄來方便查找Web服務Emphasize

that

SOA

is

a

method

of

developing

infrastructure

using

web

services

withan

eye

towards

creating

applications

that

draw

data

fromseveral

underlying(usually

older

programs).

All

programs

are

builtor

re-designed

to

provide

certain

information

(services)

to

all

otherprograms.

With

SOA,

developers

incorporate

each

individual

service

into

an

application

that

successfullymeets

the

needs

of

theorganization.管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall現(xiàn)代軟件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢面向服務的架構

把包含在各種企業(yè)應用中的分散的功能組織為相互操作的、基于標準的服務。

軟件開發(fā)商重新使用這些服務，組合成其他應用程序使用

例如：一個“發(fā)票服務”，為計算和發(fā)送整個公司的印制發(fā)票服務。（一家美國汽車租賃公司）

通過web服務把自己的在線預訂系統(tǒng)與美國西南航空公司的網站連接起來Emphasize

that

the

task

Dollar

wants

to

complete

(interactingwith

other

companies’

information

systems)

is

represented

here

as

a

collectionofindividual

services,

in

keepingwith

the

SOA

model.

Dollar

wants

to

be

able

to

quickly

and

easily

share

data

withother

companies

–

the

series

ofservices

provided

above

are

combined

to

accomplish

that

task.圖5-11Dollar

Rent

A

Car公司使用

web服務提供一個標準的軟件中間層與其他公司的信息系統(tǒng)交互。Dollar

Rent

ACar公司可以使用web服務

集鏈接到其他公司的信息系統(tǒng)，不需要為每個公司信息系統(tǒng)建立特殊鏈接。管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall西南航線系統(tǒng)旅行社系統(tǒng)旅行預訂系統(tǒng)Web服務服務器預訂遺留系統(tǒng)Dollar

Rent

ACar系統(tǒng)無線網站其他商業(yè)伙伴系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)代軟件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢Dollar

Rent

a

Car如何使用web服務Service

level

agreements

are

formal

contracts

betweencustomers

and

their

service

providers

that

define

the

specific

responsibilities

of

the

serviceprovider

and

the

service

expected

by

the

customer.

These

are

important

to

establish

communication

between

the

two

firms

and

to

manage

theproject

efficiently.

Students

should

be

referred

to

the

SLA

Learning

Track.Why

do

students

think

that

software

outsourcing

is

growingquickly

in

popularity?

Have

thempoint

to

trends

that

might

back

up

their

claims.管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall現(xiàn)代軟件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢混搭和工具混搭程序：兩個或多個在線應用程序混合，如繪圖軟件（Google地圖）與當?shù)貙嶋H情況整合

工具：可添加到Web頁或放置在桌面上的并提供額外功能的小程序軟件外包

三個來源：軟件包供應商、軟件即服務供應商、軟件外包承接商軟件包：預先編寫的商務軟件軟件即服務（SaaS）：通過互聯(lián)網發(fā)布軟件外包：通常由服務等級協(xié)議管控Note

the

recent

jump

in

SaaS

spending

within

the

last

several

years,

and

the

pronounced

rise

in

the

last

two

or

three

years.

What

are

the

positivesand

negatives

of

acquiring

software

throughthe

SaaS

model?

Positives:

allows

companies

to

focus

on

business

issues

rather

thantechnology;

formany

companies,

SaaS

could

cut

costs.

Negatives:

SaaS

increases

the

firm’s

dependency

on

external

suppliers

(what

happens

if

your

supplied

ofSaaS

services

goes

into

bankruptcy?

What

is

your

backup

plan?圖5-12目前，美國企業(yè)每年用于軟件花費約

2500億美元。2008年，大約40%的軟件將來自企業(yè)外部，既有從企業(yè)應用軟件供應商銷售廣泛的公司應用程序，也有個人應用服務供應商銷售的軟件模塊。管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall現(xiàn)代軟件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢軟件來源的變化What

do

students

think

of

the

idea

of

software

as

aservice?

Do

they

expect

S

to

have

staying

power?

How

does

theS

business

model

fit

in

with

other

trends

like

cloud

computing?

This

is

agreat

site

to

visit

in

class

and

explore

the

options.管理信息系統(tǒng)第5章信息技術基礎設施和新興技術5.1?

2009

by

Prentice

Hall現(xiàn)代軟件平臺的發(fā)展趨勢S:軟件作為一種服務成為主流閱讀互動專欄：組織閱讀，然后討論以下問題：軟件即服務有哪些優(yōu)缺點？

由于Salesforce繼續(xù)增長，Salesforce將面臨什么樣的挑戰(zhàn)，？哪種企業(yè)可以在使用Salesforce的系統(tǒng)中受益?為什么？你的企業(yè)將使用S之前,你需要考慮什么因素？Ask