《英漢法律翻譯教程》

英漢法律翻譯教程ACourseinTranslationofLegalDocuments10導(dǎo)論:法律文件的翻譯0.1法律英語的特點(diǎn)法律英語是指法律界通用的書面英語(包括法律、法規(guī)、條例、規(guī)章、協(xié)定、判決、裁定等),尤其是指律師起草法律文件(合同、章程、協(xié)議、契約等)慣常使用的語言。法律英語有其自身的特點(diǎn),詞語、詞義、專業(yè)用語和表達(dá)方式有別于普通英語,形成了一種特殊的文體。語言學(xué)界把這種文體歸為“莊重的”(solemn)、“刻板的”(rigid)文體,是因?yàn)榉捎⒄Z語句正規(guī),有一定的程式,專用于嚴(yán)肅客觀地表述所涉事項(xiàng)。也有人認(rèn)為這種文體是“神秘的”(mystical),甚至是“矯揉造作的”(assiduouslystilted),理由是法律英語文詞艱澀難懂,語句冗長復(fù)雜。但不管怎樣,法律文件必須用詞準(zhǔn)確,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),并采用業(yè)內(nèi)普遍接受的格式,以充分體現(xiàn)法律的嚴(yán)肅性和嚴(yán)密性。從事法律翻譯,首先應(yīng)當(dāng)了解法律英語的特點(diǎn)。為此,有必要從詞匯和句法兩個(gè)方面人手,對(duì)法律英語作一些探討。0.2法律文件的用語法律文件往往使用正式的(formal)詞語、被賦予專門意義并已進(jìn)入法律英語范疇的普通詞語、英語古詞語料來詞語(主要來自拉丁語)、法律術(shù)語和行話、套話。1)使用正式的詞語體現(xiàn)法律英語文體特點(diǎn)的,首先是法律文件偏愛“正式的”詞語——與普通語言不一樣的詞語。正式詞語在各類法律文件中隨處可見。例如,在合同中,不用before而用prior,不用after而用subsequent,不用but而用providedthat,在這幾個(gè)例子中,常用詞都被正式的詞取代。其他的正式用語還有:construe,deem,operate,same,objectto,whereas,without,prejudice等等。宣誓書(affividat)的正式用語有beingfirstdulysworn,deposeandsays;beforeme,anotarypublic。而判決書則用Nowtherefore,Itisordered,adjudged,anddecreed做出判決。2)使用具有不同意義的常用詞英語不少普通詞用在法律文件里,失去了一般人所理解的通常意義,而具有屬于法律范疇的、與其原義大相徑庭的意思。下面所列的一些(僅僅是一部分)常用詞,用在法律文件中所表示的意義,往往只有律師才清楚:action(訴訟)、alienation(轉(zhuǎn)讓)、avoid(取消)、consideration(對(duì)價(jià))、counterpart(有同等效力的副本)、execute(簽署)、hand(簽名)、instrument(法律文件)、negligence(過失)、party(一方)、prejudice(損害)、presents(本法律文件)。said(上述,該)、save(除了)、serve(送達(dá))。3)使用古英語和中古英語中常用擔(dān)當(dāng)代很少使用的詞古英語(OldEnglish)是公元約1100年以前的英語,中古英語(MiddleEnglish)則是公元約1100年至1500年間的英語。雖說古英語和中古英語都早已過時(shí),但今天的法律英語中還保留著許多那個(gè)時(shí)期常用的詞以及其詞義,其中最主要是以here,there和where與介詞合成的詞:-hereafter,herein,hereof,hereto,heretofore,hereunder,herewith;-thereafter,thereat,thereby,therefore,therefrom,therein,thereof,thereon,thereto,theretofore,thereunder,therewith;-whereas,whereby,wherein,whereof此外還有aforesaid,forthwith及作形容詞用的said和such。4)使用外來詞語傳統(tǒng)上,英美兩國法律專業(yè)的學(xué)生都要學(xué)習(xí)拉丁文。在現(xiàn)代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法律詞典里,仍然收錄了直接來自拉丁文的詞語。其中有些拉丁詞已被吸收成為英語詞,如:affidavit(宣誓書)、alias(化名;別名)、alibi(不在犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng))、quorum(法定人數(shù))等。雖然大部分拉丁詞語如今不再使用,但還有不少詞語常常出現(xiàn)在法律文件中,成為法律英語的一個(gè)印記,如:adhoc(專門的;專門地)、bonafide(真誠的,真誠地)、defacto(事實(shí)上的)、inre(關(guān)于)、interalia(除了別的因素以外)、mutatismutandis(在細(xì)節(jié)上作適當(dāng)修正后)、partpassu(按相同比例)、perse(自身)、probono(為了公益)、prorata(按比例)等。5)使用法律術(shù)語和行話、套話各行各業(yè)都有專門術(shù)語和行話,律師行業(yè)亦不例外。法律術(shù)語和行話對(duì)不熟悉法律業(yè)務(wù)的外行人來說,是難以理解的,但對(duì)于律師開展業(yè)務(wù)和起草文件卻是不可或缺的。律師使用的術(shù)語和行話不勝枚舉,這里僅收錄最為常見的一些用語:alibi(不在犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng))、appeal(上訴)、bail(保釋)、burdenofproof(舉證責(zé)任)、causeofaction(案由)、contributorynegligence(與有過失)、damages(損失賠償金)、defendant(被告)、duediligence(審慎調(diào)查)、felony(重罪)、lessee(承租人)、lessor(出租人)、lettersPatent(專利證書)、negotiableinstrument(流通票據(jù))、novation(更替)、plaintiff(原告)、prejudice(損害)、reasonabledoubt(合理的懷疑)、remedy(救濟(jì))、secondment(臨時(shí)調(diào)任)、tort(侵權(quán)行為)。為了使要表達(dá)的意思更為精確,或界定適用范圍,律師在起草合同文件時(shí)每每使用現(xiàn)成的套話,如:andfornootherpurposes,shallnotoperateasawaiver,shallnotbedeemedaconsent,includingbutnotlimitedto,orothersimilarordissimilarcauses,withoutprejudiceto,nothingcontainedhereinshall等。此外,由于英語的名詞和代詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式,又有性別之分,為了防止所涉及的條款出現(xiàn)片面性解釋,在合同的“定義和解釋”部分,通常都有這樣“以一概全”的固定句子:WordsinthesingularIncludethepluralandviceversa;wordsusedinthemasculinegenderincludeeverygender.這種法律文件特有的套話在普通英語里是找不到的,因而也更能反映法律英語的文體特色。0.3法律文件的句子結(jié)構(gòu)盡管隨著時(shí)代的變遷,法律英語也呈現(xiàn)了一些簡(jiǎn)化趨勢(shì),但與日常英語相比,法律文件中依然會(huì)出現(xiàn)不少結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、文詞冗長的句子,這與法律規(guī)定和合同條款的表述刻意追求精確、嚴(yán)密木無關(guān)系。擬定規(guī)定和條款,最主要的是確立主題事項(xiàng),但有時(shí)候還必須顧及實(shí)施的依據(jù)、前提、條件、假設(shè)、例外情況等,這就要借助相應(yīng)的狀語修飾語(短語和從句)續(xù)密地表達(dá)規(guī)定和條款的完整意思。由此形成的英語復(fù)合句不可能不長。另外,法律文件最突出的特點(diǎn)是客觀公正,不帶主觀色彩,因而句子中較少出現(xiàn)人稱主語,更多的是被動(dòng)語態(tài)和名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。下面擬對(duì)法律文件的這兩個(gè)句法特點(diǎn)作一些分析。1)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句法律文件的句子,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容有長有短,但長句出現(xiàn)的頻率相對(duì)較高。長句的形成,是因?yàn)榫渥又杏斜姸嗥鹦揎椬饔玫亩ㄕZ和狀語,如:If,afterthesigningofthisAgreement,theChinesegovernmenteitherattheState,provincial,municipalorlocalleveladoptsanynewlaw,regulation,decreeorrule,amendsorrepealsanyprovisionofanylaw,regulation,decreeorrule,oradoptsanydifferentinterpretationormethodofimplementationofanylaw,regulation,decreeorrule,whichcontravenesthisAgreementorwhichmateriallyandadverselyaffectsaParty’seconomicbenefitunderthisAgreement,thenuponwrittennoticethereoffromtheaffectedpartytotheotherParty,thePartyshallpromptlyconsultanddecidewhether(i)tocontinuetoimplementtheAgreementinaccordancewiththeoriginalprovisionsthereofaspertherelevantprovisionsoftheContractLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina;or(ii)toeffectuatenecessaryadjustmentsinordertopreserveeachParty’seconomicbenefitunderthisAgreementonabasisnolessfavorablethantheeconomicbenefititwouldhavereceivedifsuchlaw,regulation,decreeorrulehadnotbeenadopted,amended,repealedorsoInterpretedorimplemented.上面這個(gè)句子的主句前面有一個(gè)很長的條件狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語,主句本身也有多個(gè)狀語,而且狀語從句中又有表示時(shí)間的狀語和定語從句,修飾語套修飾語,一個(gè)接一個(gè)疊加,一環(huán)扣一環(huán)相連,構(gòu)成了復(fù)雜的修飾和被修飾關(guān)系。要理解并翻譯這個(gè)長句的完整意思,必須首先弄清楚句子里各個(gè)成分的相互關(guān)系。2)被動(dòng)語態(tài)和名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)與文學(xué)作品多用主動(dòng)語態(tài)以增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)力度和動(dòng)感迥然不同,法律文件旨在對(duì)人們的行為做出法律規(guī)定,規(guī)范各種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)在沒有具體人物執(zhí)行某一動(dòng)作,或表述重點(diǎn)在于動(dòng)作本身而不在于動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的情況下,把動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為抽象化的名詞和使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)恰恰適合法律英語莊重刻板的文體特點(diǎn)。下面的例子充分反映出法律文件的這一句法特征:Unlessotherwiseprovidedforherein,failureordelayonthepartofanypartytoexerciseanyright,powerorprivilegeunderthisAgreementshallnotoperateasawaiverthereof,notshallanysingleorpartialexerciseofanyright,powerorprivilegeprecludefurtherexercisethereoforexerciseofanyotherright,powerorprivilege.AwaiverbyoneofthepartiesatanytimeofabreachofanytermorprovisionofthisAgreementcommittedbytheotherpartyshallnotbeconstruedasawaiverbysuchpartyofanysubsequentbreachtobecommittedbytheotherparty,norshallitbeconstruedasawaiverbysuchpartyofitsrightsundersuchprovisionoranyofitsotherrightsunderthisAgreement.上面的這條合同條款中,有這樣一些源自動(dòng)詞的抽象化名詞,如:failure,delay,waiver,exercise,breach;被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)則有unlessotherwiseprovidedforherein,shallnotbeconstruedas等。0.4法律翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法律翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同其他文字翻譯一樣,就是譯文務(wù)求忠實(shí)通順。然而,由于法律文件具有高度的嚴(yán)肅性和嚴(yán)密性,法律翻譯必須不折不扣、準(zhǔn)確無誤地譯出原文的內(nèi)容,同時(shí)又要使譯文順暢,且符合法律語言的文體風(fēng)格。翻譯時(shí),一詞一句都應(yīng)緊扣原文,遣詞造句要仔細(xì)斟酌,切忌因一味追求“達(dá)”和“雅”而隨意解釋或刪改原意。忠實(shí)于原文應(yīng)該是法律翻譯的第一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。即使原文有的句子比較生澀,也不能為求“順”而舍“信”,借用魯迅先生的話來說,就是“寧信而不順”。當(dāng)然,理想的法律翻譯應(yīng)該是“忠實(shí)”和“通順”的完滿結(jié)合,這也應(yīng)該成為翻譯工作者孜孜以求的目標(biāo)。就法律翻譯的方法而言,“直譯”(簡(jiǎn)言之,即嚴(yán)格按原文的詞句翻譯)是最可取的。具體而言,翻譯時(shí)對(duì)法律文件的每一個(gè)詞(包括虛詞)都不能掉以輕心,尤其是用在法律英語里的常用詞(如前文第二節(jié)第二段所列舉的一些詞),應(yīng)該按其在法律語境中的意思進(jìn)行翻譯(如將action譯為“訴訟”,而不是“行動(dòng)”)。即使是平時(shí)不大起眼的介詞,如at,in,on等也應(yīng)給以足夠的重視,如下面一句句子中的幾個(gè)介詞分別指明“土地”的不同位置,必須——準(zhǔn)確翻譯出來,否則以后有可能引起合同爭(zhēng)議。PartyArepresentsandwarrantsthattherearenoconditionsat,on,under,orrelatedto,therealpropertyconstitutingalloranyportionoftheLandwhichpresentlyorpotentiallyposeahazardtohumanhealthortheenvironment,whetherornotincompliancewithlawandtherehasbeennomanufacture,use,treatment,storage,transportation,ordisposalofanyhazardousortoxicsubstance,pollutant,orcontaminantontheLandnoranyreleaseofanyhazardousortoxicsubstance,pollutant,orcontaminantintooruponorovertheLand.翻譯句子,尤其是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句,應(yīng)首先弄清句子各個(gè)成分之間的相互關(guān)系,在準(zhǔn)確理解句子的完整意思的基礎(chǔ)上,按中國人所習(xí)慣的時(shí)間順序(如由過去、現(xiàn)在到將來)和邏輯思維順序(如由“因”而“果”),將英語原句譯成符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣的文字。由于英語的狀語位置靈活,可放在句首、句尾或句子中間,定語又有前置定語、后置定語和同位語,翻譯長句時(shí),不可能把英語原句的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成與其一模一樣的漢語句子。譯者需要先對(duì)原句的內(nèi)容按語段進(jìn)行拆分,而后按漢語表達(dá)方式,將拆分后的各部分內(nèi)容重新合成意思與英語原句完全相同的句子。實(shí)踐證明,這種“拆分——整合”的處理方式有助于將長句的意思忠實(shí)而又通順地翻譯出來。因此可以這樣說,翻譯法律文件,處理好長句是保證譯文質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵之一。0.5法律翻譯的基本要求法律翻譯工作者除了應(yīng)具備從事一般文字翻譯所必需的能力外,在英語和漢語的功底和寫作能力上有較高的要求,同時(shí)還需要有一定的法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的知識(shí)。前面說過,法律語言是一種正式文體,有特殊的用語和不同于一般文章的寫作方式,且不時(shí)出現(xiàn)艱澀難懂的文句,英語水平欠缺的人甚至在閱讀和理解法律文件時(shí)就會(huì)遇到不少困難。同樣,譯者的漢語寫作能力達(dá)不到水準(zhǔn)也難以產(chǎn)生符合要求的翻譯文本。法律文件,特別是商業(yè)律師事務(wù)所起草的各種合同、協(xié)議和其他文件,涉及面廣而雜,法律、經(jīng)濟(jì)、商業(yè)、貿(mào)易、金融、證券、保險(xiǎn)、稅收、倉儲(chǔ)、運(yùn)輸、海關(guān)、商品檢驗(yàn)、環(huán)境保護(hù)、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)等無所不包。這就要求法律翻譯工作者對(duì)這些領(lǐng)域有盡可能多的了解,并且要不斷掌握這方面的最新知識(shí)。為了適應(yīng)、進(jìn)而勝任法律翻譯工作的需要,學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)教程,查閱有關(guān)參考資料(包括勤查經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律工具書)和請(qǐng)教精于相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的律師,對(duì)于熟悉和掌握專業(yè)知識(shí)會(huì)有很大幫助。從這個(gè)意義上講,法律翻譯的過程也是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的過程。翻譯法律文件要求忠實(shí)于原文,這不但需要表意準(zhǔn)確,而且還要符合法律語言的風(fēng)格。具體而言,譯文要正規(guī),不宜使用口語化的詞匯和表達(dá)方式,要按照漢語大多重復(fù)名詞的習(xí)慣,盡量少用和不用人稱代詞和物主代詞,這樣既可以避免出現(xiàn)對(duì)象指代不清的問題,又可以使文字更加正式。這里,需要指出的是,雖然法律文件中有較多意義相近的并列詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句,但并不等于法律語言羅唆、晦澀。因此,翻譯法律文件,文字要精確,洗練,句子再長也要把原文的意思表達(dá)得一清二楚,務(wù)必去除任何多余的和不必要的詞語。對(duì)于法律翻譯,“言貴簡(jiǎn)潔”的格言也同樣適用。行文至此,有必要特別強(qiáng)調(diào),法律翻譯是一項(xiàng)嚴(yán)肅的工作,容不得半點(diǎn)差錯(cuò),否則很有可能引起法律糾紛。因此,從事法律翻譯,首先要有高度的責(zé)任心和敬業(yè)精神,工作中不允許絲毫懈怠和馬虎。翻譯前要做到心中有數(shù),下筆時(shí)要慎之又慎,稍有疏忽就會(huì)出錯(cuò),有時(shí)候差之毫厘,可能失之千里。每譯完一篇法律文件,都應(yīng)當(dāng)核對(duì)原文,仔細(xì)檢查有無差錯(cuò)和遺漏,直到滿意時(shí)才潤色定稿。從事法律翻譯,只有具備上述各項(xiàng)能力和良好的素質(zhì),方能圓滿完成所承擔(dān)的任務(wù)。1Assignment/Transfer翻譯練習(xí)1.NeitherPartymayassignthisAgreement,inwholeorinpart,withouttheotherParty'spriorwrittenconsent,exceptto(i)anycorporationresultingfromanymerger,consolidationorotherreorganizationinvolvingtheassigningParty,and(ii)anyentitytowhichtheassigningPartymaytransferallorsubstantiallyallofitsassets;providedthattheassigneeagreesinwritingtobeboundbyallthetermsandconditionsofthisAgreementandprovidesdocumentationasevidencethattheassigneehastheabilityandcapabilityofmeetingalloftheobligationsunderthisAgreement.2.Withoutpriorwrittenapproval,noPartyshallassignanyandallofitsrightsandinterestsanddelegateitsresponsibilitiesunderthisAgreementtoanythirdparty.However,PartyBshallhavetherighttoassignitsrightsandinterestsanddelegateitsresponsibilitieshereundertoanaffiliate;providedthatPartyBshallcontinuetowarrantthatsuchaffiliatewillcompletethepurchaseoftheequityinterestinthemannercontemplatedbythisAgreement.3.NeitherPartyheretoshallassignthisAgreementoranyofitsrightsandinterestshereunderwithouttheotherParty'spriorwrittenconsent,whichshallnotbeunreasonablywithheld.NotwithstandingtheaboveprovisionofthisClause,(a)PartyAshallhavetherighttoassignitsrightstoanysubsidiary,affiliateorsuccessorentityaslongasPartyAremainsliabletoperformallofitsobligationsunderthisAgreementasapplicable,and(b)PartyBmay,withouttheconsentofPartyA,assigninwhole,butnotinpart,itsrightshereundertoanysubsidiary,affiliateorsuccessorentityofPartyBoritsultimateparentcompany(providedthatanysuchassignmenttoanysuchsubsidiaryshallnotbedeemedasareleaseofPartyB'sobligationshereunderunlessPartyAshallhavegivenpriorwrittenconsenttoanysuchreleaseandPartyBshallremainliabletoPartyAinrespectofanybreachofthisClause).AnyattemptedassignmentincontraventionofthisClauseshallbevoid.4.TransferofRegisteredCapitala)EitherPartymaytransferallorpartofitsregisteredcapitalcontributiontotheCompanytoanythirdparty,providedthatitfirstobtainstheunanimousapprovaloftheBoardandtheapprovaloftheApprovalAuthorityandcomplieswiththeprovisionsofthisArticle.b)WhenaParty(the"DisposingParty")wishestotransferallorpartofitsregisteredcapitalcontributiontoathirdparty,itshallprovideawrittennotice(the"Notice")totheotherParty(the"Non-DisposingParty").TheNoticeshallstatethattheDisposingPartywishestomakethetransferandshallspecifytheinterestitwishestotransfer,thetermsandconditionsofthetransfer,andtheidentityoftheproposedtransferee(the"Transferee").c)TheNon-DisposingPartyshallhaveapreemptiverighttopurchasethewholeofsuchinterest(i)ontermsandconditionsnolessfavorablethanthosespecifiedintheNoticeor(ii)atafairmarketvalueappraisedassetforthinparagraph(e).IftheNon-DisposingPartyelectstoexerciseitspreemptiveright,itshallnotifytheDisposingPartyinwriting(the"AcceptanceNotice")withinthirty(30)daysoftheactualdeliveryoftheNoticetotheNon-DisposingPartythatitintendstopurchasethewholeoftheinteresttobetransferred.d)IftheNon-DisposingPartyfailstorespondinwritingtotheNoticewithinsuchthirty(30)-dayperiod,theNon-DisposingPartyshallbedeemedtohaveconsentedtothetransfer.IftheNon-DisposingPartyconsents,orisdeemedtohaveconsentedtothetransfer,theDisposingPartymaytransfersuchinteresttotheTransferee,onthetermsandconditionssetforthintheNotice,butnototherwise,providedthatsuchtransfertakesplacewithinsix(6)monthsafterthedeliveryoftheNoticeandthattheTransfereeagreesinwritingtobecomesubjecttoandtocomplywiththetermsandconditionsofthisContractandtheArticlesofAssociation.TheDisposingPartyshallprovidetheNon-DisposingPartywithaduplicateofitsexecutedtransferagreementwiththeTransfereewithinfourteen(14)daysaftertheagreementisexecuted.e)IftheNon-DisposingPartyelectstopurchasetheinteresttobetransferredatfairmarketvalue,theNon-DisposingPartyshallstateintheAcceptanceNoticethatitsoelects,andshallincludeintheAcceptanceNoticealistofatleasttwo(2)internationallyrecognizedaccountingfirmswithexperienceinconductingvaluationsinChina.TheDisposingPartyshall,withinthirty(30)daysafterreceivingtheAcceptanceNotice,bynoticeinwritingdeliveredtotheNon-DisposingParty,nominateoneoftheaccountingfirmswhosenameswereprovidedbytheNon-DisposingPartytovaluetheinteresttobetransferred.TheNon-DisposingPartyshallarrangethevaluation,whichshallbecompletedwithinthree(3)monthsafterthedeliveryoftheAcceptanceNotice.參考譯文轉(zhuǎn)讓1.任何一方未經(jīng)另一方事先書面同意,不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議的全部或部分,除非轉(zhuǎn)讓給(i)涉及轉(zhuǎn)讓方的因兼并、合并或其他重組而產(chǎn)生的任何公司,(ii)轉(zhuǎn)讓方可以向其轉(zhuǎn)讓全部成絕大部分資產(chǎn)的實(shí)體;但受讓方須書面同意受本協(xié)議所有條款和條件約束,并提供文件證明受讓方有資格、有能力履行本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的全部義務(wù)。2.任何一方未經(jīng)事先書面批準(zhǔn),不得將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何和全部權(quán)利和權(quán)益讓與及將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的責(zé)任委托給任何第三方。但乙方有權(quán)將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的權(quán)利和權(quán)益讓與及將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的責(zé)任委托給一家關(guān)聯(lián)公司,但是乙方應(yīng)繼續(xù)保證該關(guān)聯(lián)公司將以本協(xié)議擬定的方式完成對(duì)股權(quán)的購買。3.本協(xié)議任何一方未經(jīng)另一方事先書面同意(該另一方不得無理拒絕同意),不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議或其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何權(quán)利和權(quán)益。盡管本條有上述規(guī)定,但(a)甲方有權(quán)將其權(quán)利讓與任何子公司、關(guān)聯(lián)公司或繼承實(shí)體,只要在適用情況下,甲方仍有責(zé)任履行其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的全部義務(wù),山)乙方可以無須經(jīng)甲方同意,將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的全部(而不是部分)權(quán)利讓與乙方的任何予公司、關(guān)聯(lián)公司或繼承實(shí)體或其最終的母公司(但是向任何該等子公司進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓,不應(yīng)被視為解除乙方在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的義務(wù),除非甲方已事先書面同意予以解除,且乙方若違反本條規(guī)定仍須對(duì)甲方負(fù)有責(zé)任)。任何試圖違反本條規(guī)定進(jìn)行的轉(zhuǎn)讓均為無效。4.注冊(cè)資本的轉(zhuǎn)讓a)任何一方均可將其在公司注冊(cè)資本中的全部和部分出資轉(zhuǎn)讓給任何第三方,但該等轉(zhuǎn)讓首先項(xiàng)經(jīng)董事會(huì)一致通過及審批機(jī)構(gòu)的批準(zhǔn),并符合本條的規(guī)定。b)一方(“轉(zhuǎn)讓方”)欲將其全部或部分注冊(cè)資本出資額轉(zhuǎn)讓給第三方時(shí),應(yīng)向另一方(“非轉(zhuǎn)讓方”)提供書面通知(“通知”)。通知應(yīng)表明轉(zhuǎn)讓方欲轉(zhuǎn)讓其出資,明確欲轉(zhuǎn)讓的股權(quán)、轉(zhuǎn)讓的條款和條件及受讓人(“受讓人”)的身份。c)非轉(zhuǎn)讓方有優(yōu)先權(quán),(i)按不遜于通知規(guī)定的條款和條件,或(ii)按(C)段規(guī)定,以經(jīng)評(píng)估的公平市價(jià)購買全部該等股權(quán)。如果非轉(zhuǎn)讓方?jīng)Q定行使優(yōu)先權(quán),應(yīng)在轉(zhuǎn)讓方向非轉(zhuǎn)讓方實(shí)際送交通知后三十(30)天內(nèi),以書面形式通知轉(zhuǎn)讓方(“接受通知”),表明其有意購買擬轉(zhuǎn)讓的全部股權(quán)。d)如果在上述三十(30)內(nèi)非轉(zhuǎn)讓方未能作出書面回應(yīng),即被視為業(yè)已同意轉(zhuǎn)讓。如果非轉(zhuǎn)讓方同意、或被視為同意轉(zhuǎn)讓,轉(zhuǎn)讓方只可按通知規(guī)定的(而不是其他的)條款和條件,將該等股權(quán)向受讓人轉(zhuǎn)讓,但轉(zhuǎn)讓須在通知發(fā)出后六(6)個(gè)月內(nèi)進(jìn)行,且受讓人須書面同意服從和遵守本合同和章程的條款和條件。轉(zhuǎn)讓方應(yīng)在與受讓人簽署轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議后十四(14)天內(nèi),向非轉(zhuǎn)讓方提供經(jīng)其簽署的轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議副本。e)如果非轉(zhuǎn)讓方?jīng)Q定以公平的市價(jià)購買擬轉(zhuǎn)讓的股權(quán),應(yīng)在接受通知中表明其此等意向,并在其中列出至少兩(2)家在中國進(jìn)行評(píng)估方面具有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的國際知名會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所名單。轉(zhuǎn)讓方應(yīng)在收到接受通知后三十(30)天內(nèi),向轉(zhuǎn)讓方送交書面通知,提名非轉(zhuǎn)讓方提供的兩家會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所之一對(duì)擬轉(zhuǎn)讓的股權(quán)進(jìn)行評(píng)估。非轉(zhuǎn)讓方應(yīng)對(duì)評(píng)估作出安排,評(píng)估應(yīng)在送交接受通知三(3)個(gè)月內(nèi)完成補(bǔ)充翻譯練習(xí)1.TherightsandobligationsoftheJVCunderthisAgreementmaynotbeassignedorsub-contractedinwholeorinpartwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofPartyA.2.ShouldonePartyassignallorpartofitsregisteredcapital,priorwrittenconsentshallbeobtainedfromtheotherParty,inaddition,theotherPartyshallhaveapreemptiverightonthesametermsandconditionstotheextentpermittedbylaw.Notwithstandingtheforegoing,aPartyherebywaivesitspreemptiverightinthecaseofanyassignmentofallorpartoftheotherParty'sregisteredcapitaltoanaffiliateoftheotherParty.EachofthePartiesfurtheragreestocausethedirector(s)ithasappointedtotheBoardofDirectorstovoteinfavorofanysuchproposedassignment.If,asaresultofitscorporaterestructuring,PartyAtransfersitsequityinterestintheCJVtooneofitsnewly-foundedaffiliates("PartyAAffiliate"),PartyAshallprovidePartyBwithawrittenassuranceguaranteeingtheperformanceoftheobligationsunderthisContractbyPartyAAffiliate.3.IfaParty("IntendingTransferor")intendstosellorotherwisetransfer(collectivelyreferredtointhisClauseas"Transfer")allorpartofitsequityinterestintheJVCompany(collectivelyreferredtointhisClauseas"TransferredEquityInterest"),itshallfirstsendawrittennotice("TransferNotice")totheothertwoParties,statingitsintentiontomakethetransfer,thequantityoftheTransferredEquityInterest,theconditionsforpurchasethereofandtheidentityoftheproposedtransferee.TheothertwoPartiesshallhavethepreemptiverighttopurchasetheTransferredEquityInterest.IftheothertwoPartiesexercisetheirpreemptiverighttopurchaseall(butnotpart)oftheTransferredEquityInterest,theyshall,withinninety(90)daysofreceiptoftheTransferNotice,purchasetheTransferredEquityInterestatapriceequaltothesellingpricesetoutintheTransferNotice.IftheothertwoPartiesfailtoexercisesuchpreemptiverighttopurchaseorpaythesellingpricetotheIntendingTransferorwithintheninety(90-dayperiod,theyshallbedeemedtohavegiventheirpriorwrittenconsenttotheproposedtransfer.WhentheIntendingTransferortransferstheTransferredEquityInterest,theactualconditionsforsuchtransfermaynotbemorefavorablethantheconditionsforpurchasesetoutintheTransferNotice.WheretheIntendingTransferoriseitherPartyBorPartyC,andPartyAcannotincreaseitsEquityRationintheregisteredcapitaloftheJVCompanyduetotherestrictionimposedbyChineselaw,thenPartyAshallhavetherighttoassignitspreemptiverightofpurchasetoathirdpartyapprovedbyPartyA.補(bǔ)充翻譯練習(xí)參考譯文1.未經(jīng)甲方事先書面同意,合營公司在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的權(quán)利和義務(wù)不得全部或部分轉(zhuǎn)讓或分包。2.如果一方轉(zhuǎn)讓其全部或部分注冊(cè)資本,應(yīng)事先獲得另一方的書面同意。此外,該另一方在相同的條款和條件下,在法律允許范圍內(nèi)有優(yōu)先購買權(quán)。盡管有上述規(guī)定,如果一方將其全部或部分注冊(cè)資本轉(zhuǎn)讓給一家關(guān)聯(lián)公司,另一方則在此放棄其優(yōu)先購買權(quán)。各方進(jìn)一步同意促使其向董事會(huì)委派的董事投票贊成該等擬議的轉(zhuǎn)讓。如果由于甲方進(jìn)行公司重組而將其在合作經(jīng)營企業(yè)中的股權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓給其新成立的關(guān)聯(lián)公司之一(“甲方關(guān)聯(lián)公司”),則甲方應(yīng)向動(dòng)方提供書面保證,確保甲方關(guān)聯(lián)公司履行本合同項(xiàng)下的義務(wù)。3.若一方(“擬轉(zhuǎn)讓方”)意欲出售或以其他方式轉(zhuǎn)讓(在本條中統(tǒng)稱“轉(zhuǎn)讓”)其在合資公司的全部或部分股權(quán)(在本條中統(tǒng)稱“轉(zhuǎn)讓股權(quán)”)時(shí),首先應(yīng)向另外兩方發(fā)出書面通知(“轉(zhuǎn)讓通知”),表明其轉(zhuǎn)讓意向、轉(zhuǎn)讓股權(quán)的數(shù)量、購買條件以及擬議的受讓人身份。另外兩方享有購買轉(zhuǎn)讓股權(quán)的優(yōu)先權(quán)。若另外兩方行使其優(yōu)先權(quán)購買全部(但不是部分)轉(zhuǎn)讓股權(quán),則應(yīng)在收到轉(zhuǎn)讓通知后的九十(叨)天內(nèi)以相等于轉(zhuǎn)讓通知內(nèi)列明的出售價(jià)的價(jià)款購買轉(zhuǎn)讓股權(quán)。若另外兩方在九十(90)天期限內(nèi)未行使其優(yōu)先購買權(quán)或未向擬轉(zhuǎn)讓方支付出售價(jià)款,則應(yīng)被視為已就該項(xiàng)擬議中的轉(zhuǎn)讓給予事前書面同意。擬轉(zhuǎn)讓方轉(zhuǎn)讓股權(quán)時(shí),實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)讓條件不得比轉(zhuǎn)讓通知內(nèi)所載的購買條件優(yōu)惠。若擬轉(zhuǎn)讓方是乙方或丙方,而甲方因受中國法律限制不能增加其在合資公司注冊(cè)資本中的股份比例,則甲方有權(quán)將其優(yōu)先購買權(quán)讓與其認(rèn)可的第三方。2BreachandInfringement1.IfPartyAmateriallybreachesthisContract,PartyBorit;successorininterestisentitledtoterminatethisContractorclaimdamagesforthebreachofcontract.IfPartyBmateriallybreachesthisContract,PartyAisentitledtorequestPartyB,byissuingawrittennotice,toredressthebreachwithinfifteen(15)daysuponreceivingsuchnotice.IfPartyBfailstoredressthebreachwithinthefifteen(15)dayperiod,PartyAisentitledtorescindtheContractandclaimdamagesforthebreachofcontract.2.IfaPartymateriallyfailstoperformanyofitsobligationsunderthisContractorifaParty'srepresentationorwarrantyunderthisContractismateriallyuntrueorinaccurate,suchPartyshallbedeemedtohavebreachedthisContract.ThePartyinbreachshallhavethirty(30)daysfromreceiptofanoticefromtheotherPartyspecifyingthebreachtocorrectsuchbreachifitisremediable.ThePartyinbreachshallinanycasebeliabletotheotherPartyforalldamagescausedbythebreach.Liabilityforsuchdamagesshallnotbewaivedintheeventthenon-breachingPartyterminatesthisContractunderArticleX.Allremediesprovidedforhereinandunderlawshallbecumulative.3.TheLicenseeshallpromptlynotifytheLicensor,inwriting,ofanyactsofinfringementorsuspectedinfringementoractsofunfaircompetitioninvolvingtheTrademarksandofanyapplicationsorregistrationsofconfusinglysimilarmarkswhichmaycometoitsattention.TheLicenseeshallnotbeentitledtotakeanyproceedingsorcallontheLicensortotakeanyproceedingsinanyoftheaforesaidmatters;provided,however,thattheLicensormay,atitsowndiscretionandcost,prosecuteorotherwisestoporpreventsuchactualorthreatenedinfringementinthenameofboththeLicensorandtheLicenseeoreitherofthem,andineachcasetheLicenseeshallrenderallreasonableassistancerequiredbytheLicensor.4.Infringementandlegalproceedingsa)TheLicenseeshallgivetheLicensorinwritingfullparticularsofanyuseorproposedusebyanyotherperson,firmorcompanyofatradename,trademarkorget-upofgoodsormeansofpromotionoradvertisingwhichamountstoorislikelytoamounttoinfringementoftherightsoftheLicensorinrelationtotheLicensedTrademarksorcontraventionoftheAnti-unfairCompetitionLawassoonasitbecomesawareofsuchuseorproposeduse.b)IftheLicenseebecomesawarethatanyotherperson,firmorcompanyallegesthatanyoftheLicensedTrademarksisinvalidorthatuseoftheLicensedTrademarksinfringesanyrightsofanotherparty,theLicenseeshallimmediatelygivetheLicensorinwritingfullparticularsthereofandmaymakenodisclosureofinformationoradmissiontoanythirdpartyinrespectthereof.c)TheLicensorshallconductalllegalproceedingsinrespectofanyinfringementorallegedinfringementoftheLicensedTrademarksandanyclaimorcounterclaimbroughtorthreatenedtobebroughtinconnectionwiththeuseorregistrationoftheLicensedTrademarksandshallinitsabsolutediscretiondecidewhattodo.TheLicensorshallnotbeobligedtobringordefendanyproceedingsinrelationtotheLicensedTrademarksiftheLicenseedecidesinitssolediscretiontodoso.d)TheLicenseewill,attherequestoftheLicensorandattheLicensor'sexpense,givefullcooperationtotheLicensorinanyactionorclaimbroughtorthreatenedtobebroughtinrespectoftheLicensedTrademarks,includingjoininginasapartytoanyproceedings.參考答案違約、侵權(quán)1.如果甲方實(shí)質(zhì)性違反本合同,乙方或其權(quán)益承繼人有權(quán)終止本合同或要求得到損害賠償。如果動(dòng)方實(shí)質(zhì)性違反本合同,甲方經(jīng)發(fā)出書面通知,有權(quán)要求乙方在收到書面通知后十五(15)天內(nèi)改正違約行為。如果乙方在十五(15)天期限內(nèi)未予改正,甲方則有權(quán)解除合同并要求得到違約賠償。2.如果一方實(shí)質(zhì)上未履行其在本合同項(xiàng)下的任何義務(wù),或一方在本合同項(xiàng)下的陳述或保證實(shí)質(zhì)上是不真實(shí)的或不準(zhǔn)確的,該方應(yīng)被視為違反了本合同。違約方應(yīng)在收到另一方指明其違約行為的通知后三十(30)日內(nèi),糾正其違約行為(若該違約行為是可以糾正的)。無論如何,違約方有責(zé)任賠償另一方因該等違約而造成的一切損害。如果守約方根據(jù)X條終止本合同,違約方仍應(yīng)給予損害賠償。本合同規(guī)定的及法律規(guī)定的一切救濟(jì)應(yīng)是累積的。3.一旦被許可方獲悉涉及商標(biāo)的侵權(quán)行為或涉嫌的侵權(quán)行為,或涉及商標(biāo)的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為,以及引起混淆的類似商標(biāo)的應(yīng)用和注冊(cè),被許可方應(yīng)立即書面通知許可方。被許可方無權(quán)就上述任何行為起訴或要求許可方起訴,但許可方可自行決定并自付費(fèi)用,以許可方和被許可方雙方名義或任一方名義,對(duì)實(shí)際發(fā)生或似將發(fā)生的商標(biāo)侵權(quán)行為提起訴訟,或以其他方式阻止或防止該等侵權(quán)行為。無論許可方采取前述何種行動(dòng),被許可方均應(yīng)提供許可方所要求的一切合理協(xié)助。4.侵權(quán)和法律訴訟a)被許可方一旦獲悉任何其他人、商行或公司使用或擬使用的商品名稱、商標(biāo)、商品裝飾、促銷或廣告手段相當(dāng)于或可能相當(dāng)于侵犯許可方對(duì)于受許可商標(biāo)的權(quán)利或違反反不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法,應(yīng)立即以書面形式將詳細(xì)情況告知許可方。b)如果被許可方獲悉任何其他人、商行或公司宣稱受許可商標(biāo)是無效的或受許可商標(biāo)的使用侵犯了他方權(quán)利,應(yīng)立即以書面形式將詳細(xì)情況告知許可方,并不得向任何第三方披露有關(guān)此方面的信息或?qū)Υ俗龀龀姓J(rèn)。c)對(duì)于受許可商標(biāo)所受到的侵權(quán)或侵權(quán)指控,以及就受許可商標(biāo)的使用或注冊(cè)提出或似將提出的索賠或反索賠,許可方應(yīng)進(jìn)行一切法律訴訟,并完全由其自行決定采取何種行動(dòng)。如果被許可方自行決定就受許可商標(biāo)提起訴訟或進(jìn)行抗辯,許可方無義務(wù)就此提起訴訟或進(jìn)行抗辯。d)對(duì)于就受許可商標(biāo)提起或擬將提起的訴訟或索賠,應(yīng)許可方要求并由許可方支付費(fèi)用,被許可方將給予許可方充分合作,包括作為當(dāng)事人參與任何訴訟。補(bǔ)充練習(xí)1.IfanypartyfailstoperformanyofitsobligationsinanymaterialrespectunderthisAgreementorbreachesanyofthetermsorWarrantiessetoutinthisAgreementinanymaterialrespect,thenwithoutprejudicetoallandanyotherrightsandremediesavailableatanytimetoanon-defaultingparty(includingbutnotlimitedtotherighttodamagesforanylosssufferedbythatparty),thenon-defaultingpartymay,bynoticeeitherrequirethedefaultingpartytoperformsuchobligationsorremedysuchbreach,ortreatthedefaultingpartyashavingrepudiatedthisAgreementandrescindthesame.TherightsconferredupontherespectivepartiesbytheprovisionsofthisClauseareadditionaltoanddonotprejudiceanyotherrightstherespectivepartiesmayhave.2.IntheeventthatLicensororLicenseebecomesawareofanactualorthreatenedinfringementofaPatentanywhereintheTerritory,thatpartyshallpromptlynotifytheotherpartyinwriting.Licensorshallhavetherightbutnottheobligationtobring,atitsownexpense,aninfringementactionagainstanythirdpartyanduseLicensee'snameinconnectiontherewithandtonameLicenseeasapartythereto.3.IntheeventoftheinstitutionofanysuitbyathirdpartyagainstLicensor,Licenseeoritssub-licenseesordistributorsforpatentinfringementinvolvingthemanufacture,use,sale,distributionormarketingoftheProductanywhereintheTerritory,thepartysuedshallpromptlynotifytheotherpartyinwriting.Licensorshallhavetherightbutnottheobligationtodefendsuchsuitatitsownexpense.LicensorandLicenseeshallassisteachotherandco-operateinanysuchlitigationattheother'srequestwithoutexpensetotherequestingparty.補(bǔ)充翻譯練習(xí)參考譯文1.如果任何一方未在實(shí)質(zhì)性方面履行其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何義務(wù),或?qū)嵸|(zhì)性違反本協(xié)議規(guī)定的任一條款或保證,在不損害非違約方任何時(shí)候可享有的一切和任何其他權(quán)利和補(bǔ)償(包括但不限于要求賠償損失的權(quán)利)的情況下,非違約方可經(jīng)通知要求違約方履行其義務(wù)或糾正違約行為,或視違約方已否認(rèn)協(xié)議有效而取消本協(xié)議。本款規(guī)定賦予各方的權(quán)利,是對(duì)各方可能享有的其他權(quán)利的補(bǔ)充,而不是損害。2.如果許可方或被許可方得知區(qū)域內(nèi)任何地方實(shí)際發(fā)生或似將發(fā)生的專利侵權(quán)行為,該方應(yīng)立即書面通知另一方。許可方有權(quán)利但無義務(wù)針對(duì)任何第三方提起侵權(quán)訴訟,并在訴訟中使用被許可方的名稱,以及指定被許可方為訴訟的當(dāng)事人,訴訟費(fèi)由許可方負(fù)擔(dān)。3.如果有第三方在區(qū)域內(nèi)任何地方就涉及產(chǎn)品的制造、使用、銷售、分銷或營銷,對(duì)許可方、被許可方、或被許可方的分被許可方或分銷商提起專利侵權(quán)訴訟,被訴方應(yīng)立即書面通知另一方。許可方有權(quán)但無義務(wù)對(duì)該等訴訟進(jìn)行抗辯,費(fèi)用由許可方自理。在任何該等訴訟中,許可方或被許可方中的一方應(yīng)另一方請(qǐng)求,應(yīng)向請(qǐng)求方提供協(xié)助并與請(qǐng)求方合作,但不得向其收取費(fèi)用。3Confidentiality翻譯練習(xí)1.EachPartyundertakeswiththeotherPartythatitshalltreatasstrictlyconfidentialallinformationreceivedorobtainedbyitoritsemployees,agentsoradvisersasaresultofente-ringintoorperformingthisAgreementincludinginformationrelatingtotheprovisionsofthisAgreement,thenegotiationsleadinguptothisAgreement,thesubjectmatterofthisAgreementorthebusinessoraffairsoftheotherPartyoranymemberoftheotherParty'sgroupofcompaniesandthatitshallnotatanytimehereaftermakeuseofordiscloseordivulgetoanypersonanysuchinformationandshalluseitsbestendeavorstopreventthepublicationordisclosureofanysuchinformation.2.FromandafterthedateofthisAgreement,PartyAshall,andshallcauseitsaffiliatesandsuccessorsto,usethesameeffortstomaintaintheconfidentialityofanyConfidentialInformationasPartyAusedtomaintaintheconfidentialityofsuchinformationpriortothedatehereof.Notwithstandingtheforegoing,PartyAanditsaffiliatesandsuccessorsshall,afterpriornoticeto,andconsultationwithPartyB,bepermittedtodiscloseanysuchConfidentialInformationtotheextentlegallyrequiredornecessaryforobtainingappropriateregulatorylicensesorapprovals.3.AllProprietaryInformationdisclosedbyeitherPartyoritsaffiliatestotheCJVinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisContractandtheTechnologyLicenseAgreementand/ortheTrademarkLicenseAgreementtobeenteredintobetweenanaffiliateofPartyBandtheCJVonoraboutthedatehereofsubstantiallyintheformattachedheretoasAppendixXshallbeusedbytheCJVanditspersonnelsolelyfortheCJV'saccountandpurposes.EachPartyandanyofitsaffiliatesshallmaintainthesecrecyofallProprietaryInformationthatmaybedisclosedorfurnishedtoitbytheCJVortheotherPartyanditsaffiliates,andneitherofthePartiesortheiraffiliatesshalldiscloseorrevealanysuchProprietaryInformationtoanythirdpartywithoutexplicitwrittenauthorizationfromtheotherParty.AnyProprietaryInformationobtainedbytheCJVoraPartyoritsaffiliatesmaybedisclosedonlytothedesignatedemployeesoftheCJVorthatPartyanditsaffiliateswhosedutiessorequirefortheimplementationofthisContract.TheCJVandeachPartyanditsaffiliatesshalltakeallreasonableprecautions(includingtheconclusionofconfidentialitycontractswitheachsuchemployee)topreventsuchemployeesfromusinganddisclosingthePropr