英語常見的修辭格

PAGEPAGE8英語常見的修辭格Figuresofspeech(修辭)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.1)Simile：(明喻）Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.2)Metaphor：(暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample,theworldisastage.3)Analogy:(類比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.4)Personification:(擬人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(賦予)toinanimate(無生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).Forexample,thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.5)Hyperbole:(夸張）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.6)Understatement:(含蓄陳述）Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.7)Euphemism:(委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(無冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as"passaway".8)Metonymy(轉(zhuǎn)喻）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces).9)Synecdoche(提喻）Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.10)Antonomasia(換喻）Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.11)Pun:(雙關語）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here"arms"hastwomeanings:aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)12)Syllepsis:(一語雙敘）Ithastwoconnotations.Inthefirstcase,itisafigurebywhichaword,oraparticularformorinflectionofaword,referstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,whileproperlyapplyingtooragreeingwithonlyonofthemingrammarorsyntax(句法).Forexample,Headdressedyouandme,anddesiredustofollowhim.(Hereusisusedtorefertoyouandme.)Inthesecondcase,itawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.Forexample,whilehewasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.(Heretolosingone'slimbsinliteral;toloseone'smindisfigurative,andmeanstogomad.)13)Zeugma:(軛式搭配）Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.Forexample,Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Herenoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)14)Irony:(反語）Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.15)Innuendo:(暗諷）Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout(曲折)wayatsomethingdisparaging(不一致)oruncomplimentary(不贊美)tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.Forexample,theweathermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.16)Sarcasm:(諷刺）ItSarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Forexample,lawsarelikecobwebs,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwaspsbreakthrough.17)Paradox:(似非而是的雋語）Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.Forexamplemorehaste,lessspeed.18)Oxymoron:(矛盾修飾）Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining(結(jié)合)oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous(不協(xié)調(diào))termsasinbitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos(混亂)andproudhumility(侮辱).19)Antithesis:(對照）Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.Forexample,speechissilver;silenceisgolden.20)Epigram:(警句）Itstatesasimpletruthpithily(有利地)andpungently(強烈地).Itisusuallyterseandarousesinterestandsurprisebyitsdeepinsightintocertainaspectsofhumanbehaviororfeeling.Forinstance,Few,savethepoor,feelforthepoor.21)Climax:(漸進）ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder"andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.Forexample,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.22)Anti-climaxorbathos:(突降）ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone'sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.Forinstance,Butthousandsdie,withoutorthisorthat,die,andendow(賦予)acollege,oracat.23)Apostrophe：(頓呼）Inthisfigureofspeech,athing,place,ideaorperson(deadorabsent)isaddressedasifpresent,listeningandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.Forinstance,England!awake!awake!awake!24)TransferredEpithet:(轉(zhuǎn)類形容詞）Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet(anadjectiveordescriptivephrase)istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify(修飾)toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.Forinstance,Ispentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.25)Alliteration:(頭韻）Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals(間隔)andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".Forinstance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.26)Onomatopoeia:(擬聲）Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement.英語修辭大全，英語作文常用修辭手法1.比喻(metaphor)比喻就是打比方?？煞譃槊饔骱桶涤鳎好饔?simile)：Afigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsarecompared.明喻：一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進行比較.用like,as,as...as,asif(though)或用其他詞語指出兩個不同事物的相似之處。例如：“Howlikethewinterhathmyabsencebeen”or“Soareyoutomythoughtsasfoodtolife”(Shakespeare).如“我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或“你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）Omylove'slikeared,redrose.我的愛人像一朵紅紅的玫瑰花。Themancan'tbetrusted.Heisasslipperyasaneel.那個人不可信賴。他像鰻魚一樣狡猾。Hejumpedasifhehadbeenstung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起來。Childhoodislikeaswiftlypassingdream.童年就像一場疾逝的夢。暗喻(metaphor)：縮寫met.，metaph.Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison.用一個詞來指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點的另外一個事物。例如：Hehasaheartofstone.他有一顆鐵石心腸。Theworldisastage.世界是一個大舞臺?！癮seaoftroubles”“憂愁之?！薄癆lltheworld'sastage”(Shakespeare)“整個世界一臺戲”(莎士比亞)2.換喻(metonymy)用某一事物的名稱代替另外一個與它關系密切的事物的名稱，只要一提到其中一種事物，就會使人聯(lián)想到另一種。比如用theWhiteHouse代替美國政府或者總統(tǒng)，用thebottle來代替wine或者alcohol，用thebar來代替thelegalprofession，用crown代替king等。例如：Hispursewouldnotallowhimthatluxury.他的經(jīng)濟條件不允許他享受那種奢華。Themotherdidherbesttotakecareofthecradle.母親盡最大努力照看孩子。Hesucceededtothecrownin1848.他在1848年繼承了王位。比喻一定要用一種事物比方另一種事物，無論明喻、隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻都是如此。轉(zhuǎn)喻雖然表面上只剩下喻體事物，省去了本體事物，但仍然是兩種事物相比。然而借代只有一種事物，不過沒說出該事物原來的名稱，另外借用一個名稱來代替它。修辭中這種“換一個名稱”的辦法，就是借代。替代的方式可以是人、物互代，部分和全體互代，單數(shù)代復數(shù)，描象代替具體或具體代替抽象等。如（1）Theriveriscrowdedwithmasts.河中帆檣林立（用船的一部分檣mast代替船boat本身）。（2）OursecondyearweattackedHomer.第二年我們攻讀荷馬的作品（以人Homer代替其作品）。使用借代修辭方式要選用最突出最明顯的事物特征來代替事物名稱。借代運用得好，能使語言表達簡潔明快、具體、形象，以避免重復、累贅，并給人以新鮮感。3.舉隅，提喻(synecdoche)以局部代表整體（如用手代表水手），以整體代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表殺人者），以一般代表特殊（如用賊代表扒手），或用原材料代表用該材料制造的東西（如用鋼代表劍）例如：Heearnshisbreadbywriting.他靠寫作掙錢謀生。Thefarmswereshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason.在收獲季節(jié)里農(nóng)場缺乏勞動力。AustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.澳大利亞隊在板球比賽中擊敗了加拿大隊。HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.他是這個世紀的牛頓。4.擬人(personification)擬人，人格化：給無生命的東西或者抽象的東西賦予人的個性或繪以人的形象，把事物或者概念當作人或者具備人的品質(zhì)的寫法。例如：Hungersatshiveringontheroad饑餓站在路上顫抖Flowersdancedaboutthelawn花兒在草地上翩翩起舞Myheartwassinging.我的心在歌唱。Thistimefatewassmilingtohim.這一次命運朝他微笑了。Theflowersnoddedtoherwhileshepassed.當她經(jīng)過的時候花兒向她點頭致意。Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.風穿過樹叢，樹葉嘩嘩作響。5.委婉(euphemism)用溫和的、間接的詞語代替生硬的、粗俗的詞語，以免直接說出不愉快的事實冒犯別人或者造成令人窘迫、沮喪的局面。例如：用tofallasleep;toceasethinking;topassaway;togotoheaven;toleaveus代替todie用seniorcitizens代替oldpeople用aslowlearner或者anunderachiever代替astupidpupil用weightwatcher代替fatpeople用mentalhospital代替madhouse或者asylum用emotionallydisturbed代替mad用washroom,men's/women'sroom代替lavatory用handicapped代替crippled用lowincomebrackets;underprivileged;disadvantaged代替poorpeople6.雙關(pun)用同音異義或者一詞二義來達到詼諧幽默的效果：表面上是一個意思，而實際上卻暗含另一個意思，這種暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如：Acannonballtookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(arms可指手臂或者武器)一發(fā)炮彈打斷了他的腿，所以他繳械投降了?！癈anItryonthatgowninthewindow?”askedawould-becustomer.“Certainlynot,madam!”repliedthesalesman.我可以試穿一下櫥窗里的那件睡袍嗎？或者：我可以在櫥窗里試穿那件睡袍嗎？Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak(week).七天沒有水使一個人虛弱。或者：七天沒有水就是一周沒有水。7.反語(irony)使用與真正意義相反的詞，正話反說或者反話正說，從對立的角度運用詞義來產(chǎn)生特殊的效果。對于我們讀者，更重要的還是從上下文來體會。例如：a.Whatanobleillustrationofthetenderlawsofhisfavouredcountry!--theyletthepaupersgotosleep!(Dickens)作者用noble,tender和favoured來諷刺當時的英國法律，說明窮人只有失業(yè)和睡覺的權(quán)利。b.Hewasmyfriends,faithfulandjusttome:ButBrutussayshewasambitious;AndBrutusisanHONOURABLEman.8.矛盾修飾(oxymoron)把相互矛盾的兩個詞用在一起的修辭方法。它利用詞義表面的相互矛盾使表層的不和諧統(tǒng)一在思想內(nèi)容的深層，從而揭示事物對立統(tǒng)一的本質(zhì)特征，達到加深印象的目的。例如：deafeningsilence震耳欲聾的沉默amournfuloptimist.悲傷的樂觀Shereadthelong-awaitedletterwithatearfulsmile.她帶著含淚的微笑讀那封盼望已久的信。Thecoachhadtobecrueltobekindtohistrainees.教練為了對他的受訓者仁慈就要對他們殘酷。Duringhisusefullifeheoftenfelthewasuseless.在他大有作為的一生中他老是感到自己無用。其他還有sweetpain;thunderoussilence;luxuriouspoverty;heavylightness;livingdeath;impossiblehope等等。9.Syllepsis指運用一個詞同時和兩個（以上）的詞搭配，由此產(chǎn)生兩種（以上）迥異的搭配意義。有時一些平常的詞也能組成妙趣橫生的例子。如：a.Thesenatorpickeduphishatandhiscourage.b.Hehaltedinthedistrictwherebynightarefoundthelighteststreet,hearts,vowsandlibrettos.(O.Henry)他在市區(qū)停下。一入夜，那兒就會有最明亮的街道，最愉快的心靈，最易出口的實驗和最輕松悅耳的歌曲。注：這里lightest修飾了street,hearts,vows和librettos四個賓語，但翻譯成漢語是我們要注意賦予不同的意思。c.Hepossessedtwofaulseteethandasympathetisheart.d.Helostthegameandhistemper.10.軛式搭配(zeugma)把適用于某一事物的詞語順勢用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一個句子里一個詞可以修飾或者控制兩個或更多的詞，它可以使語言活潑，富有幽默感。例如：Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessboy.她對那無家可歸的男孩打開了房門，也敞開了胸懷。AsIlefthomeafterbreakfast,Ishiveredinwardlyaswellasoutwardly.早餐之后我離開家的時候，我的里里外外都在顫抖。Iwouldmyhorsehadthespeedofyourtongue.我希望我的馬能有你的舌頭的速度。11.移位修飾(transferredepithet)將本應該用來修飾某一類名詞的修飾語用來修飾另一類名詞。例如：Therewasashort,thoughtfulsilence.出現(xiàn)了一陣短暫的、令人沉思的寂靜。Theoldmanputareassuringhandonmyshoulder.老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。Heclosedhisbusylifeattheageofsixty.在六十歲時他結(jié)束了他那忙碌的一生。Thisisthecheapestmarketinthiscountry.這是這個國家最便宜的市場了。12.頭韻(alliteration)兩個或者更多的詞以相同的音韻或者字母開頭就構(gòu)成頭韻。例如：proudasapeacockblindasabatsafeandsound“onscrollsofsilversnowysentences”(HartCrane)“寫滿銀色雪般句子的卷軸上”(哈特·克蘭)LongandloudlylittleLilylaughed.小莉莉長時間地、大聲地笑著。Thewindowswavedviolentlyinthewind.窗戶在風中劇烈地搖動。Thesunsankslowly.太陽慢慢地下沉。13.漸進(climax&Anticlimax)根據(jù)事物的邏輯關系，由小到大，由輕到重，由淺到深，由低到高，由少到多依次漸進地進行描述或論述。這種整齊的結(jié)構(gòu)可以使人們的思想認識一層層深化提高，增強語言的感染力和說服力。例如：Icame;Isaw;Iconquer.我來了；我看到了；我征服。Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.讀書使人充實；交談使人機智；寫作使人精確。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.書有可淺嘗者，有可吞咽者，更有少數(shù)須消化咀嚼者。Lincolnrecognizedworthinthecommonpeople;helovedthecommonpeople;hefoughtforthecommonpeople;andhediedforthecommonpeople.林肯認識到平民大眾的價值；他熱愛平民大眾；他為平民大眾而斗爭；他為平民大眾而獻身。相反，逐層遞減的修辭法叫做Anticlimax--突降法或漸降法。這種手法通常起到幽默的作用，如Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.注：從“保衛(wèi)祖國”到“剝土豆皮”，起到喜劇效果。14.HyperbatonorInversion倒裝Afigureofspeech,suchasanastropheorhysteronproteron,usingdeviationfromnormalorlogicalwordordertoproduceaneffect.倒裝，倒置法：一種象倒裝法或逆序法的修辭方法，使用與正?；蜻壿嫷恼Z序相偏離的方法，從而產(chǎn)生一種效果E.g:Thencometheclimaxofthetrial.15.Repetitive重復E.g:Fromthisnothingwillturnus,nothing.16.Symbol象征Somethingthatrepresentssomethingelsebyassociation,resemblance,orconvention,especiallyamaterialobjectusedtorepresentsomethinginvisible.象征，標志：通過聯(lián)系、類似或傳統(tǒng)來代表其它事物的某件東西，尤指代表抽象東西的實體17.Antithesis對偶Afigureofspeechinwhichsharplycontrastingideasarejuxtaposedinabalancedorparallelphraseorgrammaticalstructure,asin對偶：一種將強烈對立的想法并列于穩(wěn)定、對等的短語或語法結(jié)構(gòu)中的修辭方法，如在：“HeeforGodonly,sheeforGodinhim”(JohnMilton)“他只為上帝，她則為他心中的上帝”(約翰·米爾頓)18.Hyperbole夸張Afigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedforemphasisoreffect夸張法：一種比喻，使用夸張來強調(diào)或產(chǎn)生某種效果，比如：Icouldsleepforayear我能睡一年Thisbookweighsaton.這書有一噸重Effectivehyperbole,however,ismorethanjusttoemphasizesomethinginexaggeratedterms.Inthehandsofexperiencedwritersitcanbeusedtoachievevariousliteraryeffects:tointensifyemotion,toelevateoridealizepersonsoreventstoheroicstatus,ortopolefunatorridicule.1.Belindasmiled,andalltheworldwasgay.(AlexanderPope)2.Forshewasbeautiful--herbeautymadethebrightworlddim,andeverythingbesideseemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.(P.B.Shelley)3.Theysaid,whenhestooduptospeak,starsandstripescamerightoutintheskyandoncehespokeagainstariverandmadeitsinkintotheground.Yetforthosewhouseexaggerationfrequently,themoderationintheuseofexaggerationseemstobetheruletofollow.把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或縮小，就叫夸張，即采用“言過其實”的說法，使事物的本質(zhì)特征更好地呈現(xiàn)出來?？鋸埖墓δ苁峭怀鍪挛锏谋举|(zhì)特征，因而給人強烈印象或警悟、啟發(fā)。如：（1）Theoldmanlivedayearinaminute.老人度日如年。（2）Thewretchedmanbecamefamousovernight.這可憐人竟一夜之間出了名。19.RhetoricalQuestion反問Aquestiontowhichnoanswerisexpected,oftenusedforrhetoricaleffect.反問：一種無需回答的問題，常為說服效果而使用?！癉idyouhelpmewhenIneededhelp?Didyouonceoffertointercedeinmyb