詞匯學(xué)第三章Morphological-structure-of-English-words-ppt

Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsKeypointsThedefinition&classificationofmorphemes(morphs&allomorphs)Howtoidentifymorphemesdecontextualizationdecontextualization3.1MorphemeWhatisamorpheme？Itisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.（Crystal1985）

語素是最小的有意義的單位。它是語言中最小的構(gòu)詞單位。CharacteristicsAllthemorphemeshavetheirownmeanings,buttheycannotbefurtherdivided,otherwisetheywillnotmakeanysense.Morphemesmayhavesomevariants,e.g.-ation.Mayalsobe-tion,-sion,-ion,buttheybelongtothesamesuffixbecausetheyhavethesamemeaningandgrammaticalfunction.Lookatthefollowingthreewords.Couldyoumakeouthowmanymorphemestheyhave?Pleasejudgewhichanalysisiscorrect.denaturalization:de,na,tur,-al,-i,-za,-tiondenaturalization:de,nature,-al,-ize,-ationIndividualistic:in,divide,-al,-ist,-icIndividualistic:in,di,vi,du,-al,-ist,-icUndesirables:un,de,sir,-able,-sUndesirables:un,desire,-able,-sDidyougettherightanswer?

BecauseNo.1,4,and5dividethewordsaccordingtotheirsyllables.Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunit,butinNo.1,4and5,….areallmeaningless,sotheycannotberegardedasmorphemes.Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.詞素是抽象的單元，在言語中以名為刑素的具體單位來體現(xiàn)。

Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.

體現(xiàn)詞素的語音串和拼寫字節(jié)被稱為形素。e.g.treeisamorpheme,butitisrealizedinspeechby/tri:/.3.2MorphsandAllomorph

Mono-morphemicwords

單語素單詞eg.bird,green,sad,want,desire,etc.Themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasasetofmorphs:/s/incats/z/indogs/iz/incatches

Allomorph詞素變體Anallomorphreferstoanumberofasetofmorphs,whichpresentonemorpheme.詞素變體指一套刑素中的一個(gè)成員，表征一個(gè)詞素。

Whenthepluralmarker{s}isaddedtocat,dog,andhorse,itispronounceddifferentlyas/-s,-z,-iz/andthushasthreephonologicalforms;thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorpheme{s},i.e.theallomorphsofmorpheme{s}.RelationshipSummary語言中最小的不可再分的意義單位是詞素。morpheme又可稱為形位、語素等。詞素是抽象的，它是通過詞素形式即形素morph表現(xiàn)出來的。詞素還有變體形式，在語言學(xué)中稱為詞素變體allomorph。3.3Classificationsofmorphemes

intermsoftheircapacityofoccurringaloneFreevs.

boundmorphemes

applyingtoaffixesonlyDerivational

vs.

inflectionalmorphemesonasemanticandsyntacticbasisContent/lexicalvs.

grammaticalmorphemesFreevs.boundmorphemes

自由語素與粘著語素Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.

自由語素是能獨(dú)立運(yùn)用的語素，它有完整的意義，在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)自由的語法單位。e.g.,man,wind,open,tourMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.

粘著語素不能獨(dú)立成詞，只能依附于其他語素上以構(gòu)成詞或擔(dān)當(dāng)一定的語法功能。Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.

自由語素都是詞根,也叫自由詞根,能用作詞或作為構(gòu)成新詞的構(gòu)詞要素。Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots(boundroots)oraffixes.

粘著語素包括詞根（粘著詞根）和詞綴。e.g.,boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-icAmultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.-ced-是詞根，‘接近’，ante-是前綴，‘在…前’，-ent是后綴，‘人，物’，Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes

派生語素與屈折語素Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.InEnglishderivatives

andcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes.

派生語素附著于其它語素可派生出新詞。英語中派生詞和合成詞都是由這樣的語素構(gòu)成的。Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折語素作為語法標(biāo)記表示詞的語法意義，屈折語素只限于詞綴。What’sthedifferencebetweenthem?

InflectionalDoesn’tchangemeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(work—works)Indicatessyntacticrelationsbetweendifferentwordsinasentence.(grammaticalmeaning)Occurswithallmembersofsomelargeclassofmorphemes.Occursatmarginsofwords.(radio—radios)

DerivationalChangesmeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(like--dislike,sleep—asleep)Indicatessemanticrelationswithintheword.(specificlexicalmeaning，e.g.,un-)OccurswithonlysomemembersofaclassofmorphemesOccursbeforeanyinflectionalsuffixesadded.

Content/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemes

實(shí)義語素與語法語素Lexical詞匯/content實(shí)義morphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords(blackbirdiscoinedonthebasisof2lexicalmorphemes:blackandbird.),andderivationalmorphemessuchas–ship,-ize.Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers.Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes(-books)andfreemorphemes(in,and,do,have,they…functionalwords)3.4IdentifyingMorphemesHowtoidentifymorphemes?Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms,meaninganddistribution.e.g.,

mono-morphemic:sky

double-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ishtriple-morphemic:un+dress+ed,care+less+ness

four-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+ness

over-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+nessInwhatsituationdomorphemesmismatchbetweenformandmeaning?1)Inconsistentinformandmeaning:singer(onewho)erclearer(thecomparativedegree)eraser(oneobject)2)Meaninglessinisolationbutmeaningfulinsomewordscran-huckle-berryboysen-

3)Difficulttodefinethemeaning-ceiveinconceive/perceive/receive

3.5MorphemeandWord-formation

Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.

在構(gòu)詞法中,語素被分為詞根、詞干、詞基和詞綴。

AffixAffixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Allaffixesareboundmorphemes.詞綴都是粘著語素，依附在詞根上構(gòu)成新詞或表示詞的語法意義。Twotypesofaffixes:

InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes

屈折詞綴和派生詞綴Root,stem,base

詞根、詞干、詞基Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。Astemisthatpartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind