閱讀理解專(zhuān)題學(xué)案（說(shuō)明文）

優(yōu)點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專(zhuān)題學(xué)案說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文是一種以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)方式的文章體裁。它通過(guò)對(duì)實(shí)體事物科學(xué)地解說(shuō)，對(duì)客觀事物作出說(shuō)明或?qū)Τ橄笫吕磉M(jìn)行闡釋?zhuān)谷藗儗?duì)事物的形態(tài)、構(gòu)造、性質(zhì)、種類(lèi)、成因、功能、關(guān)系或?qū)κ吕淼母拍?、特點(diǎn)、來(lái)源、演變、異同等有科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)，從而獲得有關(guān)的知識(shí)。【考情分析】說(shuō)明文所選材料題材豐富多樣，涉及社會(huì)、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生態(tài)、安全等方面。說(shuō)明文在高考閱讀理解中的重要性不容忽視。即便是第一節(jié)中的細(xì)節(jié)理解題，大多數(shù)情況下考生也無(wú)法從文章中直接找到與選項(xiàng)表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在理解文章細(xì)節(jié)信息后作出歸納和判斷；第二節(jié)七選五部分對(duì)考生閱讀理解能力要求更高，要求考生不僅能理解文章內(nèi)容，還要能理清篇章和段落的結(jié)構(gòu)與層次，弄清段與段、句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。此外，就全國(guó)卷而言，通常一套卷中主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、寫(xiě)作意圖/觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類(lèi)高難度試題的考查數(shù)量為2道左右，說(shuō)明文考查此類(lèi)題目的頻率較高，且命題點(diǎn)呈多樣化。一、文體特點(diǎn)與閱讀策略1.語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)：閱讀理解主要考查考生對(duì)詞匯和句式的掌握和運(yùn)用情況。說(shuō)明文因其生僻詞匯多、句式復(fù)雜等特點(diǎn)，相對(duì)于其他體裁的文章來(lái)說(shuō)難度更大。2.結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡(jiǎn)練，文章很少表達(dá)作者的感情傾向。說(shuō)明文通常采用以下結(jié)構(gòu)形式：總分式。事物說(shuō)明文常用“總－分”式、“總－分－總”式和“分－總”式結(jié)構(gòu)，完整的“總－分－總”式說(shuō)明文先總體概括，再分說(shuō)，最后再總結(jié)。遞進(jìn)式。事理說(shuō)明文常用這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式，通常由淺入深、由表及里、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，逐層遞進(jìn)，一層一層地剖析事理。并列式。文章各部分的內(nèi)容沒(méi)有主次輕重之分。對(duì)照式。通過(guò)兩個(gè)事物的比較和對(duì)照說(shuō)明其異同。不管采用何種方式行文，說(shuō)明文基本上都會(huì)遵循“首段引入所要說(shuō)明的話題，其他部分采用并列式段落或遞進(jìn)式段落對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明”這一規(guī)律。3.備考誤區(qū)（1）閱讀方法錯(cuò)誤。比如用手指劃著讀或者邊讀邊譯都會(huì)減慢應(yīng)有的閱讀速度。此外，遇到新詞馬上停下去查詞典，這不利于培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立思考和解決問(wèn)題的能力，也不利于提高利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)和根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞義的能力。（2）基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)不牢固。詞匯量不足和缺乏語(yǔ)法、句法知識(shí)致使考生理解長(zhǎng)句和難句的能力不強(qiáng)，比如對(duì)于考綱中生僻詞匯、一詞多義、熟詞生義以及考綱詞匯的派生詞、合成詞等不了解，導(dǎo)致無(wú)法理解文意。針對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題，考生平時(shí)要有目的地積累和總結(jié)。答完題后重讀文章，找出做題過(guò)程中經(jīng)常影響閱讀的單詞，如考綱生僻詞匯、一詞多義、熟詞生義、派生詞等，將其積累到筆記本中，利用零碎時(shí)間加強(qiáng)記憶。4.閱讀策略說(shuō)明文閱讀量大，生僻詞匯多，句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，這就需要考生有方法有技巧地去閱讀。一般我們采用的方法有三個(gè)：細(xì)讀、略讀和跳讀。（1）細(xì)讀重點(diǎn)。重點(diǎn)，就原文而言，就是文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容和態(tài)度；就答題而言，就是問(wèn)題所對(duì)應(yīng)的題源句。以這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量，需要重點(diǎn)閱讀的原文詞句就不會(huì)很多。宏觀方面：文章結(jié)構(gòu)；文章主題句；各段首末句；體現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句。微觀方面：有轉(zhuǎn)折處；重要標(biāo)點(diǎn)；句子主干。（2）有選擇地略讀或跳讀。在快速瀏覽了題干，初步把握文章大意及結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上可大膽進(jìn)行略讀或跳讀，這樣不但可以加快閱讀速度，還更容易總體把握全文。在閱讀中可略讀或跳讀的內(nèi)容包括：繁瑣的例證為了說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，作者可能會(huì)借用形象的例子，有時(shí)候會(huì)比較繁瑣，雖能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，但讀者需要花很多時(shí)間去閱讀。如果例子所說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題不明了，可通過(guò)略讀來(lái)理解；若例子所說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題比較明了，則例子部分可一帶而過(guò)。并列多項(xiàng)列舉有時(shí)許多功能相同的項(xiàng)目并列列舉，那么只讀其中一兩項(xiàng)即可，無(wú)需全讀。無(wú)關(guān)大局的生僻詞匯閱讀中經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一些生詞，如果這些生詞對(duì)理解全文沒(méi)有影響或影響不大就可略過(guò)。較長(zhǎng)的人名、地名有許多較長(zhǎng)的表示人名、地名等的專(zhuān)有名詞，閱讀時(shí)可一掃而過(guò)或干脆用其首字母代替，不必試圖把整個(gè)專(zhuān)有名詞讀出來(lái)。在略讀過(guò)程中，要特別注意對(duì)解題有重要意義的詞、句、段等，并將其儲(chǔ)存在大腦里，以免回頭再查看費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力。二、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練【2020·天津】Forpeople,whoareinterestedinsound,thefieldofsoundtechnologyisdefinitelymakingnoise.Inthepast,soundengineersworkedinthebackroomsofrecordingstudios,butmanyoftoday’ssoundprofessionalsaresharingtheirknowledgeandexperiencewithprofessionalsinotherfieldstocreatenewproductsbasedonthephenomenonwecallsound.Soundcanbeusedasaweapon.Imaginethatapoliceofficerischasingathief.Thethieftriestoescape.Andtheofficercan’tlethimgetaway.Hepullsoutaspecialdevice,pointsitatthesuspect,andswitchesiton.Thethiefdropstotheground.ThisnewweaponiscalledaLongRangeAcousticDevice(LRAD,遠(yuǎn)程定向聲波發(fā)射器).Itproducesadeafeningsoundsopainfulthatittemporarilydisablesaperson.ThenoisefromtheLRADisdirectedlikearayoflightandtravelsonlyintotheearsofthatperson,butitisnotdeadly.Forthosewhohungerforsomepeaceandquiet,soundcannowcreatesilence.Let’ssayyouareattheairport,andthelittleboyontheseatnexttoyouishumming(哼唱)ashortcommercialsong.Hehumsitoverandoveragain,andyouareabouttogocrazy.ThankstotheSilenceMachine,aBritishinvention,youcangetridofthesoundwithoutupsettingtheboyorhisparents.OnemaywonderhowtheSilenceMachineworks.Well,itfunctionsbyanalyzingthewavesoftheincomingsoundandcreatingasecondsetofoutgoingwaves.Thetwosetsofwavescanceleachotherout.Simplyturnthemachineon,pointitatthetarget,andyourpeaceandquietcomesback.Directedsoundisanewtechnologythatallowscompaniestousesoundinmuchthesamewayspotlights(聚光燈)areusedinthetheater.Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesectionofastage;similarly,“spotsound”createsacircleofsoundinonetargetedarea.Thiscanbeusefulforbusinessessuchasrestaurantsandstoresbecauseitoffersanewwaytoattractcustomers.Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoicesonthemenu,allowingcustomersmorecontrolovertheatmosphereinwhichtheyaredining.Directedsoundisalsobeginningtoappearinshoppingcentersandevenathomes.46.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph2abouttheeffectoftheLRAD?A.Itcausestemporaryhearingloss.B.Itslowsdownarunningman.C.Itmakesiteasytoidentifyasuspect.D.Itkeepsthesuspectfromhurtingothers.47.TheSilenceMachineisadevicespeciallydesignedto________.A.silencethepeoplearoundyouB.removethesoundofcommercialsC.blocktheincomingsoundwavesD.stopunwantedsoundfromaffectingyou48.Whatfeaturedospotsoundsandspotlightsshare?A.Theytravelincircles.B.Theycleartheatmosphere.C.Theycanbetransformedintoenergy.D.Theycanbedirectedontoaspecificarea.49.Directedsoundcanbeusedfor________.A.creativedesignsofrestaurantmenusB.idealsoundeffectsonthetheaterstageC.differentchoicesofmusicforbusinessesD.strictcontroloveranysuspiciouscustomer50.Whatdoesthepassagefocuson?A.Howprofessionalsinventedsoundproducts.B.Inventionsinthefieldofsoundtechnology.C.Thegrowinginterestinthestudyofsound.D.Howsoundengineersworkintheirstudios.【2020·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)II】Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourholidaylist,furprobablydidn’tcrossyourmind.Butsomeecologistsandfashion(時(shí)裝)enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria(海貍鼠).UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur—unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear,”saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.SomeofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheoneinBrooklynlastmonth.NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild.“Theecosystemdowntherecan’thandlethisnon-nativespecies(物種).It’sdestroyingtheenvironment.It’sthemorus,”saysMichaelMassimi,anexpertinthisfield.Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit’snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear,sopartofMouton’sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.Thenthere’sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashion.ModelPaigeMorgansays,“Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork.”DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.She’stryingtocomeupwithalabeltoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitiseco-friendly.28.WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn?A.Topromoteguilt-freefur.B.Toexpandthefashionmarket.C.Tointroduceanewbrand.D.Tocelebrateawinterholiday.29.Whyarescientistsconcernedaboutnutria?A.Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously.B.Nutriaareanendangeredspecies.C.Nutriahurtlocalcat-sizedanimals.D.Nutriaareillegallyhunted.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inParagraph5probablymean?A.Boomed. B.Becamemature. C.Remainedstable. D.Crashed.31.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It’sformal. B.It’srisky. C.It’sharmful. D.It’straditional.【2020·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)I】AFewTipsforSelf-AcceptanceWeallwantit...toacceptandloveourselves.Butattimesitseemstoodifficultandtoofaroutofreach.36Here’sahandfulofwaysthatwillsetyouintherightdirection.●37Donotfollowthepeoplewhomakeyoufeelnot-good-enough.Whydoyoufollowthem?Areyouhopingthateventuallyyouwillfeelempoweredbecauseyourlifeisbetterthantheirs?Knowthatyourlifeisyourown;youaretheonlyyouinthisworld.●Forgiveyourselfformistakesthatyouhavemade.Weareoftenashamedofourshortcomings,ourmistakesandourfailures.38Youwillmakemistakes,timeandtimeagain.Ratherthangettingcaughtupinhowyoucouldhavedonebetter,whynotofferyourselfacompassionate(有同情心)response?“Thatdidn’tgoasplanned.But,Itriedmybest.”●Recognizeallofyourstrengths.Writethemdowninajournal.Begintotrainyourbraintolookatstrengthbeforeweakness.Listallofyouraccomplishmentsandachievements.Youhaveajob,earnedyourdegree,andyougotoutofbedtoday.39●Nowthatyou’velistedyourstrengths,listyourimperfections.Turnthepageinyourjournal.Putintowordswhyyoufeelunworthy,whyyoudon’tfeelgoodenough.Now,readthesewordsbacktoyourself.40Turntoapageinyourjournaltoyourlistofstrengthsandachievements.Seehowawesomeyouare?A.Feelingupsetagain?B.Wheredoyoustart?C.Nothingistoosmalltocelebrate.D.Remember,youareonlyhuman.E.Setanintentionforself-acceptance.F.Stopcomparingyourselfwithothers.G.Whendoesthecomparisongamestart?參考答案：【2020·天津】46.A47.D48.D49.C50.B【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一些聲音技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，包括聲音可以用作武器的遠(yuǎn)程聲學(xué)設(shè)備、用來(lái)阻止有害聲音影響你的靜音機(jī)以及定向音響技術(shù)。46.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Itproducesadeafeningsoundsopainfulthatittemporarilydisablesaperson.ThenoisefromtheLRADisdirectedlikearayoflightandtravelsonlyintotheearsofthatperson,butitisnotdeadly.”可知，它發(fā)出震耳欲聾的聲音，這種聲音令人如此痛苦以至于它會(huì)使人暫時(shí)喪失能力。LRAD發(fā)出的噪音像光線一樣被引導(dǎo)，只進(jìn)入那個(gè)人的耳朵，但不會(huì)致命。由此可推知，LRAD會(huì)導(dǎo)致暫時(shí)性聽(tīng)力損失。故選A。47.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Well,itfunctionsbyanalyzingthewavesoftheincomingsoundandcreatingasecondsetofoutgoingwaves.Thetwosetsofwavescanceleachotherout.Simplyturnthemachineon,pointitatthetarget,andyourpeaceandquietcomesback.”可知，它的功能是通過(guò)分析傳入聲音的波，并產(chǎn)生第二組傳出的波。這兩組波會(huì)相互抵消。只要打開(kāi)機(jī)器對(duì)準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)，你的寧?kù)o就會(huì)回來(lái)。由此可知，靜音機(jī)是一種專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)阻止有害聲音影響你的設(shè)備。故選D。48.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesectionofastage;similarly,a‘spotsound’createsacircleofsoundinonetargetedarea.”可知，聚光燈只能照亮舞臺(tái)的一個(gè)部分；類(lèi)似地，一個(gè)“spotsound”在一個(gè)目標(biāo)區(qū)域創(chuàng)建一個(gè)聲音圈。由此可知，spotsounds和聚光燈的共同特性是它們可以被定向到一個(gè)特定的區(qū)域，故選D。49.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesectionofastage;similarly,‘spotsound’createsacircleofsoundinonetargetedarea.Thiscanbeusefulforbusinessessuchasrestaurantsandstoresbecauseitoffersanewwaytoattractcustomers.Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoicesonthemenu,allowingcustomersmorecontrolovertheatmosphereinwhichtheyaredining.”可知，聚光燈只能照亮舞臺(tái)的一個(gè)部分；類(lèi)似地，一個(gè)“spotsound”在一個(gè)目標(biāo)區(qū)域創(chuàng)建一個(gè)聲音圈。這對(duì)餐館和商店等企業(yè)很有用，因?yàn)樗峁┝艘环N吸引顧客的新方式。餐廳可以提供音樂(lè)選擇與菜單上的各種食物選擇，讓顧客在他們用餐時(shí)更多地控制氣氛。由此可知，定向音響可以用于不同的商業(yè)音樂(lè)選擇。故選C。50.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Inthepast,soundengineersworkedinthebackroomsofrecordingstudios,butmanyoftoday’ssoundprofessionalsaresharingtheirknowledgeandexperiencewithprofessionalsinotherfieldstocreatenewproductsbasedonthephenomenonwecallsound.”可知，在過(guò)去，音響工程師在錄音室的后室工作，但今天的許多音響專(zhuān)業(yè)人士正在與其他領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)業(yè)人士分享他們的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，以我們所謂的聲音現(xiàn)象為基礎(chǔ)創(chuàng)造新產(chǎn)品。結(jié)合下文具體內(nèi)容可知，本文著重論述了聲音技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。故選B?！?020·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)II】28.A29.A30.D31.B【解析】本文是說(shuō)明文。介紹了美國(guó)新奧爾良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀。展出海貍鼠制成的皮衣。海貍鼠們每年都在破壞大片的濕地，因此設(shè)計(jì)師稱(chēng)這是一種環(huán)保的舉措，科學(xué)家們也對(duì)海貍鼠損壞生態(tài)平衡表示了擔(dān)憂。28.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur—unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear,”saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.得知，美國(guó)新奧爾良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀，時(shí)裝秀上展出海貍鼠皮制成的不同風(fēng)格的衣服，項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)CreeMcCree說(shuō)：“除非了解海貍鼠正每年破壞大片濕地，否則談?wù)摕o(wú)罪感皮衣是很瘋狂的事情”，由此可以判斷出，海貍鼠對(duì)生態(tài)造成了巨大的破壞，這場(chǎng)海貍鼠皮衣時(shí)裝秀銷(xiāo)售的是無(wú)罪惡感皮衣。故選A。29.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.得知，科學(xué)家們?nèi)绱藫?dān)心以至于他們決定按照一條海貍鼠尾巴5美元的價(jià)格支付獵人們，由此可以推斷出科學(xué)家們擔(dān)憂海貍鼠們嚴(yán)重破壞生態(tài)平衡。故選A。30.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第五段Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.得知，毛皮貿(mào)易使海貍鼠受到了幾十年的控制，但是當(dāng)海貍鼠市場(chǎng)在20世紀(jì)80年代末崩潰時(shí)，這種貓大小的動(dòng)物數(shù)量瘋長(zhǎng)，根據(jù)but判斷，這是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，以前由于皮毛交易，海貍鼠處于控制之下，現(xiàn)在這種海貍鼠之所以能夠數(shù)量激增，是由于市場(chǎng)不再銷(xiāo)售海貍鼠皮毛導(dǎo)致的，由此可以推斷出劃線詞collapsed和D.Crashed(倒閉)意思最相近。故選D。31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段ModelPaigeMorgansays,“Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork.”得知，給人們一個(gè)無(wú)負(fù)疚感的選擇，他們可以穿皮衣，而沒(méi)有人朝他們潑油漆，我認(rèn)為至少在紐約，那將是一件重大的事情。根據(jù)模特摩根所說(shuō)得知，在紐約穿皮質(zhì)衣服是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。故選B?！?