研究生英語(yǔ)綜合教程下冊(cè)課文原文+翻譯1-7單元

PAGEPAGE1Unit1TheHiddenSideofHappiness1Hurricanes,housefires,cancer,whitewaterraftingaccidents,planecrashes,viciousattacksindarkalleyways.Nobodyasksforanyofit.Buttotheirsurprise,manypeoplefindthatenduringsuchaharrowingordealultimatelychangesthemforthebetter.Theirrefrainmightgosomethinglikethis:"Iwishithadn'thappened,butI'mabetterpersonforit."1颶風(fēng)、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機(jī)、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊，沒(méi)人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會(huì)使他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。他們可能都會(huì)這樣說(shuō):“我希望這事沒(méi)發(fā)生，但因?yàn)樗易兊酶昝懒恕！?Welovetohearthestoriesofpeoplewhohavebeentransformedbytheirtribulations,perhapsbecausetheytestifytoabonafidetypeofpsychologicaltruth,onethatsometimesgetslostamidendlessreportsofdisaster:Thereseemstobeabuilt-inhumancapacitytoflourishunderthemostdifficultcircumstances.Positiveresponsestoprofoundlydisturbingexperiencesarenotlimitedtothetoughestorthebravest.Infact,roughlyhalfthepeoplewhostrugglewithadversitysaythattheirlivessubsequentlyinsomewaysimproved.2我們都愛(ài)聽(tīng)人們經(jīng)歷苦難后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的故事，可能是因?yàn)檫@些故事證實(shí)了一條真正的心理學(xué)上的真理，這條真理有時(shí)會(huì)湮沒(méi)在無(wú)數(shù)關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報(bào)道中:在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內(nèi)在的奮發(fā)向上的能力會(huì)進(jìn)發(fā)出來(lái)。對(duì)那些令人極度恐慌的經(jīng)歷作出?積極回應(yīng)的并不僅限于最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最勇敢的人。實(shí)際上，大約半數(shù)與逆境抗?fàn)庍^(guò)的人都說(shuō)他們的生活從此在某些方面有了改善。3Thisandotherpromisingfindingsaboutthelife-changingeffectsofcrisesaretheprovinceofthenewscienceofpost-traumaticgrowth.Thisfledglingfieldhasalreadyprovedthetruthofwhatoncepassedasbromide:Whatdoesn'tkillyoucanactuallymakeyoustronger.Post-traumaticstressisfarfromtheonlypossibleoutcome.Inthewakeofeventhemostterrifyingexperiences,onlyasmallproportionofadultsbecomechronicallytroubled.Morecommonly,peoplerebound-oreveneventuallythrive.3諸如此類(lèi)有關(guān)危機(jī)改變一生的發(fā)現(xiàn)有著可觀的研究前景，這正是創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)這一新學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域。這一新興領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)證實(shí)了曾經(jīng)被視為陳詞濫調(diào)的一個(gè)真理:大難不死，意志彌堅(jiān)。創(chuàng)傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經(jīng)歷之后，也只有一小部分成年人會(huì)受到長(zhǎng)期的心理折磨。更常見(jiàn)的情況是，人們會(huì)恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)—甚至最終會(huì)成功發(fā)達(dá)。4Thosewhoweatheradversitywellarelivingproofoftheparadoxesofhappiness.Weneedmorethanpleasuretolivethebestpossiblelife.Ourcontemporaryquestforhappinesshasshriveledtoahuntforbliss-alifeprotectedfrombadfeelings,freefrompainandconfusion.4那些經(jīng)受住苦難打擊的人是有關(guān)幸福悖論的生動(dòng)例證:為了盡可能地過(guò)上最好的生活，我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人對(duì)幸福的追求已經(jīng)縮小到只追求福氣:一生沒(méi)有煩惱，沒(méi)有痛苦和困惑。5Thisanodynedefinitionofwell-beingleavesoutthebetterhalfofthestory,therich,fulljoythatcomesfromameaningfullife.Itisthedarkmatterofhappiness,theineffablequalityweadmireinwisemenandwomenandaspiretocultivateinourownlives.Itturnsoutthatsomeofthepeoplewhohavesufferedthemost,whohavebeenforcedtocontendwithshockstheyneveranticipatedandtorethinkthemeaningoftheirlives,mayhavethemosttotellusaboutthatprofoundandintenselyfulfillingjourneythatphilosophersusedtocallthesearchfor"thegoodlife".5這種對(duì)幸福的平淡定義忽略了問(wèn)題的主要方面—種富有意義的生活所帶來(lái)的那種豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質(zhì)—是我們?cè)诿髦堑哪心信砩纤蕾p到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質(zhì)。事實(shí)證明，一些遭受苦難最多的人-他們被迫全力應(yīng)付他們未曾預(yù)料到的打擊，并重新思考他們生活的意義—或許對(duì)那種深刻的、給人以強(qiáng)烈滿足感的人生經(jīng)歷(哲學(xué)家們過(guò)去稱之為對(duì)“美好生活”的探尋)最有發(fā)言權(quán)。6Thisbroaderdefinitionofgoodlivingblendsdeepsatisfactionandaprofoundconnectiontoothersthroughempathy.Itisdominatedbyhappyfeelingsbutseasonedalsowithnostalgiaandregret."Happinessisonlyoneamongmanyvaluesinhumanlife,"contendsLauraKing,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouriinColumbia.Compassion,wisdom,altruism,insight,creativity-sometimesonlythetrialsofadversitycanfosterthesequalities,becausesometimesonlydrasticsituationscanforceustotakeonthepainfulprocessofchange.Toliveafullhumanlife,atranquil,carefreeexistenceisnotenough.Wealsoneedtogrow-andsometimesgrowinghurts.6這種對(duì)美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過(guò)移情與他人建立的深切聯(lián)系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配，但同時(shí)也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。密蘇里大學(xué)哥倫比亞分校的心理學(xué)家勞拉?金認(rèn)為:“幸福僅僅是許許多多人生價(jià)值中的一種?！贝缺?、智慧、無(wú)私、.洞察力及創(chuàng)造力—有時(shí)只有經(jīng)歷逆境的考驗(yàn)才能培育這些品質(zhì)，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)只有極端的情形才能迫使我們?nèi)コ惺芡纯嗟母淖冞^(guò)程。只過(guò)安寧的、無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的生活是不足以體驗(yàn)一段完整的人生的。(此文來(lái)自袁勇兵博客)我們也需要成長(zhǎng)-盡管有時(shí)成長(zhǎng)是痛苦的。7InadarkroominQueens,NewYork7在紐約市皇后區(qū)一間漆黑的房間里，31歲的時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師特蕾西?塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個(gè)月前，她已經(jīng)停止服用控制她關(guān)節(jié)炎的強(qiáng)效免疫抑制藥。她從沒(méi)預(yù)見(jiàn)到接下來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事:停藥之后的反應(yīng)最終使她全身劇烈疼痛，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。最輕微的動(dòng)作—比如說(shuō)試著吞咽—對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。8Cyrisnowimp-diagnosedwithjuvenilerheumatoidarthritisattheageoftwo,shehadenduredthesymptomsandthetreatments(drugs,surgery)herwholelife.Butthistime,shewasway6pastherlimits,andnothingherdoctorsdidseemedtohelp.Eitherthediseasewasgoingtokillheror,prettysoon,shefeltshemighthavetokillherself.8塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時(shí)就被診斷得了幼年型類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎，一生都在忍?受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術(shù))的折磨。但是這一次，她實(shí)在不堪忍受了，她的醫(yī)生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病結(jié)束她的生命，要么她就得很快了結(jié)自己的生命了。9Ashersleeplessnightsworeon,though,hersuicidalthoughtsbegantobeinterruptedbynewfeelingsofgratitude.Shewasstillinagony,butanewconsciousnessgrewstrongereachnight:anawesomesenseofliberation,combinedwithanall-encompassingfeelingofsympathyandcompassion."IfeltstrippedofeverythingI'deveridentifiedmyselfwith,"shesaidsixmonthslater."EverythingIthoughtI'dknownorbelievedinwasuseless-time,money,self-image,perception.Recognizingthatwassofreeing."9然而，在經(jīng)歷了若干個(gè)不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭開(kāi)始被新的感激之情所打斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識(shí)每一夜都變得更加強(qiáng)烈:一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結(jié)合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感?！拔腋械揭磺形以?jīng)用來(lái)認(rèn)同?自己身份的東西都被剝奪了，”六個(gè)月后她這樣說(shuō)道，“一切我認(rèn)為我知道或相信的事物—時(shí)間、金錢(qián)、自我形象、對(duì)事物的看法—都毫無(wú)價(jià)值了。意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)真是讓我感到解脫。”10Withinafewmonths,shebegantobeabletomovemorefreely,thankstoacocktailofsteroidsandotherdrugs.Shesaysnowthere'snoquestionthatherlifeisbetter."lfeltIhadbeenshownthesecretoflifeandwhywe'rehere:tobehappyandtonurtureotherlife.It'sthatsimple."10在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)，得益于類(lèi)固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她開(kāi)始能夠更加自如地活動(dòng)了。她說(shuō)，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)?！拔腋杏X(jué)我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂(lè)地生活，同時(shí)扶持他人。就這么簡(jiǎn)單!”11Hermind-blowingexperiencecameasatotalsurprise.Butthatfeelingoftransformationisinsomewaystypical,saysRichTedeschi,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofNorthCarolinainCharlottewhocoinedtheterm"post-traumaticgrowth".Hisstudiesofpeoplewhohaveenduredextremeevents,likecombat,violentcrimeorsuddenseriousillnessshowthatmostfeeldazedandanxiousintheimmediateaftermath;theyarepreoccupiedwiththeideathattheirliveshavebeenshattered.Afewarehauntedlongafterwardbymemoryproblems,sleeptroubleandsimilarsymptomsofpost-traumaticstressdisorder7.ButTedeschiandothershavefoundthatformanypeople-p11她這種不可思議的經(jīng)歷完全是個(gè)驚喜。但是北卡羅來(lái)納大學(xué)夏洛特分校心理學(xué)教授里奇?特德斯基認(rèn)為，這種轉(zhuǎn)變的感覺(jué)從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇?特德斯基教授首創(chuàng)了“創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)”一詞。他對(duì)那些經(jīng)歷了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事件的人群進(jìn)行了研究，這些研究表明，在剛經(jīng)歷不幸后大多數(shù)人隨即都會(huì)感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問(wèn)題、失眠以及類(lèi)似的創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙所折磨。但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)人)來(lái)說(shuō)，生活最終會(huì)變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。12Somethingsimilarhappenstomanypeoplewhoexperienceaterrifyingphysicalthreat.Inthatmoment,oursenseofinvulnerabilityispierced,andtheself-protectivementalarmorthatnormallystandsbetweenusandourperceptionsoftheworldistornaway.Oureverydaylifescripts-ourhabits,self-perceptionsandassumptions-gooutthewindow,andweareleftwitharawexperienceoftheworld.12許多經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的人身威脅的人會(huì)遇到類(lèi)似的情況。在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間，我們的安全感被沖破了，平時(shí)處于我們與我們對(duì)世界的種種看法之間的自我保護(hù)的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習(xí)慣、自我認(rèn)識(shí)和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對(duì)世界的原始體驗(yàn)。13Still,actuallyimplementingthesechanges,aswellasfullycomingtotermswithanewreality,usuallytakesconsciouseffort.Beingwillingandabletotakeonthisprocessisoneofthemajordifferencesbetweenthosewhogrowthroughadversityandthosewhoaredestroyedbyit.Thepeoplewhofindvalueinadversityaren'tthetoughestorthemostrational.Whatmakesthemdifferentisthattheyareabletoincorporatewhathappenedintothestoryoftheirownlife.13盡管如此，要實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)這些轉(zhuǎn)變并完全接受新的現(xiàn)實(shí)，通常需要有意識(shí)地付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承擔(dān)這個(gè)過(guò)程，就是那些在災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)和那些被災(zāi)難所摧毀的人之間主要的區(qū)別之一。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價(jià)值的人并不是最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最理性的人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠?qū)⑺庥龅氖氯谌胨麄冏约旱娜松鷼v程中?！?4Eventually,theymayfindthemselvesfreedinwaystheyneverimagined.Survivorssaytheyhavebecomemoretolerantandforgivingofothers,capableofbringingpeacetoformerlytroubledrelationships.Theysaythatmaterialambitionssuddenlyseemsillyandthepleasuresoffriendsandfamilyparamount-andthatthecrisisallowedthemtorecognizelifeinlinewiththeirnewpriorities.14最終，他們可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己以從未想到過(guò)的方式獲得了解脫。幸存者往往說(shuō)他們變得更加寬容，也更能原諒別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關(guān)系。他們說(shuō)物質(zhì)追求突然間變得很無(wú)聊，而朋友和家庭帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)變得極為重要，他們還說(shuō)危機(jī)使他們能夠按照這些新的優(yōu)先之事來(lái)重新認(rèn)識(shí)生活。15Peoplewhohavegrownfromadversityoftenfeelmuchlessfear,despitethefrighteningthingsthey'vebeenthrough.Theyaresurprisedbytheirownstrength,confidentthattheycanhandlewhateverelselifethrowsatthem."Peopledon'tsaythatwhattheywentthroughwaswonderful,"saysTedeschi."Theyweren'tmeaningtogrowfromit.Theywerejusttryingtosurvive.Butinretrospect,whattheygainedwasmorethantheyeveranticipated."15從災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的人盡管經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的事情，但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。他們對(duì)自己的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應(yīng)付。特德斯基說(shuō):“人們不會(huì)說(shuō)他們所經(jīng)歷的是美好的。他們并不是特意要通過(guò)這樣的經(jīng)歷來(lái)成長(zhǎng)。他們只是盡其所能生存下來(lái)。但回顧起來(lái)，他們的收獲遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于他們所預(yù)料的。16InhisrecentbookSatisfaction,EmoryUniversity16埃默里大學(xué)精神病學(xué)家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作《滿足》中指出，極限耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員每次訓(xùn)練都要使自己的身體連續(xù)數(shù)天處于極限狀態(tài)。他們和經(jīng)歷創(chuàng)傷的幸存者所經(jīng)歷的感覺(jué)過(guò)程一樣:自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對(duì)于經(jīng)常跑超過(guò)24小時(shí)的l00英里比賽的超級(jí)馬拉松運(yùn)動(dòng)員來(lái)說(shuō)，嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻覺(jué)是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺(jué)地跑步之后，競(jìng)賽者有時(shí)會(huì)忘了自己是誰(shuí)，忘了自己在干什么。17Foramorecommonexampleofgrowththroughadversity,looktooneoflife'sbiggestchallenges:parenting.Havingababyhasbeenshowntodecreaselevelsofhappiness.Thesleepdeprivationandthenecessityofputtingasidepersonalpleasureinordertocareforaninfantmeanthatpeoplewithnewbornsaremorelikelytobedepressedandfindtheirmarriageontherocks.Nonetheless,overthelonghaul,raisingachildisoneofthemostrewardingandmeaningfulofallhumanundertakings.Theshort-termsacrificeofhappinessisoutweighedbyotherbenefits,likefulfillment,altruismandthechancetoleaveameaningfulLegacy.17更普遍的在逆境中成長(zhǎng)的例子要數(shù)生命中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一:為人父母。生育孩子一直被認(rèn)為會(huì)降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機(jī)。然而，長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來(lái)，養(yǎng)育孩子是所有人類(lèi)活動(dòng)中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時(shí)間內(nèi)犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿足感、無(wú)私以及有機(jī)會(huì)留下一筆意義深遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn)。18Ultimately,theemotionalrewardcancompensateforthepainanddifficultyofadversity.Thisperspectivedoesnotcanceloutwhathappened,butitputsitallinadifferentcontext:thatit'spossibletoliveanextraordinaryrewardinglifeevenwithintheconstraintsandstrugglesweface.Insomeformorother,saysKing,weallmustgothroughthisrealization."You'renotgoingtobethepersonyouthoughtyouwere,buthere'swhoyouaregoingtobeinstead-andthatturnsouttobeaprettygreatlife."18總之，情感上的回報(bào)可以彌補(bǔ)災(zāi)難帶來(lái)的痛苦和艱難。這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發(fā)生的苦難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個(gè)不同的背景中來(lái)看待，..那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們?nèi)匀豢梢陨娴脴O有價(jià)值。金指出，我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經(jīng)歷這種覺(jué)悟?！澳銓⒉辉偈亲约盒哪恐性?jīng)的你，取而代之的是一個(gè)新的你—而事實(shí)會(huì)證明生活從此將非常美好?！盪nit2CommercializationandChangesinSports1.Throughouthistorysportshavebeenusedasformsofpublicentertainment.However,sportshaveneverbeensoheavilypackaged,promoted,presentedandplayedascommercialproductsastheyaretoday.Neverbeforehavedecisionsaboutsportsandthesocialrelationshipsconnectedwithsportsbeensoclearlyinfluencedbyeconomicfactors.Thebottomlinehasreplacedthegoallineformanypeople,andsportsnolongerexistsimplyfortheinterestsoftheathletesthemselves.Funand"goodgames"arenowdefinedintermsofgatereceipts,concessionsrevenues,thesaleofmediarights,marketshares,ratingpoints,andadvertisingpotential.Then,whathappenstosportswhentheybecomecommercialized?Dotheychangewhentheybecomedependentongatereceiptsandthesaleofmediarights?1在整個(gè)歷史長(zhǎng)河中，人們都是把體育當(dāng)作某種形式的公眾娛樂(lè)。然而，體育從未像今天這樣作為一種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品被如此盛大地包裝、推廣、呈現(xiàn)和開(kāi)展，有關(guān)體育的決策以及與體育相關(guān)的社會(huì)關(guān)系也同樣從未如此顯然地受到商業(yè)因素的影響。對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，賬本底線已取代了球門(mén)線，體育不再只是為了運(yùn)動(dòng)員們自身的興趣而存在。今天，樂(lè)趣和“好比賽”的定義取決于門(mén)票收入、特許權(quán)收人、媒體傳播權(quán)的出售、市場(chǎng)份額、收視率以及廣告潛力。那么，當(dāng)體育變得商業(yè)化時(shí)，它會(huì)怎樣?當(dāng)體育變得依賴于門(mén)票收人和媒體傳播權(quán)的出售時(shí)，它會(huì)發(fā)生變化嗎?2.Weknowthatwheneveranysportisconvertedintocommercialentertainment,itsuccessdependsonspectatorappeal.Althoughspectatorsoftenhaveavarietyofmotivesunderlyingtheirattachmenttosports,theirinterestinanysportingeventisusuallyrelatedtoacombinationofthreefactors:theuncertaintyofanevent'soutcome,theriskorfinancialrewardsassociatedwithparticipatinginanevent，andtheanticipateddisplayofexcellenceorheroicsbytheathletes.Inotherwords,whenspectatorsrefertoa"goodgame"oran"excitingcontest",theyareusuallytalkingaboutoneinwhichtheoutcomewasindoubtuntilthelastminutesorseconds,oneinwhichthestakes'weresohighthatathletesweretotallycommittedtoandengrossedintheaction,oroneinwhichtherewereanumberofexcellentor"heroic"performances.Whengamesormatchescontainallthreeofthesefactors,theyarerememberedanddiscussedforalongtime.2我們知道，每當(dāng)任何一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)被轉(zhuǎn)化為商業(yè)性?shī)蕵?lè)活動(dòng)時(shí)，它的成功就依賴于觀眾的興趣。盡管觀眾對(duì)于體育的擁護(hù)背后潛藏著多種動(dòng)機(jī)，但他們對(duì)體育比賽的興趣通常與三種相結(jié)合的因素有關(guān):比賽結(jié)果的不確定性，參加一項(xiàng)比賽相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)，以及預(yù)期中的運(yùn)動(dòng)員的卓越、英勇表現(xiàn)。換句話說(shuō)，當(dāng)觀眾提及一場(chǎng)“不錯(cuò)的比賽”或一場(chǎng)“激動(dòng)人心的比賽”時(shí)，這場(chǎng)比賽，通常在比賽即將結(jié)束的最后幾分鐘甚至兒秒鐘時(shí)，結(jié)果仍然撲朔迷離;或者比賽涉及高額獎(jiǎng)金，因而運(yùn)動(dòng)員們都全身心地投入比賽?；蛘弑荣愓故玖嗽S多出色的或者“英雄式”的表現(xiàn)。只要運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽包含所有這三方面因素，人們就會(huì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間記得并討論這場(chǎng)比賽。3.Commercializationhasnothadadramaticeffectontheformatandgoalsofmostsports.Inspiteoftheinfluenceofspectators,whathasoccurredhistoricallyisthatsportshavemaintainedtheirbasicformat.Innovationshavebeenmadewithinthisframework,ratherthancompletelydismantlingthedesignofagame.Forexample,thecommercializationoftheOlympicGameshasledtominorrulechangesincertainevents,butthebasicstructureofeachOlympicsporthasremainedmuchthesameasitwasbeforethedaysofcorporateendorsementsandthesaleoftelevisionrights.3商業(yè)化對(duì)于大多數(shù)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目標(biāo)沒(méi)有太大的影響。盡管觀眾會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生影響，但在歷史上，運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目保持了它們的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。創(chuàng)新也是在這一框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行的，并不會(huì)完全廢除這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本設(shè)計(jì)。例如、奧運(yùn)會(huì)的商業(yè)化導(dǎo)致了某些賽事規(guī)則的微小變化但其每項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)還是和商家贊助及電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)出售之前基本一致。4.Commercializationseemstoaffecttheorientationsofsportparticipantsmorethanitdoestheformatandgoalsofsports.Tomakemoneyonasport,it'snecessarytoattractamassaudiencetobuyticketsorwatchtheeventsontelevision.Attractingandentertainingamassaudienceisnoteasybecauseit'smadeupofmanypeoplewhodon'thavetechnicalknowledgeaboutthecomplexathleticskillsandstrategiesusedbyplayersandcoaches.Withoutthistechnicalknowledge,peopleareeasilyimpressedbythingsextrinsictothegameormatchitself;theygettakeninbyhype.Duringtheeventitselftheyoftenfocusonthingstheycaneasilyunderstand.Theyenjoysituationsinwhichplayerstakerisksandfaceclearphysicaldanger;theyareattractedtoplayerswhoaremastersofdramaticexpressionorwhoarewillingtogobeyondandtheirnormalphysicallimitstothepointofendangeringtheirsafetyandwell-being;andtheyliketoseeplayerscommittedtovictorynomatterwhatthepersonalcost.4看來(lái)，與運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的相比，商業(yè)化更多的是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者的取向。若要通過(guò)一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)盈利，就必須吸引廣大觀眾買(mǎi)門(mén)票或在電視上觀看比賽。吸引和娛樂(lè)廣大觀眾并非易事，因?yàn)檫@些觀眾中有很多人沒(méi)有技木性的知識(shí)，因而不懂得運(yùn)動(dòng)員和教練采取的復(fù)雜競(jìng)技技巧和策略。由于缺乏這些技術(shù)性知識(shí)，人們?nèi)菀资艿竭\(yùn)動(dòng)或賽事之外的東西的影響，容易受到天花亂墜的宜傳的迷惑。在比賽期間，他們經(jīng)常關(guān)注那些他們?nèi)菀桌斫獾氖虑椤Ｋ麄兿矚g那種運(yùn)動(dòng)員冒險(xiǎn)并明顯面臨身體危險(xiǎn)的情境，他們喜愛(ài)那些搜長(zhǎng)戲劇化表現(xiàn)或者愿意超越正常的生理極限以致威脅到自己的安全和健康的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們喜歡看到運(yùn)動(dòng)員不惜代價(jià)，立志求勝。5.Forexample,whenpeoplelacktechnicalknowledgeaboutbasketball,theyaremorelikelytotalkaboutasingleslamdunksthanabouttheconsistentlyflawlessdefensethatenabledateamtowinagame.Similarly,thosewhoknowlittleaboutthetechnicalaspectsoficeskatingaremoreentertainedbytripleandquadruplejumpsthanbyroutinescarefullychoreographedandpracticeduntiltheyaresmoothandflawless.Withoutdangerousjumps,naivespectatorsgetbored.Theylikeathleteswhoproject'excitingorcontroversialpersonas,andtheyoftenrateperformancesintermsofdramaticexpressionleadingtodramaticresults.Theywanttoseeathletesoccasionallycollapseastheysurpassphysicallimits,notathleteswhoknowtheirlimitssowelltheycansuccessfullycompeteforyearswithoutgoingbeyondthem.5比如，當(dāng)人們?nèi)狈@球方面的技術(shù)知識(shí)時(shí)，他們更津津樂(lè)道于某一個(gè)灌籃，而不會(huì)關(guān)注球隊(duì)取勝必需的因素:自始至終配合得天衣無(wú)縫的后防。同樣，那些對(duì)滑冰技術(shù)知之甚少的人，他們更感興趣的是三連跳或四連跳，而不是那些精心設(shè)計(jì)并訓(xùn)練直至流暢、完美的舞步。沒(méi)有驚險(xiǎn)的跳躍，無(wú)知的觀眾會(huì)感到厭倦。他們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)得激動(dòng)人心或有爭(zhēng)議性的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們往往根據(jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)比賽。他們想看運(yùn)動(dòng)員在超越自己極限時(shí)偶爾的突然失敗，而不是多年來(lái)穩(wěn)操勝券，熟知自己極限而不去超越它的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。6.Whenasportcomestodependonentertainingamassaudience,thoseinvolvedinthesportoftenrevisetheirideasaboutwhatisimportantinsport.ThisrevisionusuallyinvolvesashiftinemphasisfromwhatmightbecalledanaestheticorientationtoaheroicorientationInfact,thepeopleinsportmayevenrefertogamesormatchesas"show-time",anieymayrefertothemselvesasentertainersaswellasathletes.Thisdoesnotmeanthataestheticorientationsdisappear,butitdoesmeanthattheyoftentakeabackseattotheheroicactionsthatentertainspectatorswhodon'tknowenoughtoappreciatethestrategicandtechnicalaspectsofthegameormatch.6當(dāng)一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)變得依賴于娛樂(lè)廣大觀眾時(shí)，對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)中什么才是重要的，運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者們往往會(huì)改變觀念。這一改變常常意味著重心從所謂的美學(xué)取向向英雄主義取向轉(zhuǎn)變。其實(shí)，運(yùn)動(dòng)員可能甚至把運(yùn)動(dòng)或比賽稱為“表演秀”，并把自己稱作表演者兼運(yùn)動(dòng)員。這并不意味著美學(xué)取向不復(fù)存在了，但是這確實(shí)意味著與英雄主義行為相比，它們常常退居其后。英雄主義行為吸引著那些沒(méi)有足夠的知識(shí)欣賞運(yùn)動(dòng)或比賽的策略和技術(shù)的觀眾。7.Astheneedtopleasenaiveaudiencesbecomesgreater,sodoestheemphasisonheroicorientations.ThisiswhytelevisioncommentatorsforUSfootballgamescontinuallytalkaboutdanger,injuries,playingwithpain,andcourage.Someathletes,however,realizethedangersassociatedwithheroicorientationsandtrytoslowthemoveawayfromaestheticorientationsintheirsports.Forexample,someformerfigureskatershavecalledforrestrictionsonthenumberoftriplejumpsthatcanbeincludedinskatingprograms.Theseskatersareworriedthatthecommercialsuccessoftheirsportiscomingtorelyonthedangerofmovementratherthanthebeautyofmovement.However,someskatersseemtobewillingtoadoptheroicorientationsifthisiswhatwillpleaseaudiencesandgeneraterevenues.Theseathletesusuallyevaluatethemselvesandotherathletesintermsofthesportethic,andtheylearntoseeheroicactionssignsoftruecommitmentanddedicationtotheirsport.7取悅無(wú)知觀眾的需求越強(qiáng)烈，就越會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)英雄主義取向。這就是為什么美國(guó)橄欖球比賽的電視評(píng)論員喋喋不休地談?wù)撐ｋU(xiǎn)、受傷、帶傷比賽和膽量。不過(guò)，有些運(yùn)動(dòng)員意識(shí)到了與英雄主義取向隨之而來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)，并試圖在他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)中放慢偏離美學(xué)取向的步伐。比如，一些前花樣滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員已經(jīng)呼吁限制滑冰項(xiàng)目中三連跳的數(shù)量。這些滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員擔(dān)心，他們的體育項(xiàng)目在商業(yè)上的成功正越來(lái)越依賴于動(dòng)作的危險(xiǎn)性，而不是動(dòng)作的美感。然而，另外一些滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員似乎愿意采取英雄主義取向，只要這樣能取悅觀眾，獲得收入。這些運(yùn)動(dòng)員用體育道德規(guī)范去評(píng)價(jià)自己和他人，他們還學(xué)會(huì)把英雄主義行為看成是真正地投入及為運(yùn)動(dòng)獻(xiàn)身的標(biāo)志。Commercializationalsoleadstochangesintheorganizationsthatcontrolsports.Whensportsbegintodependongeneratingrevenues,thecontrolofsportorganizationsusuallyshiftsfurtherandfurtherawayfromtheplayers.Infact,theplayersoftenloseeffectivecontrolovertheconditionsoftheirownparticipationinthesport.Theseconditionscomeunderthecontrolofgeneralmanagers，teamowners，corporatesponsors,advertisers,mediapersonnel,marketingandpublicitystaff,professionalmanagementstaff,accountants,andagents.8商業(yè)化同樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致那些控制體育的組織發(fā)生變化。當(dāng)體育開(kāi)始依賴于創(chuàng)造收入時(shí)，體育組織的控制權(quán)就會(huì)離運(yùn)動(dòng)員越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)。事實(shí)上，運(yùn)動(dòng)員常常對(duì)于自身的體育參與環(huán)境失去有效控制。這些環(huán)境越來(lái)越受控于下列人員:總經(jīng)理、運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)老板、企業(yè)贊助商、廣告商、傳媒人員、營(yíng)銷(xiāo)和宜傳推廣人員、專(zhuān)業(yè)管理人員、會(huì)計(jì)師以及經(jīng)紀(jì)人。9..Theorganizationsthatcontrolcommercialsportsareusuallycomplex,sincetheyareintendedtocoordinatetheinterestsofallthesepeople,buttheirprimarygoalistomaximizerevenues.Thismeansthatorganizationaldecisionsgenerallyreflectthecombinedeconomicinterestsofmanypeoplehavingnodirectpersonalconnectionwithasportorwiththeathletesinvolved.Thepowertoaffectthesedecisionsisgroundedinavarietyofresources,manyofwhicharenotevenconnectedwithsports.Thereforeathletesinmanycommercialsportsfindthemselvescutoutofdecision-makingprocessesevenwhendecisionsaffecttheirhealthandwell-being.9那些控制商業(yè)體育的組織通常非常復(fù)雜，這是因?yàn)樗鼈兤髨D協(xié)調(diào)上述所有人的利益，但它們的首要目標(biāo)還是盈利最大化。這意味著組織決策通常反映的是許多人的混合利益，而他們與體育或相關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)員沒(méi)有直接聯(lián)系。影響這些決策的力量根植于各種不同的資源，其中許多甚至與體育沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，許多商業(yè)體育中的運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被逐出了決策過(guò)程，即便這些決策影響到他們的健康和幸福。Unit3Osl1.IrememberonmyfirsttriptoEuropegoingalonetoamovieinCopenhagen.InDenmarkyouaregivenaticketforanassignedseat.Iwentintothecinemaanddiscoveredthatmyticketdirectedmetositbesidetheonlyotherpeopleintheplace,ayoungcouplelockedinthesortofpassionateembraceassociatedwithdocksidereunionsattheendoflongwars.IcouldnomorehavesatbesidethemthanIcouldhaveaskedtojoinin-itwouldhavecometomuchthesamething-soItookaplaceafewdiscreetseatsaway.1記得我第一次去歐洲旅行的時(shí)候，我在哥本哈根獨(dú)自一人去看電影。在丹麥，電影票是對(duì)號(hào)入座的。(此文來(lái)自袁勇兵博客)我走進(jìn)電影院，發(fā)現(xiàn)在我的票對(duì)應(yīng)的座位旁，只有一對(duì)年輕情侶。這對(duì)情侶如膠似漆地?fù)肀г谝黄?，如同一?chǎng)持久戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后碼頭上親人的團(tuán)聚。我很不情愿坐在他們旁邊，就如我絕不會(huì)要求加入他們的行為一樣——這兩者對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)并沒(méi)有什么不同——因此我謹(jǐn)慎地隔幾個(gè)座位坐了下來(lái)。2.Peoplecameintothecinema,consultedtheirticketsandfilledtheseatsaroundus.Bythetimethefilmstartedtherewereabout30ofussittingtogetherinatightpackinthemiddleofavastandotherwiseemptyauditorium.Twominutesintothemovie,awomanladenwithshoppingmadeherwaywithdifficultydownmyrow,stoppedbesidemyseatandtoldmeinasternvoice,fullofglottalstopsandindignation,thatIwasinherplace.Thiscausedmuchplayofflashlightsamongtheusherettesandfretfulre-examiningofticketsbyeveryoneinthevicinityuntilwordgotaroundthatIwasanAmericantouristandthereforeunabletofollowsimpleseatinginstructionsand.Iwasescortedinsomeshamebacktomyassignedplace.2人們陸續(xù)地走進(jìn)影院，參照電影票找到位子，在我們周?chē)讼聛?lái)。電影開(kāi)場(chǎng)時(shí)，這個(gè)寬敞空曠的觀眾席中間，扎堆地坐了約30人。電影開(kāi)場(chǎng)兩分鐘后，一個(gè)拎著大包小包購(gòu)物袋的女士艱難地?cái)D到我這排，在我座位旁停下，并用嚴(yán)厲的口吻憤怒地朝我用充滿了喉塞音的丹麥語(yǔ)說(shuō)道，我坐在了她的位子上。女引座員馬上打開(kāi)手電筒查看情況，身邊所有的人都不安地重新確認(rèn)自己票上的座位號(hào)，直到大家都清楚了，我是一個(gè)美國(guó)游客，因此沒(méi)有遵循簡(jiǎn)單的就座指示。在羞愧中我被送回指定的位子。3.Sowesattogetherandwatchedthemovie,30ofuscrowdedtogetherlikerefugeesinanoverloadedlifeboat,rubbingshouldersandsharingsmallnoises,anditoccurredtomethenthattherearecertainthingsthatsomenationsdobetterthaneveryoneelseandcertainthingsthattheydofarworseandIbegantowonderwhythatshouldbe.3接下來(lái)我們坐在一起看電影，30人如同一艘超載的救生船上的難民一般擠作一團(tuán)。肩膀相互摩擦著，忍受著各種細(xì)小的噪聲。那時(shí)我想，有些國(guó)家在某些事情上做的比任何其他國(guó)家都好，然而在另外一些事情上，他們卻糟糕很多。我開(kāi)始思考為何會(huì)有如此反差。4.Sometimesanation'slittlecontrivancesaresosingularandcleverthatweassociatethemwiththatcountryalone-double-deckerbusesinBritain,windmillsinHolland(whataninspiredaddition-toaflatlandscape:thinkhowtheywouldtransformNebraska)，sidewalkcafesinParis.Andyettherearesomethingsthatmostcountriesdowithoutdifficultythatotherscannotgetagraspofatall.4有時(shí)候某個(gè)國(guó)家的小發(fā)明是如此獨(dú)特和精巧，以至于我們總是由它而聯(lián)想到這個(gè)國(guó)家——英國(guó)的雙層巴士，荷蘭的風(fēng)車(chē)（給原本單調(diào)的景觀增添了多么美妙的創(chuàng)意：想想這些風(fēng)車(chē)是如何改變了內(nèi)布拉斯加州），還有巴黎人行道上的露天咖啡館。然而，也有一些事情，大部分國(guó)家能不費(fèi)吹灰之力地辦到，但某些國(guó)家卻完全想不到。5.TheFrench,forinstance,cannotgetthehangofqueuing.Theytryandtry,butitisbeyondthem.WhereveryougoinParis,youseeorderlylineswaitingatbusstops,butassoonasthebuspullsupthelineinstantlydisintegratesintosomethinglikeafiredrillatalunaticasylumaseveryonescramblestobethefirstaboard,quiteunawarethatthisdefeatsthewholepurposeofqueuing.5比如說(shuō)，法國(guó)人無(wú)法掌握排隊(duì)的竅門(mén)。他們一遍遍地嘗試，但這似乎超出了他們的能力范圍。無(wú)論你去巴黎的任何地方，總會(huì)看到整齊的隊(duì)伍在公交車(chē)站候車(chē)。但一旦公交車(chē)靠站，隊(duì)伍立刻瓦解，就像精神病院的消防演習(xí)一樣，所有人都爭(zhēng)搶著第一個(gè)上車(chē)，完全沒(méi)意識(shí)到，這樣一來(lái)排隊(duì)的意義就蕩然無(wú)存了。6.TheBritish,ontheotherhand,donotunderstandcertainofthefundamentalsofeating,asevidencedbytheirinstincttoconsumehamburgerswithaknifeandfork.Tomycontinuingamazement,manyofthemalsoturntheirforkupside一downandbalancethefoodonthebackofit.I’velivedinEnglandforadecadeandahalfand1stillhavetoquellanimpulsetogouptostrangersinpubsandrestaurantsandsay,"Excuseme.CanIgiveyouatipthat'llhelpstopthosepeasbouncingalloverthetable?"6另一方面，英國(guó)人則不能領(lǐng)略吃的基本要領(lǐng)。證據(jù)就是他們本能地使用刀叉來(lái)食用漢堡。更令我驚訝的是，他們大多數(shù)都把叉子顛倒放置，將食物擱在它的背上。我已經(jīng)在英國(guó)居住了15年，但我仍不得不壓制這種沖動(dòng)，想要走向酒吧或餐館里的陌生人說(shuō)：“打擾一下，可以允許我告訴你一個(gè)小技巧嗎？(此文來(lái)自袁勇兵博客)那樣你就不會(huì)把豆子散落在整張桌子上了。7.Germansareflummoxedbyhumor,theSwisshavenoconceptoffun,theSpanishthinkthereisnothingatallridiculousabouteatingdinneratmidnight,andtheItaliansshouldnever,everhavebeenletinontheinventionofthemotorcar.7德國(guó)人被幽默困擾，瑞士人對(duì)樂(lè)趣毫無(wú)概念，西班牙人絲毫不覺(jué)得在半夜吃晚飯有什么滑稽之處，而意大利人從不，也絕不會(huì)讓別人告訴他們汽車(chē)是如何發(fā)明的。8.OneofthesmallmarvelsofmyfirsttriptoEuropewasthediscoverythattheworldcouldbesofullofvariety,thatthereweresomanydifferentwaysofdoingessentiallyidenticalthings,likeeatinganddrinkingandbuyingcinematickets.ItfascinatedmethatEuropeanscouldatoncebesoalike-thattheycouldbesouniversallybookishandcerebral,anddrivesmallcars,andliveinlittlehousesinancienttowns,andlovesoccer,andberelativelyunmaterialisticandlaw-abiding,andhavechillyhotelroomsandcosyandinvitingplacestoeatanddrink-andyetbesoendlessly,unpredictablydifferentfromeachotheraswell.IlovedtheideathatyoucouldneverbesureofanythinginEurope.8這次歐洲之旅帶給我很多驚奇的小事，其中一個(gè)就是我發(fā)現(xiàn)世界竟能如此多樣化，對(duì)于本質(zhì)上相同的事物處理起來(lái)卻方式各異，比如說(shuō)吃喝或是買(mǎi)電影票。有趣的是，歐洲人有時(shí)可以突然變得如此相似——他們普遍好學(xué)而理性，開(kāi)著小車(chē)，住在古鎮(zhèn)的小房子里，喜歡足球，不怎么注重物質(zhì)生活，遵紀(jì)守法，而且他們住寒冷的賓館房間，去溫暖舒適的地方吃喝——然而卻同時(shí)擁有著如此琢磨不透、永無(wú)止盡的差異。在歐洲沒(méi)有什么是百分之百肯定的，對(duì)此我十分贊同。9.Istillenjoythatsenseofneverknowingquitewhat'sgoingon.InmyhotelinOslowhereIspentfourdaysafterreturningfromHammerfest,thechambermaideachmorningleftmeapacketofsomethingcalledBioTexBla,a"minipakkeforferie,hybelogweekend"accordingtotheinstructions.Ispentmanyhappyhourssniffingitandexperimentingwithit,uncertainwhetheritwasforwashingoutclothesorgarglingorcleaningthetoiletbowl.IntheendIdecideditwasforwashingoutclothes-itworkedatreat-butforallIknowfortherestoftheweekeverywhereIwentinOslopeopleweresayingtoeachother,"Youknow,thatmansmelledliketoilet-bowlcleaner."9我仍然享受著對(duì)事情進(jìn)展的未知感。從哈默菲斯特返回后，我在奧斯陸的賓館呆了四天，女服務(wù)員每天早上都留給我一盒叫做BioTexBla的東西，說(shuō)明上說(shuō)是一種“minipakkeforferie，hybelogweekend”。我不清楚它到底是用來(lái)洗衣服的，還是漱口的，或是用來(lái)淸洗抽水馬桶的，我通過(guò)聞它的氣味，并試驗(yàn)它各種可能的用法，度過(guò)了好幾個(gè)快樂(lè)的小時(shí)。最后我判定它是甩來(lái)洗衣服的——它的確有效——然而就我所知，在奧斯陸度過(guò)的剩下幾周中，無(wú)論我去哪兒，都聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人互相議論：“你知道嗎?那個(gè)人身上有馬桶清潔劑的味道?！?0.WhenItoldmyfriendsinLondonthatIwasgoingtotravelaroundEuropeandwriteabookaboutit,theysaid,"Oh,youmustspeakalotoflanguages."10當(dāng)我告訴倫敦的朋友，我將周游歐洲并寫(xiě)成書(shū)時(shí)，他們說(shuō)：“喔，你肯定會(huì)說(shuō)很多語(yǔ)言吧?！?11."Why,no,"Iwouldreplywithacertainpride,"onlyEnglish,"andtheywouldlookatmeasifIwerecrazy.Butthat'sthegloryofforeigntravel,asfarasIamconcerned.Idon'twanttoknowwhatpeoplearetalkingabout.Ican'tthinkofanythingthatexcitesagreatersenseofchildlikewonderthantobeinacountrywhereyouareignorantofalmosteverything.Suddenlyyouarefiveyearsoldagain.Youcan'treadanything,youhaveonlythemostrudimentarysenseofhowthingswork,youcan'tevenreliablycrossastreetwithoutendangeringyourlife.Yourwholeexistencebecomesaseriesofinterestingguesses.11“為什么，我不會(huì)，”我會(huì)帶著一點(diǎn)傲氣回答，“我只會(huì)英語(yǔ)?！比缓笏麄兙涂粗?，好像我瘋了。(此文來(lái)自袁勇兵博客)但是就我而言，那正是國(guó)外旅游的美妙之處。我并不想知道人們?cè)谡f(shuō)些什么。置身于一個(gè)對(duì)你而言完全陌生的國(guó)家，能激發(fā)一種孩子般的好奇心。除此之外，我想不出還有什么更好的辦法。突然之間你又回到了五歲。你無(wú)法讀懂任何東西，你對(duì)事物運(yùn)行方式只有最基本的感知，你甚至無(wú)法安全地穿過(guò)馬路。你的整個(gè)存在變成了一系列有趣的猜想。12.IgetgreatpleasurefromwatchingforeignTVandtryingtoimaginewh