第八章-Project-quality-management項(xiàng)目管理知識(shí)體系(PMBOK)英文第六版

ProjectqualitymanagementSoftwareProjectManagementProjectQualityManagementProjectQualityManagementincludestheprocessesforincorporatingtheorganization’squalitypolicyregardingplanning,managing,andcontrollingprojectandproductqualityrequirementsinordertomeetstakeholders’objectives.ProjectQualityManagementalsosupportscontinuousprocessimprovementactivitiesasundertakenonbehalfoftheperformingorganization.

TheProjectQualityManagementprocessesare:PlanQualityManagement;ManageQuality;andControlQuality.2ProjectQualityManagementOverview3MajorProjectQualityManagementProcessInterrelations4ProjectQualityManagementProjectQualityManagementaddressesthemanagementoftheprojectandthedeliverablesoftheproject.Itappliestoallprojects,regardlessofthenatureoftheirdeliverables.Qualitymeasuresandtechniquesarespecifictothetypeofdeliverablesbeingproducedbytheproject.5FailuretomeetthequalityrequirementsFailuretomeetthequalityrequirementscanhaveseriousnegativeconsequencesforanyoralloftheproject’sstakeholders.Forexample:Meetingcustomerrequirementsbyoverworkingtheprojectteammayresultindecreasedprofitsandincreasedlevelsofoverallprojectrisks,employeeattrition,errors,orrework.Meetingprojectscheduleobjectivesbyrushingplannedqualityinspectionsmayresultinundetectederrors,decreasedprofits,andincreasedpost-implementationrisks.6Thecostofquality(COQ)Thecostofquality(COQ)includesallcostsincurredoverthelifeoftheproductbyinvestmentinpreventingnonconformancetorequirements,appraisingtheproductorserviceforconformancetorequirements,andfailingtomeetrequirements(rework).Failurecostsareoftencategorizedintointernal(foundbytheprojectteam)

andexternal(foundbythecustomer).Failurecostsarealsocalledthecostofpoorquality.7ModernqualitymanagementapproachesModernqualitymanagementapproachesseektominimizevariationandtodeliverresultsthatmeetdefinedstakeholderrequirements.TrendsinProjectQualityManagementincludebutarenotlimitedto:Customersatisfaction.Understand,evaluate,define,andmanagerequirementssothatcustomerexpectationsaremet.Continualimprovement.Theplan-do-check-act(PDCA)cycleisthebasisforqualityimprovementasdefinedbyShewhartandmodifiedbyDeming.Managementresponsibility.Successrequirestheparticipationofallmembersoftheprojectteam.Mutuallybeneficialpartnershipwithsuppliers.Anorganizationanditssuppliersareinterdependent.8PlanQualityManagement9PlanQualityManagement:DataFlowDiagram10CostofQuality11TheSIPOCModel12ThequalitymanagementplanThequalitymanagementplanisacomponentoftheprojectmanagementplanthatdescribeshowapplicablepolicies,procedures,andguidelineswillbeimplementedtoachievethequalityobjectives.Thequalitymanagementplanmayincludebutisnotlimitedtothefollowingcomponents:Qualitystandardsthatwillbeusedbytheproject;Qualityobjectivesoftheproject;Qualityrolesandresponsibilities;Projectdeliverablesandprocessessubjecttoqualityreview;Qualitycontrolandqualitymanagementactivitiesplannedfortheproject;Qualitytoolsthatwillbeusedfortheproject;andMajorproceduresrelevantfortheproject,suchasdealingwithnonconformance,correctiveactionsprocedures,andcontinuousimprovementprocedures.13ManageQuality14ManageQuality:DataFlowDiagram15ManageQualityManageQualityissometimescalledqualityassurance,althoughManageQualityhasabroaderdefinitionthanqualityassuranceasitisusedinnonprojectwork.Qualityassuranceisaboutusingprojectprocesseseffectively.16TheManageQualityprocessTheManageQualityprocessimplementsasetofplannedandsystematicactsandprocessesdefinedwithintheproject’squalitymanagementplanthathelpsto:Designanoptimalandmatureproductbyimplementingspecificdesignguidelinesthataddressspecificaspectsoftheproduct,Buildconfidencethatafutureoutputwillbecompletedinamannerthatmeetsthespecifiedrequirementsandexpectationsthroughqualityassurancetoolsandtechniquessuchasqualityauditsandfailureanalysis,Confirmthatthequalityprocessesareusedandthattheirusemeetsthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,andImprovetheefficiencyandeffectivenessofprocessesandactivitiestoachievebetterresultsandperformanceandenhancestakeholders’satisfaction.17Cause-and-EffectDiagram18DesignforX(DfX)DesignforX(DfX)isasetoftechnicalguidelinesthatmaybeappliedduringthedesignofaproductfortheoptimizationofaspecificaspectofthedesign.DfXcancontrolorevenimprovetheproduct’sfinalcharacteristics.TheXinDfXcanbedifferentaspectsofproductdevelopment,suchasreliability,deployment,assembly,manufacturing,cost,service,usability,safety,andquality.UsingtheDfXmayresultincostreduction,qualityimprovement,betterperformance,andcustomersatisfaction.19ProblemsolvingProblemsolvingentailsfindingsolutionsforissuesorchallenges.Problem-solvingmethodsgenerallyincludethefollowingelements:Definingtheproblem,Identifyingtheroot-cause,Generatingpossiblesolutions,Choosingthebestsolution,Implementingthesolution,andVerifyingsolutioneffectiveness.20QualityimprovementsQualityimprovementscanoccurbasedonfindingsandrecommendationsfromqualitycontrolprocesses,thefindingsofthequalityaudits,orproblemsolvingintheManageQualityprocess.Plan-do-check-actandSixSigmaaretwoofthemostcommonqualityimprovementtoolsusedtoanalyzeandevaluateopportunitiesforimprovement.21ControlQualityControlQualityistheprocessofmonitoringandrecordingresultsofexecutingthequalitymanagementactivitiesinordertoassessperformanceandensuretheprojectoutputsarecomplete,correct,andmeetcustomerexpectations.Thekeybenefitofthisprocessisverifyingthatprojectdeliverablesandworkmeettherequirementsspecifiedbykeystakeholdersforfinalacceptance.TheControlQualityprocessisperformedtomeasurethecompleteness,compliance,andfitnessforuseofaproductorservicepriortouseracceptanceandfinaldelivery.22ControlQuality23ControlQuality:DataFlowDiagram24ExamplesofCheckSheets25PerformqualitycontrolPerformqualitycontrolisconcernedwithmonitoringspecificprojectresultsforcompliancewithqualitystandardsPerformedthroughoutprojectMayalsoincludetakingcontrolactionstocorrectcausesofqualityproblemsPerformqualityassuranceistheprocessthatprovidestheframeworkofactivitiesandstandardsforperformingqualitycontrol26RoleoftheSQAGroupFormaSoftwareQualityAssuranceGroupPreparesanSQAplanforaproject.TheplanidentifiesevaluationstobeperformedauditsandreviewstobeperformedstandardsthatareapplicabletotheprojectproceduresforerrorreportingandtrackingproceduresforchangemanagementdocumentstobeproducedbytheSQAgroupamountoffeedbackprovidedtothesoftwareprojectteamParticipatesinthedevelopmentoftheproject’ssoftwareprocessdescription.

TheSQAgroupreviewstheprocessdescriptionforcompliancewithorganizationalpolicy,internalsoftwarestandards,externallyimposedstandards(e.g.,ISO-9001),andotherpartsofthesoftwareprojectplan.27RoleoftheSQAGroupReviewssoftwareengineeringactivitiestoverifycompliancewiththedefinedsoftwareprocess.

identifies,documents,andtracksdeviationsfromtheprocessandverifiesthatcorrectionshavebeenmade.Auditsdesignatedsoftwareworkproductstoverifycompliancewiththosedefinedaspartofthesoftwareprocess.

reviewsselectedworkproducts;identifies,documents,andtracksdeviations;verifiesthatcorrectionshavebeenmadeperiodicallyreportstheresultsofitsworktotheprojectmanager.Ensuresthatdeviationsinsoftwareworkandworkproductsaredocumentedandhandledaccordingtoadocumentedprocedure.Recordsanynoncomplianceandreportstoseniormanagement.Noncomplianceitemsaretrackeduntiltheyareresolved.28SoftwareQualityAssuranceTheareaofSoftwareQualityAssurancecanbebrokendownintoanumberofsmallerareassuchasqualityofplanning,formaltechnicalreviews,Testingandtraining.HerewetakealookatFormalTechnicalReviewmethodsandTesting... 29FormalTechnicalReviewsSoftwarequalityassuranceactivityperformedbysoftwareengineersto:Uncovererrorsinfunction,logic,implementation.Verifythatthesoftwaremeetsrequirements.Representedusingcorrectstandards.Achieveuniformity.Manageprojects.WalkthroughsInspections(CodeReading)30FormalTechnicalReviewsWalkthroughsTheleastformalandmostcommonkindofreviewisthewalkthrough,whichisanymeetingatwhichtwoormoredevelopersreviewtechnicalworkwiththepurposeofimprovingitsquality.Walkthroughsareusefultorapiddevelopmentbecauseyoucanusethemtodetectdefectsearlierthanyoucanwithtesting.31FormalTechnicalReviewsInspectionsandCodeReadingCodereadingisasomewhatmoreformalreviewprocessthanawalkthroughbutnominallyappliesonlytocode.Incodereading,theauthorofthecodehandsoutsourcelistingstotwoormorereviewers.Thereviewersreadthecodeandreportanyerrorstothecode'sauthor.32FormalTechnicalReviewsInspectionsandCodeReadingInspectionsarethemostformalkindoftechnicalreview,andtheyhavebeenfoundtobeextremelyeffectiveindetectingdefectsthroughoutaproject.Developersaretrainedintheuseofinspectiontechniquesandplayspecificrolesduringtheinspectionprocess.The"moderator”handsoutthematerialtobeinspectedbeforetheinspectionmeeting.The"reviewers"examinethematerialbeforethemeetingandusecheckliststostimulatetheirreviews.Duringtheinspect