英語構(gòu)詞法精講講義

英語構(gòu)詞法精講講義輔導(dǎo)教師：劉海亮考點(diǎn)解讀一.轉(zhuǎn)化法即兼類詞，在不同的語境中，名詞動用，動詞名用等。例如：Cookwasthefirsttomaptheeastcoast.庫克是第一個畫東部海岸地圖的人?！璽heybeachedtheshipontheshorewheretheycouldrepairthedamage…他們把船靠岸，在那里進(jìn)行修理。InJulytheysetsailagainandheadedsouthandwestinsearchofanewland.七月份，他們又揚(yáng)帆起航了，為尋找新大陸向南方和西方航行。像這樣的轉(zhuǎn)化詞在我們高中英語教材中可以找到許多，你也許只學(xué)過其中的一種詞類的用法，但根據(jù)詞類的轉(zhuǎn)化，你不難看懂這些句子。再如下列例子中畫線部分均為兼類詞。Thehousecanhousemanypeople.這房子可以住下好多人。Themountainareasinthesouthareheavilyforested.南部山區(qū)森林茂密。Hehadabadheadacheandneededquiet.他頭痛得厲害，需要安靜。Pleasebetteryourhandwriting.ForwardthemessagetoTom,please.二.合成法英語的合成詞有合成形容詞，合成名詞，合成動詞，合成副詞，合成代詞,合成介詞(into,upon)等。具體看結(jié)構(gòu)圖表。三.派生法亦稱詞綴法或綴合法，具體看結(jié)構(gòu)巧建圖表。這是三種構(gòu)詞法中最活躍的一種，大約有三分之二的英語單詞都是用這種方法構(gòu)成的。因此，掌握一些常用派生詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)律對于我們正確拼寫單詞和在閱讀中猜詞能力的培養(yǎng)就顯得尤為重要。在英語的派生詞中，詞根決定詞的根本意義，前綴改變詞義，后綴引起詞類的改變（個別后綴還會改變詞義）。如：a-后跟名詞或動詞，常構(gòu)成表語形容詞，有些也可作副詞用如：alone,aside,ahead,aloud.“in-“在“m”之前變體為“im-“，在“l(fā)”之前作“il-”，在“r”之前作“ir-“；“non-“和“en-“則常加在名詞或形容詞之前。但前者所構(gòu)成的詞仍然是名詞或形容詞，而后者卻構(gòu)成了動詞?！皍n-“常用于動詞或形容詞之前。其派生詞仍為動詞或形容詞。有時候，，你在閱讀中會碰到既有前綴又有后綴的派生詞，只要你確認(rèn)它的詞根，你就可以猜到她的含義。如：independent,disorderly,inattention,rebroadcast,non-communism,nonconductor,undeveloped,intercultural,unrealizable.unrecognizable,etc.合成詞合成名詞raincoat,wheelchair,earthquake,seaweed,necklace,etc.合成形容詞world-wide,world-famous,well-known,low-lying,man-made,warm-hearted,life-long,wide-open,合成動詞underline,whitewash,overthrow,dumbfound,etc.合成副詞however,maybe,wherever,whenever,beforehand,etc.合成代詞himself,everyone,nobody,something,etc.前綴派生詞前綴意義例詞a-n./v在…上；向…；在..狀態(tài)中asleep,alone,ahead,afraid,alive,aloud,aside,awake,etc.dis-v.否定，除去，分開disappear,dislike,disagree,discover,disappoint,discomfort,in-,il-,im-,ir-+adj.不，非incorrect,impolite,impossible,illegal,irregular,etc.mis-v.誤mistake,misunderstand,mislead,misread,etc.re-v.重復(fù)，再rewrite,retell,reunite,rebuild,remarry,etc.non-+n./adj.非。無。不non-stop,non-smoker,non-smoking,etc.un-adj不unwell,unsafe,unable,unhealthy,unknown,unfair,er-+n./adj.在……內(nèi)，相互…之間international,inter-factory,etc.en-n.adj.置于……之中，使之……enjoy,encourage,enlarge,enable,etc.micro-n.微，小microcomputer,etc.mini-n.小，少minibus,miniskirt,etc.后綴派生詞后綴意義例詞名詞v.–er/or表人或用具farmer,baker,visitor,cooker,cutter,etc.n.-ese某國，某地人chinese,Japanese,Portugese,etc.n.-ian某國/某地人/某職業(yè)或地位的人musician,Egyptian,Asian,Russian,etc.n.-ist某種主義或職業(yè)者artist,scientist,communist,etc.n.--antContestant,assistant,participant,attendant,inhabitantv.-ment行為或其狀態(tài)government,movement,achievement,etc.adj.-ness性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)illness,sadness,carelessness,etc.v.-tion行為，狀態(tài)invention,liberation,organization,etc.v./adj.-ance/ence抽象；行為。性質(zhì)。狀態(tài)importance,appearance,absence,existence,difference,performance,presence,etc.n.-th性質(zhì)，情況depth,length,width,etc.n.-ful（滿的）量handful,spoonful,mouthful,etc.adj.-ability抽象；性質(zhì)。狀態(tài)possibility,disability,etc.形容詞n.–al屬于……的physical,national,political,etc.n.-an屬于某地方的American,African,Italian,etc.n.-ern方向及性質(zhì)southern,northern,eastern,western,etc.n.–ful/less（沒）有……的helpful,useful,hopeful,harmful,careless,homelessn.-ble具有……性質(zhì)的reasonable,terrible,changeable,etc.n.-ish如……的foolish,English,Spanish,selfish,etc.v.-ive有……傾向的active,expensive,attractive,etc.n.-y多……的cloudy,windy,dirty,snowy,stormy,etc.n.-en由……制成的golden,wooden,woolen.etc.n.-ous有（性質(zhì)）的famous,dangerous,poisonous,etc.動詞-fy…….化beautify,satisfy,terrify,etc.-ize使成為……apologize,realize,recognize,etc.-en使變成……thicken,deepen,widen,etc.副詞-ly狀態(tài)，程度badly,truly,angrily,perfectly,etc.-ward(s)向……towards,forward,outward,upwards,etc.數(shù)詞-teenfourteen,eighteen,thirteen,etc.-tyforty,fifty,sixty,fifty,etc.-thtwelfth,Twentieth,etc.高考鏈接【例1】2005北京春季高考WeaskedJohnandJerry,but______ofthemcouldofferasatisfactoryexplanation.A.eitherB.noneC.bothD.neither【解析】本題題意是：我們問了John和Jerry，但是他們都不能提供滿意的解釋?！皟烧叨疾弧庇胣either表示。none表示“三者或三者以上都不”。答案：D【例2】2005全國高考IThepooryoungmanisreadytoaccept______helphecanget.A.whicheverB.howeverC.whateverD.whenever【解析】此題考查名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞，該引導(dǎo)詞必須引導(dǎo)賓語從句而用作從句中g(shù)et的賓語。B。D兩項(xiàng)在句中作狀語時用。A項(xiàng)必須體現(xiàn)具體范圍。答案：C【例3】2005安徽高考My______ofthisweekend’sactivityisgoingoutwithsomegoodfriends.A.ideaB.opinionC.mindD.thought【解析】opinion側(cè)重于某事的“看法，意見”；mind為想法，感覺”；thought為“思考。觀念”；idea為“想法，計(jì)劃，念頭”。答案：A【例4】2005浙江高考IamsureDavidwillbeabletofindthelibrary—hehasaprettygood______ofdirection.A.ideaB.feelingC.experienceD.sense【解析】haveagoodideaof…意思為“對……非常了解”；feeling為“感覺”；experience為“經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)”；sense為“感知，感應(yīng)”。haveagoodsenseofdirection意思為“有很好的方向感”。答案：D?！纠?】2004上海高考Theenvironmentalistssaidwildgoats’______onthevastgrasslandswasagoodindicationofthebetterenvironment.A.escapeB.absenceC.attendanceD.appearance【解析】escape意思為“逃跑”；absence意思為“不在，缺席”；attendance為“出席，到場”；appearance意思為“露面,出現(xiàn)”.此句話的意思為“環(huán)保主義者說野山羊在草地上的出現(xiàn)，是環(huán)境變好的跡象”。D專題測試I.Usetheappropriateformofthewordstofillintheblanks：1.Themotherdidn’tknowwhyherdaughterwascrying_______.(noise)2.Hewasoneofthebest_______inyesterday’sfootballmatch.(play)3.Look!How______Kateislaughing!(happy)4.Itsnowed_____lastnightandnowthestreetsarecoveredwithsnow.(heavy)5.Edisonwasagreat______.Duringhislifehehadmany______.(invent)6.Moreandmore_____havecometovisitChinaovertheseyears.（foreign）7.Wewant_________reasonsforyourfailuretohelp.(satisfy)8.Pleasegivemesomereferencework.Itwill______mytask.(simple)9.Theboyhadthe_______ofbeinghalfstarved.(appear)10.Thepolicehave_______aplotagainstthePresident.(cover)11.ThedoctorsaidthatMary’smotherneededan_______.(operate)12.Shehopedthathersonwouldbecomea_______.(music)13.Few______wordsmadeusexcited.(speak)14.Thedaysonthemoongethotterthan______water.(boil)15.Thankyouforyour_________.(kind)16.Manycollegestudentsworkwhiletheyarestudyingbecausetheywanttomakesomemoneyfortheircollege_____.(expensive)17.Mostinternational______lettersarewritteninEnglish,too.(busy)18.Theboynoticedan______mistakeonhispaper,buthedecidednottosayanythingaboutit.(correct)19.WheninRome,doasthe_____do.(Rome)20.Theteacherwaspleasedwithher_______.(honest)II.MultipleChoice:

1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.

A.care

B.careful

C.careless

D.carelessness

2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild，sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.

A.die

B.dead

C.died

D.death

3.Thechildlooked________athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.

A.sadly

B.sadness

C.sadly

D.sad

4.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.

A.chemistry

B.chemicalC.chemist

D.physician

5.Marxlefthishomelandforsome________reasons.

A.politically

B.politicsC.political

D.politician

6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.

A.lead

B.leader

C.leading

D.leadership

7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem，Jacklooked________aboutathisclassmates.

A.proud

B.proudly

C.pride

D.pridely

8.Toeveryone’s________，thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.

A.satisfied

B.satisfactoryC.satisfying

D.satisfaction

9.Westoodthere________atthe________sight.

A.frightened；frightful

B.frightening；frightfulC.fright；frightening

D.frightful；fright

10.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.

A.permit

B.permissionC.permitting

D.permittence

11.Youmustcomewithustothepolice________.Ourheadiswaitingforyou.

A.headquarters

B.headlineC.headmaster

D.headache

12.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident；youdidit________.

A.intend

B.intentionC.intentionally

D.intentional

13.Theshopownerwelcomedalltheguestswitha________smile.

A.practice

B.practiseC.practical

D.practiced

14.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.

A.judger

B.judgmentC.judge

D.judgement

15.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?

A.lately

B.latestC.later

D.latter

16.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________.

A.longer

B.lengthC.long

D.longing

17.Tomy________，Ipassedtheexameasily.

A.joy

B.joyfulC.joyless

D.joyness

18.Canadaismainlyan________country.

A.English-speaking

B.speak-EnglishC.spoken-English

D.English-spoken

19.How________heis!Heisalwaysacting________.Heisreallya________.

A.foolish；foolishly；foolB.fool；foolish；fool

C.foolish；fool；foolD.foolishly；foolish；fool

20.Thenecklacethatshelostisveryexpensive.It’sofgreat________.

A.valuable

B.valueC.valueless

D.unvaluable

21.Therewere________fishintheriverinSouthAmerica.

A.indanger

B.dangerC.dangerous

D.dangerless

22.Theletter“b”intheword“doubt”is________.

A.sound

B.silentC.silence

D.sounded

23.Thechildlookedatme________.

A.stranger

B.strangelyC.strange

D.strangeless

24.Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheir________bravely.

A.free