新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4（思政智慧版）課件 Unit1 Urban development Section A

Unit1Urbandevelopment讀寫教程4Cityplansmustfitthepeople,nottheotherwayround!—JaneJacobs(American-Canadianurbanologistandwriter)Preview新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Overthepastdecades,China’stremendouseconomicgrowthhasenabledthecountrytobecometheworld’ssecondlargesteconomyandtoeliminateabsolutepoverty.Tobuildamodernsocialistcountryinallrespects,Chinaisnowstrivingforhigh-qualitydevelopment.Withmoreandmorepeopleexpectingtoliveincitiesinthefuture,Chinesecitiesarefacingincreasingchallengesininfrastructureandpublicresources,buttheyalsoseesignificantopportunitiesforpromotingeconomicdevelopmentandurbanlivability.Preview新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Howcancitieshostgrowingpopulationswhilekeepingtheurbanspacesafeandclean?Howcantheauthoritiesusedatatechnologytoaddresstraditionalurbanchallengesaroundtransportation,wastemanagement,energyconsumption,healthcare,etc.?Howcanlocalgovernmentsandtechnologycompaniesworktogethertomakecitiesmoreefficientandclimate-friendly?Oureffortstoanswerthesequestionsinnovativelywilldeterminehowourcitiescanbebetter-designedandhowpeoplewilllivemorehappilyinthefuture.SectionAPre-readingactivitiesDetailedstudyofthetextReading

comprehensionLanguagefocusStructureanalysisandwriting新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程41

Whatkindofcityisidealtolivein?Belowisapictureofasmartcity.Lookatthepictureanddiscussthefollowingquestions.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities1Whatcanyoulearnaboutasmartcityfromthepicture?新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesFromthispicture,Icanlearnthattherearemanypotentialfactorsthatcontributetoacitybeingconsidered“smart”.Theyincludeasmartenergysystem,asmarttransportationsystem,asmartpublicsafetysystem,asmarthealthcaresystem,opendatausage,intelligentshoppingmethods,smarthomes,smartbuildings,etc.AllofthemarerelatedtotheavailabilityofhighlydevelopedInternettechnology.2Comparedwiththeideasofasmartcityinthepicture,doyouconsiderthecityyouarelivinginnowasmartone?Inwhatwaysisitalreadysmart,andinwhatwaysisitstillnot?新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesComparedwiththeideasofasmartcityinthepicture,IthinkthecityI’mlivinginnowisverysmartinsomerespects.Forexample,trafficcontrollerscanusereal-timedatatoimprovetheflowofvehiclesaroundthecity;streetsandbuildingsareequippedwithadvancedmonitoringfacilitiestoprotectoursafety;smartgardendevicescanmeasuresoilmoistureand2Comparedwiththeideasofasmartcityinthepicture,doyouconsiderthecityyouarelivinginnowasmartone?Inwhatwaysisitalreadysmart,andinwhatwaysisitstillnot?waterplantsintimetoensurethattheygettherightamountofwater.Buttome,ourcityisstillnotsosmartwhenitcomestocarparking,wastemanagement,streetlighting,etc.Nevertheless,it’sgoodtoseethatthemunicipalgovernmentistakingstepstomakeitbetterandsmarter.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesAEfficiencyofservices–tooptimizetheuseofpublicresourcesandprovideahighlevelofservicetocitizensBSafety&security–toimprovepublicsafetyandsecurityineverydaylifeandbebestpreparedforpossibleemergencies新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

OpinionsurveySmartcityprojectsseektoachievesomecoreobjectives.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantgoalsofasmartcity?Check(?)threefromthefollowinglist,andthenworkinpairsandexplainwhyyouthinkso.CMobility–tomakeiteasyforcitizensandvisitorstomovearoundinthecityDSustainability–todevelopthecitywithaminimumimpactontheenvironmentECityreputation–toimprovethecity’simageandreputation新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

OpinionsurveySmartcityprojectsseektoachievesomecoreobjectives.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantgoalsofasmartcity?Check(?)threefromthefollowinglist,andthenworkinpairsandexplainwhyyouthinkso.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

OpinionsurveySmartcityprojectsseektoachievesomecoreobjectives.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantgoalsofasmartcity?Check(?)threefromthefollowinglist,andthenworkinpairsandexplainwhyyouthinkso.Inmyopinion,thethreemostimportantgoalsofasmartcityshouldbeA,B,andD,namelyefficiencyofservices,safety&security,andsustainability.Ithinkthesethreegoalsaimtosolvethemostseriousproblemsfacedbycitiestoday.AsforC(Mobility),thoughasmarttransportationsystemhasitsroleto新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

OpinionsurveySmartcityprojectsseektoachievesomecoreobjectives.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantgoalsofasmartcity?Check(?)threefromthefollowinglist,andthenworkinpairsandexplainwhyyouthinkso.play,Ithinkeasymobilityinacitydependsmoreonthebuildingofmoreroadsandmetrolines.AndasforE(Cityreputation),Idon’tthinkit’sdirectlyrelatedtoresidents’dailylife,soitshouldn’tbegiventoomuchemphasisthoughitisdesirableforacitytohaveanimprovedimageandreputationaswell.1AsChinaistransitioningtoamodernizednationandhasbecomeabenchmarkofeconomicprogress,therateofurbanizationhasacceleratedtounparalleledlevels.Thepopulationlivingincitieshasbeenprojectedtoincreasetonearly70percentby2050.Infact,urbanizationisreshapingnotonlythephysicalenvironmentbutalsotheculturalfabricofsocietyandhasamassiveimpactontheeconomy.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextFromurbanizationtosmartcities2Nevertheless,themodelofurbanlifemainlyrevolvedaroundthetechnological,demographic,andinfrastructuralneedsoflifeinthelate20thcentury.Assuch,ithasbeenpredominantlydependentontheabundanceandeasyavailabilityoffossilfuels.Wecanappreciatethatthisdependencehascausedawasteofresourcesandhasmadeadevastatingimpactontheenvironmentandpublichealth.Ithasledtoexcessandwaste-pronedevelopmentthatprovestobedetrimental.Therefore,新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextthetraditionalmodelofurbanizationisoutdatedandunsustainable.Currently,theonlywaytoavoidtheproblemfrombeingescalatedisthroughbuilding“smartcities”,incontemporaryjargon.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext3Theideaofsmartcities–infrastructureinterlinkedbysoftware–isn’tnew,butit’sundeniablycool.Whowouldn’twanttolivesomewherewheredataandevidence,ratherthanintuitivethinking,areusedtoactivelyimprovetheirday-to-daylives?Inasense,asmartcitycanbedefinedasonethatmakesoptimaluseofalltheinterconnectedinformationavailabletobetterunderstandandcontrolitsoperationsandtooptimizetheuseoflimitedresources.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext4Fromtheperspectiveoftheinhabitants,asmartcityisequatedtoaspacethathasallthecorefunctionalityofacityintegratedwithandenhancedbytechnologytodeliverasustainable,prosperous,andinclusivefutureforitscitizens.WithmoreandmoreChinesecitiesstartingtheir“smartcity”transformations,theideawillbeincreasinglyembraced.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext5Whycansuchanideabepoisedtobecomeacommonstandardofassessmentoflifeinmoderndevelopedcities?Thereareavarietyoffactorsandreasons.Generallyspeaking,citiesarethecoreenginesofgrowthforallmodernsocieties.Theyprovidenumerousbenefitstopeople–theyareplaceswherepeoplehavemoreopportunitiestoseekvariousjobs,enjoytheconvenienceofpublictransit,shareabundantresources,andaccesslavishfacilities.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext6Anotherimportantreasonistheswiftriseofsmartphones,cellularbroadband,andlow-power-high-efficiencyembeddedcomputing.Everythingfrombusinesstohumansociallifehaschanged.Theparametersofwhatconstitutesasmartcityhavealsochangedwithit.WiththecombinationoftheInternetofThings(IoT),cloudcomputing,bigdata,andAI,citiesarenolongerstaticmassesofsteelandconcrete;instead,theyhavethepotentialtobecomehighlyefficient,safe,well-designed,andenjoyable.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext7Therefore,somekeyfeaturesofasmartcitycanbeefficientdesign,maximizationofgreenspaces,minimizationoftrafficjams,sustainabilityofinfrastructureandbuildings,in-depthmonitoringofeverydatapointthatcanbeobtainedthroughsensorstoenableoptimalsafety,andeffectiveaccesstofacilitieswithminimalwaste.Inaddition,whenanemergencyoccursanywhereinthecity,regulartrafficcanberoutedthroughalternateroutestoensureminimumdisruptionoflifeinthesurroundingareas.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext8Inotherwords,whatisbeingimaginedaboutsmartcitiesnowisbasedonsuchahypothesis:Livingplacesarebuiltaroundtheconvenienceofhumanlife,withtechnologyintegratedintoeveryfacetfromdesigntoconstruction,monitoringfunctionality,andmaintenance.Entireurbanareasarebuilttomaximizegreenareasandensurethesmoothestflowoftraffic.Asaresult,itispossibletofine-tuneoperationtotheminutestdetail.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext9Toelaborate,ifafirebreaksoutinabuilding,notonlycantheinhabitantsbeimmediatelyalertedthroughtheirsmartphones,buttheycanalsobedirectedtothenearestexitsandsafespaces.Furthermore,themessageoftheincidentwillbeinstantaneouslyconveyedthroughoutthesystem,andthusthebuilding’ssafetymeasurescanbeimplementedrightaway.Ontopofthat,emergencysearchandrescueservicescanbedispatchedwithinamoment’snotice,andtheirpaththroughtrafficcanbeclearedandanoptimalrouteprovided.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext10Thepossibilitiesforsimilarimprovementsandenhancementsinallaspectsofurbanlifeareimmense.However,neithertangiblenorintangibleimprovementstothequalityoflifearejustwithingrasp,asmanylargecitiesarebecomingunmanageable.Thegoal,ultimately,isto

ridcitiesofthetraditionalproblems

andcreatefabulouslivingspaceswheretheinhabitantsfeelsafe,comfortable,andproductivewithoutunnecessaryorundesirable

hurdles.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext11Tothatend,Chinahasbeeninvestingbillionsindesigninganddefiningthestandardsofthefuture,from5GtechnologytoIoT,strivingtoevokethebestresponsefromthepublicforitsremarkableprojects.Foreseeably,thiswillbenefitnotonlyChina,butalsotheworld.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext12China’ssoutherncityofShenzhenhasbeenoneofthepioneeringcitiesseekingtobuildasmartcity.Anotherremarkablesteponthenation’sdevelopmentroadmapisthemassiveJing-Jin-Ji(namelyBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei)urbancluster,whichaimstooptimizetheeconomicstructureinthearea,streamlinemanyaspectsofurbanlife,andachieveanewmodeofcoordinatedgrowth.Allthiswillbeinvaluableforfutureurbandesign,sincedevelopmentinthecomingyearsanddecadeswillbemodeledontheresultsachievednow.ThereisnodoubtthatChinawillcontinuetoadvanceinthedevelopmentofsmartcities.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext★

urbanization:

n.[U]theprocessbywhichtownsandcitiesgrowbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplegotoliveinthem城市化Inareaswhererapidurbanizationistakingplace,dailywaterneedsaresometimesveryhardtomeet.在城市化快速發(fā)展的地區(qū)，有時很難滿足日常用水需求。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

AsChinaisdevelopingintoahighlyadvancedcountryandhasbecomeastandardformeasuringeconomicprogress,townsandcitiesinChinaarealsoexpandingfasterthaneverbefore.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

modernize:vt.makesth.suchasasystemorbuildingmoremodern使（系統(tǒng)、建筑物等）現(xiàn)代化Inrecentyears,thecityhasbeenworkingonaprojecttomodernizeitspublichealthcaresystem.近年來，該市一直在開展一項公共保健系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)代化的項目。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

vistartusingmoremodernmethodsandequipment采用現(xiàn)代方法和設(shè)備；現(xiàn)代化Ifthefactoryweretosurvive,itwouldhavetoinvestalotofcapitaltomodernize.這家工廠若要生存下去，就必須投入大量資金進(jìn)行現(xiàn)代化改造。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

benchmark:

n.[C]sth.thatisusedasastandardbywhichotherthingscanbejudgedormeasured基準(zhǔn)；規(guī)范Heroutstandingperformancessetanewbenchmarkforballetdancersthroughouttheworld.她出色的表演為全世界的芭蕾舞演員樹立了新的標(biāo)桿。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

unparalleled:

a.(fml.)

bigger,better,orworsethananythingelse無比的；無雙的；空前的Thebookaboutthedevelopmentofthefamoustechcompanyhasenjoyedasuccessunparalleledinrecentpublishinghistory.該書講述了這家著名科技公司的發(fā)展歷程，在近期出版史上取得了空前的成功。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Accordingtopredictions,almost70percentofthepopulationwillbelivingincitiesby2050.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

beprojectedtodosth.:beforecastedtohappeninacertainway預(yù)計要AccordingtotheUnitedNations,thenumberofpeopleaged60andolderintheworldisprojectedtoincreasetomorethantwobillionby2050.根據(jù)聯(lián)合國的數(shù)據(jù)，預(yù)計到2050年，全世界60歲及60歲以上的人口數(shù)量將增加到20億以上。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Actually,urbanizationisbringingchangestonotonlythephysicalenvironmentbutalsotheculturalstructuresofsocietyandhasapowerfulinfluenceontheeconomy.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

reshape:vt.changethestructureororganizationofsth.改變；重塑Thankstothecentralgovernment’sspecialfundsforpovertyreduction,therurallandscapeinChinahasbeencompletelyreshaped.在中央政府專項扶貧資金的支持下，中國農(nóng)村面貌已經(jīng)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextNoteSectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextThephrasethephysicalenvironmentreferstoboththenaturalenvironmentandtheexistingman-madeenvironment.Thenaturalenvironmentincludesland,air,water,plants,animals,etc.Theman-madeenvironmentincludesbuildingsandotherinfrastructuresuchasroads,railways,parks,andman-madelakes.Thephysicalenvironmentprovidesourbasicneedsandoffersopportunitiesforsocialandeconomicdevelopment.SectionAMeaning:

However,themodelofcitylifehasmainlycenteredontheneedsoflifeinthelate20thcenturyintermsoftechnology,population,andinfrastructure.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

urban:a.relatingtotownsandcities城市的；都市的Throughwell-designednighttimelighting,wewillmakeurbanspacesbetterplacestolive,work,andvisit.通過精心設(shè)計的夜間照明，我們將使城市變成更好的生活、工作和參觀的場所。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

demographic:a.relatingtohumanpopulationsandtheinformationcollectedaboutthem,suchastheirsize,growth,ages,andeducation人口的；人口統(tǒng)計的；人口學(xué)的Byconductinganationalcensus,wecanusedemographicdatatopredicteconomictrendsandpopulationgrowthforbetterresourcemanagement.通過進(jìn)行全國人口普查，我們可以利用人口數(shù)據(jù)來預(yù)測經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢和人口增長，以更好地進(jìn)行資源管理。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

n.(~s)[pl.]informationaboutagroupsuchasthepeoplewholiveinaparticulararea人口統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)；人口統(tǒng)計資料Accordingtoarecentreport,thedeclineofthelaborforceisduetothechangingdemographicsofthearea.根據(jù)最近的一份報告，勞動力減少是由于該地區(qū)人口情況的變化造成的。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

infrastructure:n.[C,U]thebasicsystemsandstructuresthatacountryororganizationneedsinordertoworkproperly,e.g.roads,railways,banks基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（如公路、鐵路、銀行等）；基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)Educationandtraining,researchanddevelopment,andinfrastructureareusuallyimportantareasforgovernmentinvestment.教育與培訓(xùn)、研究與開發(fā)以及基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施通常是政府投資的重要領(lǐng)域。

SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

infrastructural:a.connectedwithinfrastructure基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的；基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的Thelocalgovernmenthasattractedenoughfundsfromabroadforitsinfrastructuralprojects.當(dāng)?shù)卣褳樽约旱幕A(chǔ)設(shè)施項目吸引了足夠的海外資金。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Thus,ithasmostlyreliedonthelargequantityandeasyaccessibilityoffossilfuels.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

predominant:a.

morepowerful,morecommon,ormoreeasilynoticedthanothers占優(yōu)勢的；占主導(dǎo)地位的；顯著的Positivelifestylechangescanplayapredominantroleinreducinghealthproblems.積極地改變生活方式在減少健康問題方面可以發(fā)揮顯著作用。

SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

predominantly:ad.mostlyormainly絕大多數(shù)地；主要地Themuseumislocatedinapredominantlyindustrialneighborhood,nottoofaroutsideoftheancientcapitalcity.該博物館位于一個以工業(yè)為主的街區(qū)，在古都城外不遠(yuǎn)處。

★

availability:n.[U]1)thestateofbeingabletobeobtainedorused可用性TherapiddevelopmentoftheInternetandtheavailabilityofinformationallowtravelerstoaccesstouristinformationmorequicklyandeasily.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的迅速發(fā)展和信息的可獲得性使旅行者能夠更容易、更快捷地獲取旅游信息。2)thestateofnotbeingtoobusytodosth.空閑；閑暇Ineedtogivehimacalltocheckhisavailabilitytoattendthemeetingnextweek.我需要給他打個電話，確認(rèn)一下他下周是否有時間參加會議。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

fossil:n.[C]化石Themuseumcontainsanicecollectionofdinosaurfossils,whichmakesitawonderfulplaceforchildrentovisit.

該博物館收藏了大量的恐龍化石，是孩子們參觀的好地方。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

fossilfuel:n.[C,U]化石燃料（如煤、石油等）Weshouldencouragecitiestoadoptmorecleanenergyandreducetheiruseofnaturalgas,coal,andotherfossilfuels.我們應(yīng)該鼓勵城市更多地采用清潔能源，減少對天然氣、煤炭和其他化石燃料的使用。SectionAMeaning:

Therefore,thetraditionalpatternofurbanizationistooold-fashionedandcannotcontinueinthelongterm.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

devastating:a.1)badlydamagingordestroyingsth.毀滅性的；破壞力極強(qiáng)的Globalwarmingmustbecurbedbecauseitwillbringdevastatingfloods,droughts,anddiseases.一定要遏制全球變暖，因?yàn)樗鼤饸缧缘暮樗?、干旱和疾病?)causingsevereshock令人十分震驚的；具有強(qiáng)大沖擊力的Thedecisiontoclosetheshoemakingbusinesswasdevastatingnewsfortheaffectedemployeesandtheirfamilies.關(guān)閉制鞋企業(yè)的決定對受影響的員工及其家人來說是十分震驚的消息。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Ithasbroughtaboutdevelopmentthatexceedsthecapacityofexistinginfrastructureandcaneasilycauseawasteofresources.Thistypeofdevelopmentprovestobedamagingtotheenvironment.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

excess:a.(onlybeforenoun)

additionalandnotneededbecausethereisalreadyenoughofsth.過多的；多余的Whenthereisanexcesssupplyofaproductinthemarket,itspricetendstodecrease.

當(dāng)市場上某種產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)過剩時，其價格往往會下降。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

n.[sing.,U]alargeramountofsth.thanisallowedorneeded過多；過量Ifyoueatanexcessofsugar,yourliverwillturnsomeofthatsugarintofat.如果你攝糖過量，肝臟會將部分多余的糖轉(zhuǎn)化成脂肪。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

prone:a.likelytodosth.orsufferfromsth.,esp.sth.badorharmful易于發(fā)生某事（尤指不好或有害的事）的；很可能…的Peoplewhoarepronetogettingtheflueverywintershouldprobablygetaflushotinthefall.

每年冬季容易得流感的人或許應(yīng)該在秋天注射流感疫苗。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextWordformationnoteSectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext后綴-prone與名詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成形容詞，用于描述人或事物比通常更可能出現(xiàn)某一問題，即“易受……影響的”。例如：error-prone

易出錯的allergy-prone

易過敏的accident-prone

易出事故的injury-prone易受傷的flood-prone易發(fā)生洪災(zāi)的damage-prone易損壞的

★

detrimental:a.causingharmordamage有害的；不利的Lackofcommunicationbetweenparentsandchildrencanbedetrimentaltotheirrelationship.父母與孩子之間缺乏溝通對他們之間的關(guān)系是不利的。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Therefore,thetraditionalpatternofurbanizationistooold-fashionedandcannotcontinueinthelongterm.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

outdated:a.oldandnolongersuitableformodernpurposes,methods,orsituations過時的；陳舊的Printednewspapershavebecomesomewhatoutdatedbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentofdigitalmedia.由于數(shù)字媒體的快速發(fā)展，印刷報紙已經(jīng)有些過時了。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

unsustainable:a.1)unabletocontinueatthesamerateorinthesameway不能繼續(xù)的；無法維持的Growthatthislevelwillbeunsustainableunlesswefindahighlyefficientwaytomanagethedatanetwork.除非我們找到一種十分有效的方法來管理數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，否則這種水平的增長將無法持續(xù)。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

2)causingdamagetotheenvironmentbyusingmoreofsth.thancanbereplacednaturally枯竭式開采資源的；不符合可持續(xù)發(fā)展的；不可持續(xù)的Lossofforestsandunsustainablefarmingpracticescanleadtoextremesoilerosion.森林的消失和不可持續(xù)的耕作方式會導(dǎo)致極端的土壤侵蝕。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Presently,theonlywaytopreventtheproblemfromgettingworseisthroughbuilding“smartcities”–arecentlyadoptedexpressioninEnglish.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

escalate:v.becomemuchworseormoreserious,ormakesth.dothis（使）升級；（使）惡化Weshouldlearntocalmdownbeforerespondingtomeanlanguageonline,soasnottoescalatethesituation.在回應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的不善言語之前，我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會冷靜下來，以免事態(tài)升級。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

jargon:

n.[U]wordsandexpressionsusedinaparticularprofessionorbyaparticulargroupofpeople,whicharedifficultforotherpeopletounderstand術(shù)語；行話Doctorsshouldspeakslowlyandavoidusingjargonwiththeirpatients.醫(yī)生與病人交談時，應(yīng)放慢語速并避免使用術(shù)語。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Theideaofsmartcities,thatis,citieswithsoftwareconnectingallelementsoftheirinfrastructure,isn’tnew,butitisdefinitelycool.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

interlink:

v.connectorbeconnectedwitheachother（使）相互連接Nodoubt,theworldisnowmoreinterlinkedandinterdependentthanatanyothertimeinhistory.毫無疑問，當(dāng)今的世界比歷史上任何時候都更加相互連接，互為依存。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Whowouldn’twanttoliveinaplacewheretheirdailylivesareimprovedbyusingdataandevidence,ratherthanfeelingsandguesswork?新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

intuitive:

a.1)basedonafeelingratherthanonknowledgeorfacts直覺的；來自直覺的Accordingtoexperts,theeffectivenessofintuitivedecision-makingismainlydependentuponexperience.專家們認(rèn)為，直覺決策的有效性主要取決于經(jīng)驗(yàn)。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

2)abletounderstandsituationswithoutbeingtoldorhavinganyproofaboutthem有直覺力的Shehasanintuitivesenseforwhatpeopleneed,evenbeforetheyaskforit.她具有某種直覺力，能夠感知人們所需要的東西，甚至在他們表達(dá)出來之前。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Inoneway,asmartcitycanbedescribedasonethatmakesthebestuseofalltheinterconnectedinformationpeoplecangettounderstandandcontrolthecity’soperationsinbetterwaysandtoputlimitedresourcesintobestuse.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

definesth.as:

describeorlabelsth.assth.把…定義為；把…描述為Idefinesuccessasfindingone’spassion,beingabletofollowone’spassion,andbeinghappyinallareasofone’slife.我把成功定義為發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的激情，能夠追隨自己的激情，并在生活的各方面都感到快樂。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

optimal:

a.(fml.)

thebestormostsuitable最佳的；最適宜的Itisimportanttolearnhowtocleanourcomputertoensureitsoptimalefficiency.學(xué)會如何清潔電腦以確保其最佳效能非常重要。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

interconnected:

a.(fml.)

withdifferentpartsorthingsconnectedorrelatedtoeachother互相連接的；互相聯(lián)系的Mentalandphysicalhealthareinterconnected.心理健康和身體健康是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

operation:

n.1)[C,U]theworkoractivitiesdonebyabusinessororganization,ortheprocessofdoingthiswork業(yè)務(wù)；經(jīng)營；操作Sendingawiretransferisasimpleoperation,butalmostallbankschargeinternationalwiretransferfeestosendorreceivefunds.

電匯是一項簡單的操作，但幾乎所有的銀行都要收取國際電匯費(fèi)來發(fā)送或接收資金。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

2)[C]theprocessofcuttingintosb.’sbodytorepairorremoveapartthatisdamaged手術(shù)Ifyouhavehadanoperationonyourstomachorbowels,youusuallywon’tbeabletoeatordrinkforafewdays.如果你的胃或腸做了手術(shù)，通常需要持續(xù)幾天不能進(jìn)食或飲水。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

optimize:

vt.improvethewaythatsth.isdoneorusedsothatitisaseffectiveaspossible使最優(yōu)化；使盡可能完善Inordertoreducecostsandimproveefficiency,engineersmustoptimizethedesignoftheoperatingsystem.為了降低成本和提高效率，工程師必須優(yōu)化操作系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Fortheresidents,asmartcityisaspacethathasalltheessentialfunctionsofacity.Thesefunctionsarelinkedandimprovedbytechnologytoensurethateveryonelivinginthecitycontinuestoenjoyanabundanceofresourcesandopportunitiesinthefuture.新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

inhabitant:

n.[C]oneofthepeoplewholiveinaparticularplace居民Thevillagehasbeenmakingeffortstopreservetheculturalheritageoftheancientinhabitantsthatoncelivedthere.這個村莊一直努力保護(hù)曾經(jīng)居住在那里的古代居民的文化遺產(chǎn)。SectionA新視野大學(xué)英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

equate:

vt.considerthattwothingsaresimilarorconnected使等同Somepeopleequatehavingagooddegreewithaguar